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Tesauro M, Consonni M, Grappasonni I, Lodi G, Mattina R. Dental unit water content and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas species: a case study. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2107316. [PMID: 36034883 PMCID: PMC9415447 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2107316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies consider the contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs), but few of them have studied the possible presence of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the DUWLs. Aims Investigation of the presence of P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas spp. strains in DUWLs and evaluation of their resistance to six antibiotics (ceftazidime, netilmicin, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, levofloxacin, colistin sulfate) at a public dental clinic in Milan, Italy. Results Dental units were contaminated by P. aeruginosa with loads of 2–1,000 CFU/L and were mainly located on the mezzanine floor, with a range of 46–54%, while Pseudomonas spp. were primarily found on the first and second floors, ranging from 50 to 91%. P. aeruginosa was antibiotic resistant in 30% of the strains tested, andPseudomonas spp. in 31.8% . Cold water from controls was also contaminated by these microorganisms. Conclusion Monitoring antibiotic resistance in the water and adopting disinfection procedures on DUs are suggested within the Water Safety Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tesauro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Coordinating Research Centres Episomi University of Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Consonni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Coordinating Research Centres Episomi University of Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - I. Grappasonni
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - G. Lodi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Coordinating Research Centres Episomi University of Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Coordinating Research Centres Episomi University of Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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Fusco A, Savio V, Perfetto B, Mattina R, Donnarumma G. Antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 improves in vitro cellular viability and reduces pro-inflammatory effects induced by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in Caco-2 cells by inhibiting invasion and virulence factors’ expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1009415. [PMID: 36310877 PMCID: PMC9606569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the commensal species most represented in the intestinal microbiota. However, there are some strains that can acquire new virulence factors that enable them to adapt to new intestinal niches. These include enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) that is responsible for the bacillary dysentery that causes severe diarrheal symptoms in both children and adults. Due to the increasing onset of antibiotic resistance phenomena, scientific research is focused on the study of other therapeutic approaches for the treatment of bacterial infections. A promising alternative could be represented by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), that have received widespread attention due to their broad antimicrobial spectrum and low incidence of bacterial resistance. AMPs modulate the immune defenses of the host and regulate the composition of microbiota and the renewal of the intestinal epithelium. With the aim to investigate an alternative therapeutic approach, especially in the case of antibiotic resistance, in this work we created a line of intestinal epithelial cells able to express high concentrations of AMP human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) in order to test its ability to interfere with the pathogenicity mechanisms of EIEC. The results showed that HBD-2 is able to significantly reduce the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines by intestinal epithelial cells, the invasiveness ability of EIEC and the expression of invasion-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Savio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Perfetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanna Donnarumma,
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Chiappini E, Santamaria F, Marseglia GL, Marchisio P, Galli L, Cutrera R, de Martino M, Antonini S, Becherucci P, Biasci P, Bortone B, Bottero S, Caldarelli V, Cardinale F, Gattinara GC, Ciarcià M, Ciofi D, D'Elios S, Di Mauro G, Doria M, Indinnimeo L, Lo Vecchio A, Macrì F, Mattina R, Miniello VL, Del Giudice MM, Morbin G, Motisi MA, Novelli A, Palamara AT, Panatta ML, Pasinato A, Peroni D, Perruccio K, Piacentini G, Pifferi M, Pignataro L, Sitzia E, Tersigni C, Torretta S, Trambusti I, Trippella G, Valentini D, Valentini S, Varricchio A, Verga MC, Vicini C, Zecca M, Villani A. Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections : Inter-society Consensus. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:211. [PMID: 34696778 PMCID: PMC8543868 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are a common clinical condition in children, in fact about 25% of children under 1 year and 6% of children during the first 6 years of life have RRIs. In most cases, infections occur with mild clinical manifestations and the frequency of episodes tends to decrease over time with a complete resolution by 12 years of age. However, RRIs significantly reduce child and family quality of life and lead to significant medical and social costs.Despite the importance of this condition, there is currently no agreed definition of the term RRIs in the literature, especially concerning the frequency and type of infectious episodes to be considered. The aim of this consensus document is to propose an updated definition and provide recommendations with the intent of guiding the physician in the complex process of diagnosis, management and prevention of RRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesca Santamaria
- Departement of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia IRCCS San Matteo foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Cutrera
- Respiratory Unit, Academic Pediatric Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Antonini
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Becherucci
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Lastra a Signa, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Biasci
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Livorno, Italy
| | - Barbara Bortone
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Bottero
- Airway Surgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Caldarelli
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Pediatrics, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martina Ciarcià
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Ciofi
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia D'Elios
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Mauro
- Pediatric Primary Care, National Pediatric Health Care System, Caserta, Italy
| | - Mattia Doria
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Luciana Indinnimeo
- Pediatric Department "Sapienza", University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Departement of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Pediatrics "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Odontoiatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman and Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Morbin
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Antonio Motisi
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Novelli
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Panatta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Pasinato
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Torri di Quartesolo, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Diego Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katia Perruccio
- Pediatric Oncology Hematology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Piacentini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Pifferi
- Department of Pediatrics Pulmonology and Allergology Section University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pignataro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sitzia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tersigni
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Torretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Trambusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Trippella
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Department of Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Valentini
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Colle Val d'Elsa, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Maria Carmen Verga
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit Salerno, Vietri sul Mare, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Vicini
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Department of Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Ionescu A, Brambilla E, Sighinolfi M, Mattina R. A new urinary catheter design reduces in vitro biofilm formation by influencing hydrodynamics. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(21)00928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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5
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Passali D, Ionescu A, Brambilla E, Bellussi LM, Ciprandi G, Mattina R, Passali GC. Can Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth be modulated by natural compounds? J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2021; 35:21-25. [PMID: 33982534 DOI: 10.23812/21-1supp2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that frequently induces antibiotic resistance, as it mainly tends to form biofilms. Iron chelation may be an intriguing strategy to contrast bacterial growth. Lactoferrin is a natural compound able to chelate iron. A new multi-component medical device also contains lactoferrin. This study analyzed this compound investigating the in vitro capacity to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a multicomponent medical device (Saflovir), also containing lactoferrin, could inhibit the in vitro growth of P. aeruginosa. This activity could be positively used in the prevention of respiratory nasal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Passali
- International Federation ORL Societies (IFOS) Executive Board members, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ionescu
- Department of biomedical, surgical,and dental sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Brambilla
- Department of biomedical, surgical,and dental sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L M Bellussi
- International Federation ORL Societies (IFOS), Rome, Italy
| | - G Ciprandi
- Consultant allergist, Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Mattina
- Department of biomedical, surgical,and dental sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G C Passali
- UOC di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento Scienze dell'Invecchiamento,Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della testa collo. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.,Institute of Otolaryngology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
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6
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Ionescu AC, Brambilla E, Sighinolfi MC, Mattina R. A new urinary catheter design reduces in-vitro biofilm formation by influencing hydrodynamics. J Hosp Infect 2021; 114:153-162. [PMID: 33932554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the performance of a new catheter design based on different hydrodynamics aiming to reduce the development of biofilm, and compare it with a conventional Foley catheter (FC). METHODS The new proposed design (NPD) catheter is a modification of the FC, based on asymmetric positioning of the balloon and additional drainage holes allowing continuous urine drainage and complete voiding of the bladder. A first experiment was undertaken to assess drainage capability, and a second experiment was performed using a bioreactor with a set-up simulating the bladder and using the test catheter as a flow-through system. The biofilm formation of five bacterial species associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) was determined after 24 h of incubation using an MTT assay. Morphological evaluation was performed using scanning electron microscopy. In-vitro determination of residual fluid, and quantitative and morphological data on biofilm formation on the intravesical and intraluminal parts of the tested catheters were assessed. RESULTS Residual fluid was significantly higher in the FC (5.60 ± 0.43 mL) compared with the NPD catheter (0.2 ± 0.03 mL). The NPD catheter showed significantly less biofilm formation (P<0.0001) than the FC. Catheter design had a variable effect on biofilm formation depending on the bacterial strain tested. There was significantly less intraluminal biomass compared with intravesical biomass in both catheters (P<0.0001). Multi-layered biofilms that covered the FC surfaces completely were seen for all tested strains, while the NPD catheter surfaces showed reduced biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS Modifications of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a catheter can significantly reduce bacterial colonization. Integrated design approaches combining chemical, mechanical and topographical elements can help to reduce the occurrence of CAUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ionescu
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Brambilla
- Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Sighinolfi
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - R Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Zecconi A, Meroni G, Sora V, Mattina R, Cipolla M, Zanini L. Total and Differential Cell Counts as a Tool to Identify Intramammary Infections in Cows after Calving. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030727. [PMID: 33800067 PMCID: PMC8001259 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis is a costly disease and needs to be identified as soon as possible to reduce the negative effect on milk quality and quantity and to maximize the chance of cure when an antimicrobial therapy is applied. Bacteriological diagnosis is expensive and not easily available in some areas, therefore approaches to reduce the number of samples to be taken, focusing the interest on cows with higher chances to have an intramammary infections are desirable. The results of our study based on a large database of quarter milk samples analyses including bacteriological analysis, total (SCC) and differential (DSCC) cell count in the first 5–30 days after calving suggest a new and sustainable approach. Indeed, a marker (PLCC) calculated by multiplying SCC and DSCC showed to have the lowest cost when applied to identify udder quarters at risk to have an intramammary infection due to major pathogens. Moreover, this approach as well as the one based on SCC became a benefit when the prevalence of these infections exceeds 10%, and it be of high interest, when selective dry cow therapy is applied, to improve animal health at the herd level. Abstract Milk differential somatic cells count (DSCC), made possible under field conditions by the recent availability of a high-throughput milk analyzer may represent an improvement in mastitis diagnosis. While an increasing number of studies reports data on DSCC on individual cow samples, very few concerns DSCC from quarter milk samples. This paper reports for the first time the results of a retrospective study aiming to assess the performance of total (SCC), DSCC, and a novel calculated marker (PLCC) measured on quarter milk samples as a method to identify cows at risk for intramammary infection (IMI) in the first 30 days after calving. Overall, 14,586 valid quarter milk samples (3658 cows) taken in the first 30 days of lactation were considered. Quarters with major pathogens (MP) IMI, as expected, showed significantly higher means for SCC, DSCC, and PLCC. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the diagnosis based on different cut-offs calculated by ROC analysis are relatively close among DSCC, PLCC, and SCC (up to cut-off of 200,000 cells/mL). However, decision-tree analysis which includes the costs of analysis, but also the costs of the actions taken after test results showed as PLCC has the lowest cost among the three markers, and PLCC and SCC are cost effective when MP prevalence is higher than 6–10%. This diagnostic approach is of high interest particularly when selective dry cow therapy is applied to improve animal health at the herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (V.S.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (V.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Valerio Sora
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (V.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, University of Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (V.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Micaela Cipolla
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia, Via Kennedy 30, 26013 Crema, Italy; (M.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lucio Zanini
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia, Via Kennedy 30, 26013 Crema, Italy; (M.C.); (L.Z.)
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8
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Drago L, Clerici P, Morelli I, Ashok J, Benzakour T, Bozhkova S, Alizadeh C, Del Sel H, Sharma HK, Peel T, Mattina R, Romanò CL. The World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma (WAIOT) procedures for Microbiological Sampling and Processing for Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs) and other Implant-Related Infections. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070933. [PMID: 31261744 PMCID: PMC6678965 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While implant-related infections continue to play a relevant role in failure of implantable biomaterials in orthopaedic and trauma there is a lack of standardised microbiological procedures to identify the pathogen(s). The microbiological diagnosis of implant-related infections is challenging due to the following factors: the presence of bacterial biofilm(s), often associated with slow-growing microorganisms, low bacterial loads, previous antibiotic treatments and, possible intra-operative contamination. Therefore, diagnosis requires a specific set of procedures. Based on the Guidelines of the Italian Association of the Clinical Microbiologists (AMCLI), the World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma has drafted the present document. This document includes guidance on the basic principles for sampling and processing for implant-related infections based on the most relevant literature. These procedures outline the main microbiological approaches, including sampling and processing methodologies for diagnostic assessment and confirmation of implant-related infections. Biofilm dislodgement techniques, incubation time and the role of molecular approaches are addressed in specific sections. The aim of this paper is to ensure a standardised approach to the main microbiological methods for implant-related infections, as well as to promote multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy.
| | - Pierangelo Clerici
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, AO Legnano Hospital, AMCLI, 20025 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Morelli
- Residency Program in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy.
| | - Johari Ashok
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Children's Orthopedic Centre, Mumbai 230532, India.
| | | | - Svetlana Bozhkova
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Wound Infection, R.R. Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, 33701 S. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Chingiz Alizadeh
- Traumatology & Orthopedics Department, Baku Health Clinic, 1005 Baku, Azerbaijian.
| | - Hernán Del Sel
- Department of Orthopaedics, British Hospital Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires B1675, Argentina.
| | - Hemant K Sharma
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK.
| | - Trisha Peel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Odontoiatric and Surgical Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy.
| | - Carlo Luca Romanò
- Studio Medico Cecca-Romanò, corso Venezia, 2, 20121 Milano, Italy.
- Romano Institute, Rruga Ibrahim Rugova, 1001 Tirane, Albania.
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9
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Torretta S, Mattina R, Talloru F, Sala G, Cornelli S, Bezze E, Marchisio P. Bacterial contamination of saline nasal irrigations in children: An original research. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:95-97. [PMID: 30201415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbiologic analysis of nasal saline irrigations (NSIs) used in hospitalized children was performed. Of 253 collected samples, 24.9% were positive, and the number of positive samples significantly increased over time (P < .001). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected bacterium (28.6%). None of the 118 patients who received NSIs developed a nasosinusal infection. Colonization by cutaneous and environmental germs is frequent and develops early. Hygienic measures should be advocated to reduce contamination.
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10
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De Vecchi E, George DA, Romanò CL, Pregliasco FE, Mattina R, Drago L. Antibiotic sensitivities of coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus in hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections: does this differ if patients meet the International Consensus Meeting Criteria? Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:539-546. [PMID: 29695923 PMCID: PMC5905490 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s151271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the main pathogens responsible for prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). As normal inhabitants of human skin, it is often difficult to define if they are contaminants, or if they have an active role in initiating infection. This study aims to evaluate differences in CoNS organisms (Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus warneri) and Staphylococcus aureus in terms of isolation rate and antimicrobial susceptibility from patients who met the International Consensus Meeting (ICM) criteria for PJIs and those who did not. Methods Staphylococci isolates from January 2014 to December 2015 retrieved from patients undergoing revision joint arthroplasty were classified in accordance with criteria established by the ICM of Philadelphia. Results As per the consensus classification, 50 CoNS and 39 S. aureus infections were recognized as pathogens, while 16 CoNS and four S. aureus were considered as contaminants. Frequency of isolation of S. aureus was significantly higher in infected patients than in those without infection, while no significant differences were observed among CoNS. Resistance to levofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and rifampicin was significantly more frequent in S. haemolyticus than in the other species, as well as resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin in S. hominis. In comparison to S. aureus, CoNS were significantly more resistant to daptomycin and gentamicin and more susceptible to rifampicin. Conclusion CoNS, other than Staphylococcus epidermidis, are frequently isolated from PJIs, and their infective role and antimicrobial susceptibility need to be assessed on an individual patient basis. S. haemolyticus seems to emerge as responsible for PJI in a large volume of patients, and its role needs to be further investigated, also considering its pattern of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David A George
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Carlo L Romanò
- Centre for Reconstructive Surgery and Osteoarticular Infections, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio E Pregliasco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Health Management Unit, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biochemical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Bortolin M, Romanò CL, Bidossi A, Vecchi ED, Mattina R, Drago L. BAG-S53P4 as bone graft extender and antimicrobial activity against gentamicin- and vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Future Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29521127 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the suitability of bioactive glass (BAG)-S53P4 as a bone-graft extender for large bony defect filling in bone and joint infection. MATERIALS & METHODS Antimicrobial activity of BAG-S53P4 against clinically relevant strains isolated from bone and joint infections was evaluated by means of time-kill curves in presence of bone graft. Furthermore, the susceptibility to BAG of strains resistant to vancomycin and gentamicin was assessed. RESULTS Though attenuated, BAG maintains a good in vitro antimicrobial activity in presence of human body fluids and tissues contained in bone graft, with the exception of Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSION BAG-S53P4 is a suitable bone substitute that can be used as an extender with autologous bone graft to promote better fusion and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bortolin
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo L Romanò
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery of Osteo-articular Infections CRIO Unit, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bidossi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Odontoiatric Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Bidossi A, Bortolin M, Toscano M, De Vecchi E, Romanò CL, Mattina R, Drago L. In vitro comparison between α-tocopheryl acetate and α-tocopheryl phosphate against bacteria responsible of prosthetic and joint infections. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182323. [PMID: 28759643 PMCID: PMC5536291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections represent a recurrent problem in the orthopaedic setting. In recent years, great interest was directed towards the identification of novel molecules capable to interfere with pathogens adhesion and biofilm formation on implant surfaces. In this study, two stable forms of α-tocopherol, the hydrophobic acetate ester and the water-soluble phosphate ester, were tested in vitro as coating for titanium prosthesis. Antimicrobial activity against microorganisms responsible of prosthetic and joints infections was assessed by broth microdilution method. In addition, α-tocopherol esters were evaluated for both their ability to hamper bacterial adhesion to and biofilm formation on sandblasted titanium surfaces. Results showed that only α-tocopheryl phosphate displayed antimicrobial activity against the tested strains. Both esters were able to significantly interfere with bacterial adhesion and to prevent biofilm formation, especially by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The activity of α-tocopheryl phosphate was greater than that of α-tocopheryl acetate. Alterations at membrane levels have been reported in literature and may be likely responsible for the interference on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation shown by α-tocopherol esters. Although further studies are needed to better investigate the mechanisms of action and the spectrum of activity of α-tocopherol esters, these characteristics together with the positive effect on wound healing and immune response, make these molecules promising candidate for coating in order to prevent implant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bidossi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Bortolin
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Toscano
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo L. Romanò
- Department of Bone and Joint Infections and Reconstructive Surgery, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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13
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Drago L, Bortolin M, Taschieri S, De Vecchi E, Agrappi S, Del Fabbro M, Francetti L, Mattina R. Erythritol/chlorhexidine combination reduces microbial biofilm and prevents its formation on titanium surfaces in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:625-631. [PMID: 27935124 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of a novel air-polishing powder consisting of erythritol and chlorhexidine, assessing its ability to reduce previously grown microbial biofilm and to prevent biofilm formation on titanium surfaces. METHODS Clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis and Candida albicans isolated from peri-implantitis lesions were used. Biofilm was grown on sandblasted titanium discs and treated with erythritol/chlorhexidine. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum microbicidal concentration. The antibiofilm activity was assessed by semiquantitative spectrophotometric assay and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Erythritol/chlorhexidine displayed an inhibitory and a microbicidal activity against all the tested strains. The spectrophotometric analysis showed that the treatment was effective in both reducing the previously developed biofilm and decreasing biofilm formation on titanium surfaces. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis showed a significant reduction of the total biofilm volume, with an increase of the percentage of dead cells of all the microorganisms tested. CONCLUSIONS Erythritol/chlorhexidine displayed significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against microorganisms isolated from peri-implantitis lesions. Due to its properties, it might represent a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases associated to microbial biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Bortolin
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dental Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serse Agrappi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dental Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Francetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dental Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Drago L, Bortolin M, De Vecchi E, Agrappi S, Weinstein RL, Mattina R, Francetti L. Antibiofilm activity of sandblasted and laser-modified titanium against microorganisms isolated from peri-implantitis lesions. J Chemother 2016; 28:383-9. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1158489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Technical Sciences for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Bortolin
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serse Agrappi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto L. Weinstein
- Research Centre in Oral Implantology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Dental Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Francetti
- Research Centre in Oral Implantology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Dental Clinic, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues are frequent disorders. They can be primitive infections (e.g. impetigo, folliculitis) or secondary infections complicating other diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis. The most common aetiologic agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Topical antibiotic therapy may be sufficient in many instances to control these infections. Fusidic acid is an antibiotic used topically on the skin which is very active against S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, and other Gram-positive bacteria. Resistance rates to fusidic acid are stably low. A fusidic acid and betamethasone formulation in a lipid-enriched cream (lipid cream) has been recently developed in order to provide effective antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in conjunction with a powerful emollient and moisturising effect. This preparation may be especially useful in patients with atopic-infected eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - R Mattina
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Health Products, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Health Products, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Fabrizi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Parma University, Parma, Italy
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16
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Drago L, Cappelletti L, Lamartina C, Berjano P, Mattina R, De Vecchi E. Colonization by methicillin resistant staphylococci of nares and skin in healthcare workers: a pilot study in spinal surgeries. Injury 2015; 46 Suppl 8:S77-80. [PMID: 26747923 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(15)30059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) colonization among healthcare workers (HCWs) may have implications in development of infections and in spreading of resistance. This study aimed to determine the rate of methicillin-resistant staphylococci carriage in HCWs of spinal surgeries in an Italian Orthopaedic Institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from nares, axillae and hands were inoculated onto appropriate media in order to perform colony counts of methicillin-susceptible and resistant S. aureus and CoNS. RESULTS Prevalence of S. aureus and CNS was 42.3% and 98%, respectively. Methicillin-resistance was rather infrequent in S. aureus (13.5%) while it was detected in most of CoNS (90.4%). Methicillin resistant S. aureus were prevalently isolated from nares while axillae showed the highest methicillin-resistant CoNS colonization rates. CONCLUSIONS A relatively high rate of methicillin resistant staphylococci was found among HCWs in spinal surgeries wards, thus evidencing the need for careful prevention measures and for periodic evaluation of spread among HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology and Technical Sciences for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan Italy.
| | - Laura Cappelletti
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Italy
| | - Claudio Lamartina
- 2(nd) Spine Surgery Division, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Italy
| | - Pedro Berjano
- 4(th) Spine Surgery Division, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Italy
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17
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Bortolin M, De Vecchi E, Romanò CL, Toscano M, Mattina R, Drago L. Antibiofilm agents against MDR bacterial strains: is bioactive glass BAG-S53P4 also effective? J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:123-7. [PMID: 26462989 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The treatment of bone and joint infections is challenging due to the presence of bacterial biofilm and the increasing emergence of multiresistant strains. BAG-S53P4 is a bone substitute that is characterized by osteoconductive and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of BAG-S53P4 against biofilm produced in vitro by multiresistant bacterial strains. METHODS Multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bone and joint infections were used in this study. Titanium discs covered by bacterial biofilm were incubated with BAG-S53P4 or inert glass as a control. The amount of biofilm on each titanium disc was evaluated after 48 h of incubation by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Significantly lower total biomass volumes were observed for all strains after treatment with BAG-S53P4 when compared with controls. Moreover, the percentage of dead cells was significantly higher in treated samples than in controls for all the tested strains. CONCLUSIONS BAG-S53P4 is able to reduce the biofilm produced by multiresistant S. epidermidis, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae on titanium substrates in vitro, probably by interfering with cell viability. Owing to its osteoconductive, antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, the use of BAG-S53P4 may be a successful strategy for the treatment of bone and prosthetic joint infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bortolin
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Luca Romanò
- Centre for Reconstructive Surgery and Bone Infections, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Toscano
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy Laboratory of Technical Sciences for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Signori V, Romanò CL, De Vecchi E, Mattina R, Drago L. May osteoarticular infections be influenced by vitamin D status? An observational study on selected patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:183. [PMID: 26242985 PMCID: PMC4526280 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with a high number of health outcomes, and its role on the immune system has been deeply investigated in recent years, although poor data are still available on vitamin D status in orthopedic infections including those of prosthetic implants. Methods We focused on preoperative values of 25(OH)D in selected groups of patients with septic (Group A) or aseptic (Group B) prosthetic loosening, infective bone disease such as septic arthritis and osteomyelitis (Group C) and other orthopedic pathologies (Group D) to evaluate differences in the vitamin D status. Results A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was recorded among the study population (16.5 ± 5.4 ng/mL, mean ± SD). Interestingly, all patients with an infection presented a higher 25(OH)D concentration (17.7 ± 5.3 ng/mL) in respect to uninfected ones (15.1 ± 5.6 ng/mL). Significantly higher levels of 25(OH)D were observed in patients with prosthetic joint infection (18.5 ± 6.5 ng/mL), when compared with those presenting an aseptic loosening (13.6 ± 9.4 ng/mL). Conclusions Deficiency in vitamin D levels have been found in orthopaedic patients. Prosthetic joint infections seems to be associated to higher values of vitamin D in respect to other bone infections or to other orthopaedic conditions requiring surgery. More studies are needed to improve the knowledge on vitamin D status in these patients and to better clarify the role of vitamin D in relation to osteoarticular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Signori
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo L Romanò
- Center for Reconstructive Surgery of Osteoarticular Infections (C.R.I.O.), IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Drago L, De Vecchi E, Bortolin M, Toscano M, Mattina R, Romanò CL. Antimicrobial activity and resistance selection of different bioglass S53P4 formulations against multidrug resistant strains. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1293-9. [PMID: 26228640 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two different formulations of bioglass BAG-S53P4 against multiresistant microorganisms involved in bone infections, and the capability of bioglass to select for resistance. METHODS Antibacterial activity was evaluated by means of killing curves. The ability to select for resistant bacteria was evaluated by subculturing microorganisms in serial dilutions of bioglass. Scanning electron microscope acquisitions were conducted to evaluate bioglass-induced morphology changes. RESULTS BAG-S53P4 formulations display a high antimicrobial activity and do not seem to select for resistance. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed cell shrinkage and membrane damage after exposure to bioglass. CONCLUSIONS BAG-S53P4 has a significant potential as bone substitute for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Technical Sciences for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, via L Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Bortolin
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Toscano
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology & Virology, University of Milan, via C Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Luca Romanò
- Centre for Reconstructive Surgery & Bone Infections, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
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20
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Drago L, De Vecchi E, Cappelletti L, Vassena C, Toscano M, Bortolin M, Mattina R, Romanò CL. Prolonging culture to 15 days improves bacterial detection in bone and joint infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1809-13. [PMID: 26054716 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the optimal incubation period of cultures for diagnosis of bone and joint infections is still a matter of debate, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different incubation periods (5 and 15 days) on microbial isolation. Samples from 387 patients with bone and joint infections (including prosthetic ones) were analyzed from March 2012 to February 2014. In 197 patients (51 %) growth was obtained within 48 hrs, while in 124 (32 %) and 66 (17 %) patients cultures yielded positive results within and after 5 days of incubation, respectively. Of 449 microorganisms isolated, 247 grew within 48 hrs, 131 within the first 5 days of incubation while 71 were isolated after 5 days. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen within 48 hrs, while Propionibacteria were prevalently isolated after 5 days of incubation. Interestingly, about 25 % of microorganisms isolated after 5 days of incubation were coagulase-negative staphylococci. Extending incubation period of broth cultures improves isolation rates of pathogens involved in bone and joint infections thus improving management of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy,
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Drago L, Cappelletti L, De Vecchi E, Pignataro L, Torretta S, Mattina R. Antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of hyaluronic acid against bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections. APMIS 2014; 122:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Milan Italy
- Laboratory of Technical Medical Sciences; Department of Biomedical Science for Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Laura Cappelletti
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pignataro
- Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Sara Torretta
- Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health; Microbiology and Virology; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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Drago L, Romanò D, De Vecchi E, Vassena C, Logoluso N, Mattina R, Romanò CL. Bioactive glass BAG-S53P4 for the adjunctive treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the long bones: an in vitro and prospective clinical study. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:584. [PMID: 24325278 PMCID: PMC3878882 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the in vitro antibacterial activity of the bioglass BAG S53P4 against multi-resistant microorganisms commonly involved in osteomyelitis and to evaluate its use in surgical adjunctive treatment of osteomyelitis. Methods In vitro antibacterial activity of BAG-S53P4 against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates was evaluated by means of time kill curves, with colony counts performed after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. In vivo evaluation was performed by prospectively studying a cohort of 27 patients with a clinically and radiologically diagnosed osteomyelitis of the long bones in an observational study. Endpoints were the absence of infection recurrence/persistence at follow-up, no need for further surgery whenever during follow-up and absence of local or systemic side effects connected with the BAG use. Results In vitro tests regarding the antibacterial activity of BAG S53P4 showed a marked bactericidal activity after 24 hrs against all the tested species. This activity continued in the subsequent 24 hrs and no growth was observed for all strains after 72 hrs. Results of the clinical study evidenced no signs of infection in 24 patients (88.9%) at the follow-up, while 2 subjects showed infection recurrence at 6 months from index operation and one more needed further surgical procedures. BAG-S53P4 was generally well tolerated. Conclusions The in vitro and in vivo findings reinforce previous observations on the efficacy of BAG-S53P4 for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the long bones, also in the presence of multi-resistant strains and in immunocompromised hosts, without relevant side effects and without the need for locally adding antibiotics. Trial registration Deutschen Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS) unique identifier: DRKS00005332.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I,R,C,C,S, Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R, Galeazzi 4, Milan 20161, Italy.
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Galliera E, Dozio E, Dogliotti G, Vassena C, Colloredo Mels L, Romano CL, Mattina R, Corsi MM, Drago L. Iron status evaluation as a marker of postoperative joint infection: a pilot study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 25:1149-55. [PMID: 23298506 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of different inflammatory conditions on iron status and, as a consequence, the possible use of iron markers as indicators of infection in the diagnosis of postoperative prosthetic orthopaedic joint infections. The study population was consisted of 26 patients undergoing revision of total hip or total knee joint arthroplasty and subdivided into three groups according to the cause of prosthesis implant failure: 10 as having had previous infection (Group A), 10 patients were categorized as having infection (Group B); and the remaining 6 (Group C) as not having infection. These patients were assayed for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and serum values of iron (Fe), ferritin (Fer), transferrin (Tf), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and transferrin saturation (sat Tf). Septic patients display statistically significant lower serum iron concentration, higher sTfR and ferritin levels, lower, but not statistically significant, MCHC compared to non septic ones. Little differences were observed for Tf, sat Tf, tibc, TfR index, among the three groups of patients. Our study suggests that iron status parameters, in particular serum iron, ferritin, sTfR and TfR index, could be useful tools for the early detection and the diagnosis of orthopaedic prosthetic joint infections.
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De Vecchi E, Sitia S, Romanò CL, Ricci C, Mattina R, Drago L. Aetiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of urinary tract infections in the elderly: a 6-month study. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:859-863. [PMID: 23475904 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.056945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of bacteraemia in the elderly and are associated with a high probability of hospitalization. Despite the impact of UTIs on health status and quality of life, a limited number of studies have evaluated their aetiology in this population. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial aetiology and pattern of susceptibility of bacteria causing UTIs in the elderly. For this purpose, a retrospective cohort study of elderly residents (n = 472, aged >65 years) in 14 nursing homes in Milan (Italy) and its province was performed. Globally, 393 micro-organisms from 328 samples were isolated: Escherichia coli was the most prevalent (44.8 %), followed by Proteus mirabilis (20.4 %), Providencia spp. (8.9 %), Klebsiella spp. (6.4 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.6 %). Enterococci were the most frequently isolated Gram-positive organisms (7.4 %). Almost all Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, carbapenems and amikacin. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases were detected in 42.1 % of isolates. The most active antibiotics against P. aeruginosa were colistin, amikacin and piperacillin/tazobactam. All Gram-positive organisms were susceptible to glycopeptides and linezolid, and 90 % were susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Fluoroquinolones showed a limited activity against all the tested micro-organisms. Escherichia coli remains the major micro-organism responsible for UTIs in older people, although to a lesser extent than in a younger population. The high rates of resistance observed in this study make careful use of antibiotics advisable to limit further development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Sitia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sant'Anna Clinic, Merano, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Ricci
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Technical Science for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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Drago L, Mattina R, De Vecchi E, Toscano M. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance in some probiotics proposed for medical use. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:396-7. [PMID: 23313535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Drago L, Romanò CL, Mattina R, Signori V, De Vecchi E. Does dithiothreitol improve bacterial detection from infected prostheses? A pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470:2915-25. [PMID: 22695865 PMCID: PMC3442005 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-012-2415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonication and scraping of infected prostheses usually are used to improve diagnosis of prosthetic infections, reducing false negatives. Chemical methods that reduce biofilms also may allow higher levels of detection. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We therefore asked: (1) Do dithiothreitol (DTT) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) remove bacteria from biofilm formed on prosthetic materials? (2) Is bacterial recovery affected by differing DTT and NAC concentrations and incubation times? (3) Do treatments with DTT and NAC detach the same amounts of bacteria from biofilm on prosthetic materials as sonication and scraping? (4) Are these methods reproducible? METHODS We treated polyethylene and titanium discs covered by biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with DTT or NAC solutions at different concentrations for different times. We compared colony counts of S aureus, P aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli after treatment with NAC, DTT, sonication and scraping. We determined colony counts after treatment of biofilm formed by one strain of S aureus and one of P aeruginosa on five discs of each material analyzed on the same day and on five discs analyzed on five consecutive days. RESULTS Mean colony counts (LogCFU/mL) obtained after treatment with 1 g/L DTT for 15 minutes (5.3) were similar to those after sonication (4.9) and greater than those obtaining by scraping (3.4) and treatment with 2 g/L NAC for 30 minutes (1.9). DTT and sonication showed good reproducibility. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data suggest that treatment of prostheses with DTT may be a reasonable alternative to sonication to improve detection of biofilm-associated bacteria and supplement conventional laboratory culturing techniques for diagnosing periprosthetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy ,Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Luca Romanò
- Centro di Chirurgia Ricostruttiva e delle Infezioni Osteo-articolari, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department Public Health, Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Signori
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Magliano E, Grazioli V, Deflorio L, Leuci AI, Mattina R, Romano P, Cocuzza CE. Gender and age-dependent etiology of community-acquired urinary tract infections. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:349597. [PMID: 22629135 PMCID: PMC3351074 DOI: 10.1100/2012/349597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent community-acquired infections worldwide. Escherichia coli is the most common UTI pathogen although underlying host factors such as patients' age and gender may influence prevalence of causative agents. In this study, 61 273 consecutive urine samples received over a 22-month period from outpatients clinics of an urban area of north Italy underwent microbiological culture with subsequent bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of positive samples. A total of 13 820 uropathogens were isolated and their prevalence analyzed according to patient's gender and age group. Overall Escherichia coli accounted for 67.6% of all isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (6.3%), Proteus mirabilis (5.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.5%). Data stratification according to both age and gender showed E. coli isolation rates to be lower in both males aged ≥60 years (52.2%), E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa being more prevalent in this group (11.6% and 7.8%, resp.), as well as in those aged ≤14 years (51.3%) in whom P. mirabilis prevalence was found to be as high as 21.2%. Streptococcus agalactiae overall prevalence was found to be 2.3% although it was shown to occur most frequently in women aged between 15 and 59 years (4.1%). Susceptibility of E. coli to oral antimicrobial agents was demonstrated to be as follows: fosfomycin (72.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (72.9%), ciprofloxacin (76.8%), ampicillin (48.0%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (77.5%). In conclusion, both patients' age and gender are significant factors in determining UTIs etiology; they can increase accuracy in defining the causative uropathogen as well as providing useful guidance to empiric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Magliano
- Bacteriological Laboratory, Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Via Saint Bon 20, 20147 Milan, Italy
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Rota P, Allevi P, Agnolin IS, Mattina R, Papini N, Anastasia M. A simple synthesis of N-perfluoroacylated and N-acylated glycals of neuraminic acid with a cyclic aminic substituent at the 4α position as possible inhibitors of sialidases. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2885-94. [PMID: 22395901 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple protocol for the synthesis of N-perfluoroacylated and N-acylated glycals of neuraminic acid, with a secondary cyclic amine (morpholine or piperidine) at the 4α position, has been set-up, starting from peracetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester that undergoes, sequentially to its direct N-transacylation followed by a C-4 amination, a β-elimination, and a selective hydrolysis of the ester functions, without affecting the sensitive perfluorinated amide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rota
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology for the Medicine, Via Saldini 50, Milano, Italy.
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Drago L, Mattina R, Legnani D, Romano CL, Vianello E, Ricci C, De Vecchi E. Modulation of biofilm of strains isolated from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 24:1027-35. [PMID: 22230408 DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone to interfere on biofilm produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was evaluated. The effects of antibiotics were evaluated on formation of biofilm (at 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 X MIC) and on preformed biofilm (at epithelial lining fluid peak concentrations) by means of a spectrophotometric method. Levofloxacin was the most active compound followed by ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone. Levofloxacin may contribute to clear the reservoir of pathogens involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, thus leading to decreased occurrence of acute exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Drago L, Rodighiero V, Mattina R, Toscano M, de Vecchi E. In VitroSelection and Transferability of Antibiotic Resistance in the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938. J Chemother 2011; 23:371-373. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2011.23.6.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Drago L, De Vecchi E, Torretta S, Mattina R, Marchisio P, Pignataro L. Biofilm formation by bacteria isolated from upper respiratory tract before and after adenotonsillectomy. APMIS 2011; 120:410-6. [PMID: 22515296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Failure of antibiotics to eradicate the microbial pathogens primarily responsible for otorhinolaryngological diseases has led to the hypothesis that these microorganisms may be structured in a biolfilm. Aim of the study was to evaluate the ability to produce biofilm among bacteria isolated from tonsils and/or adenoids and nasopharynx. Biopsies and swabs were collected during surgery and after 3 and 6 months in 32 children undergoing adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Production of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae was evaluated in vitro by means of spectrophotometry after growth in microplates and staining with crystalviolet. Of the isolates from intraoperative samples, 44.7% were either moderate or strong biofilm producers compared with 27% of isolates at 6 months after surgery. A decrease in biofilm production was observed for H. influenzae and S. aureus. In conclusion, the rate of isolation and ability to form biofilm decreased in bacteria isolated subsequent to adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. This suggests a role for biofilm in pathogenesis of recurrent and chronic pharyngeal diseases and rhinopharingitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Drago L, Mattina R, Nicola L, Rodighiero V, De Vecchi E. Macrolide resistance and In Vitro selection of resistance to antibiotics in Lactobacillus isolates. J Microbiol 2011; 49:651-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Drago L, Vassena C, Dozio E, Corsi MM, De Vecchi E, Mattina R, Romanò C. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as markers of postoperative orthopaedic joint prosthesis infections. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:433-40. [PMID: 21658317 DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a universally recognized need to identify new, reliable markers of inflammation that can aid in the rapid diagnosis of orthopaedic joint prosthesis infections (OJP-Is). Since prompt diagnosis is key to timely intervention in the course of infection, different molecules have been studied. In this study, we examined three groups of patients: those with prosthesis infection, those without infection, and a third group with previous infection in whom the infection had been cleared. Four presumed markers of infection were tested: procalcitonin (PCT); C-reactive protein (CRP); interleukin-6 (IL-6); and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1). The results showed that PCT cannot be considered as a good marker of periprosthetic infection as no statistically significant difference in serum PCT levels emerged between patients with infection and controls or patients without infection. In contrast, both sICAM-1 and CRP may be considered as good markers of infection, as measurement of their levels allowed us to distinguish between patients with and without infection, and between patients with infection and those with previous infection, since marker levels quickly returned to baseline values after clearance of the infection. IL-6 was found to be a good marker for inflammation, as it distinguished between patients with infection and the other groups. In the patients with previous infection, the IL-6 values remained high versus the controls but lower and with a statistically significant difference versus the patients with infection. Further studies are needed to determine the cut-off value of IL-6 between patients with infection and those with previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute, Milan
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Torretta S, Drago L, Marchisio P, Mattina R, Clemente IA, Pignataro L. Diagnostic accuracy of nasopharyngeal swabs in detecting biofilm-producing bacteria in chronic adenoiditis: a preliminary study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 144:784-8. [PMID: 21493370 DOI: 10.1177/0194599810394955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biofilms are organized bacterial communities that are playing an increasing role in otolaryngological diseases such as chronic or recurrent middle ear otitis and adenotonsillitis. Various cultural techniques are available to detect biofilm-producing bacteria (BPB), but microbiological analysis of bioptic staining is the reference diagnostic procedure. To our knowledge, the accuracy of nasopharyngeal swabs in diagnosing BPB has never been assessed. STUDY DESIGN A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy. SETTING Outpatient clinics of the Departments of Specialist Surgical Sciences and Maternal and Pediatric Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-two pediatric subjects with chronic adenoiditis (aged 4-18 years) underwent adenoidectomy, during which multiple transoral nasopharyngeal swabs and adenoidal biopsies were performed. BPB were detected by spectrophotometry, and the accuracy of detecting BPB in nasopharyngeal swabs was compared with that of biopsy. RESULTS BPB were detected in 73.8% of the nasopharyngeal swabs and in 69.1% of the biopsies. The sensitivity and specificity of the nasopharyngeal swabs were, respectively, 75.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.3%-91.4%) and 30.8% (95% CI, 5.7%-55.9%); positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 71.0% (95% CI, 55.0%-86.9%) and 36.4% (95% CI, 7.9%-64.8%); and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.5 (95% CI, 0.4-0.7). CONCLUSIONS In comparison with biopsy, nasopharyngeal swabs seem to be inaccurate in detecting BPB and should be cautiously used in clinical practice. As these preliminary findings may have been due to the well-known resistance of biofilm to mechanical injuries (such as swab rubbing) or the small study population, they need to be confirmed in larger patient series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torretta
- Department of Specialist Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Drago L, Rodighiero V, Mattina R, Toscano M, De Vecchi E. In VitroSelection of Antibiotic Resistance in the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG ATCC 53103. J Chemother 2011; 23:211-215. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2011.23.4.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Drago L, Nicola L, Rodighiero V, Larosa M, Mattina R, De Vecchi E. Comparative evaluation of synergy of combinations of -lactams with fluoroquinolones or a macrolide in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:845-849. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Frugoni S, Anicito A, Burgio MA, Tagliabue L, Landini P, Lanzafame A, Mattina R. Isolation of biofilm producing microorganisms isolated from urinary indwelling catheter in geriatric hospitalized patients. Microbiol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2010.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Drago L, Nicola L, Mattina R, De Vecchi E. In vitro selection of resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. at in vivo fluoroquinolone concentrations. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:119. [PMID: 20409341 PMCID: PMC2873490 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones are potent antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of a wide variety of community- and nosocomial- infections. However, resistance to fluoroquinolones in Enterobacteriaceae is increasingly reported. Studies assessing the ability of fluoroquinolones to select for resistance have often used antimicrobial concentrations quite different from those actually acquired at the site of infection. The present study compared the ability to select for resistance of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and prulifloxacin at concentrations observed in vivo in twenty strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from patients with respiratory and urinary infections. The frequencies of spontaneous single-step mutations at plasma peak and trough antibiotic concentrations were calculated. Multi-step selection of resistance was evaluated by performing 10 serial cultures on agar plates containing a linear gradient from trough to peak antimicrobial concentrations, followed by 10 subcultures on antibiotic-free agar. E. coli resistant strains selected after multi-step selection were characterized for DNA mutations by sequencing gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes. RESULTS Frequencies of mutations for levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were less than 10-11 at peak concentration, while for prulifloxacin they ranged from <10-11 to 10-5. The lowest number of resistant mutants after multistep selection was selected by levofloxacin followed by ciprofloxacin and prulifloxacin. Both ciprofloxacin- and prulifloxacin-resistant mutants presented mutations in gyrA and parC, while levofloxacin resistance was found associated only to mutations in gyrA. CONCLUSIONS Among the tested fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin was the most capable of limiting the occurrence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Dept Preclinical Sciences LITA Vialba, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan 20157, Italy.
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Rota P, Allevi P, Mattina R, Anastasia M. Reaction of N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives with perfluorinated anhydrides: a short access to N-perfluoracylated glycals with antiviral properties. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3771-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c004938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Drago L, De Vecchi E, Airoldi A, Mattina R, Papazian B, Legnani D. Respiratory viruses in smokers and former smokers with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Chemother 2009; 21:458-60. [PMID: 19622469 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2009.21.4.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Stefani S, Mezzatesta ML, Fadda G, Mattina R, Palù G, Rossano F, Tufano MA, Schito GC, Nicoletti G. Antibacterial activity of cefditoren against major community-acquired respiratory pathogens recently isolated in Italy. J Chemother 2009; 20:561-9. [PMID: 19028617 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.5.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the in vitro activities of cefditoren--a broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin--and other comparator agents against 2,396 fresh isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections, collected from 6 clinical Italian microbiology laboratories. On penicillin-susceptible pneumococci and Streptococcus pyogenes, cefditoren demonstrated to be the most active antibiotic (MIC(90)values of 0.03 and 0.06 mg/L respectively), showing only a slight decrease in potency on penicillin-intermediate and resistant pneumococci (MIC(90)value 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L respectively). All the other comparators displayed MIC(90 )values of 4 - 8 mg/L for penicillins and of 4 to >64 mg/L for the oral cephalosporins. Cefditoren and levofloxacin were the most active against MSSA (MIC(90)0.5 mg/mL). Cefditoren displayed a uniformly potent inhibitory activity (MIC(90)of 0.03 mg/L) against all strains of Haemophilus influenzae, regardless of their ampicillin resistance (mediated or not by beta-lactamase production), while against Moraxella catarrhalis MIC(90)values were higher against beta-lactamase-positive (0.25 mg/L). Cefditoren was active also against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli : in this case its activity was comparable with that of levofloxacin. In conclusion, cefditoren, due to its potent activity, is a new effective therapeutic option for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stefani
- Department of Microbiological and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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Bonfiglio G, Mattina R, Lanzafame A, Cammarata E, Tempera G. Fosfomycin tromethamine in uncomplicated urinary tract infections: a clinical study. Chemotherapy 2005; 51:162-6. [PMID: 15886477 DOI: 10.1159/000085625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to verify if the empiric therapy with a single dose of 3 g fosfomycin tromethamine in patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) was able to clinically resolveand to microbiologically eradicate the infection. A total of 387 out of the 400 patients (274 cases with acute and 113 cases with recurrent uncomplicated UTIs) were enrolled in the clinical study. Clinical and microbiological assessments were performed before and at 8-10 days after the administration. At follow-up high clinical recovery (88.9%) and bacteriological (94.9%) eradication rates were achieved. Gastrointestinal side effects were found in only 4.3% of patients. In conclusion, a single-dose administration regimen of fosfomycin tromethamine should be encouraged as a first choice of drug therapy for uncomplicated UTIs.
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Lanzafame A, Bonfiglio G, Santini L, Mattina R. In vitro Activity of Levofloxacin against Recent Gram-Negative Nosocomial Pathogens. Chemotherapy 2005; 51:44-50. [PMID: 15767745 DOI: 10.1159/000084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of levofloxacin in comparison with other antibiotics (coamoxiclav, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, meropenem, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and netilmicin) against about 500 Gram-negative nosocomial microorganisms, isolated during 2003. The bactericidal activities (minimal bactericidal activity and killing curve) of levofloxacin and the other antibiotics were also evaluated. The results confirm the excellent in vitro activity of levofloxacin against multiresistant nosocomial Gram-negative pathogens, including the 73 extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (90% of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were inhibited at 0.5 mg/l). Of particular interest is its susceptibility and bactericidal activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains. In conclusion, due to the favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the molecule, associated with its safety, levofloxacin may represent a valid therapeutic option in the treatment of severe Gram-negative nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lanzafame
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università di Milano, Milano, Italia
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Cocuzza CE, Lanzafame A, Sisto F, Broccolo F, Mattina R. Prevalence of the internalization-associated gene prtF1 in a bacterial population of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from children with acute pharyngotonsillitis before and after antibiotic therapy. Microb Drug Resist 2005; 10:264-8. [PMID: 15383172 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2004.10.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the internalization-associated prtF1 gene was studied in 837 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes obtained from 713 pediatric patients presenting with acute pharyngotonsillitis before and after antibiotic therapy. Its association with macrolide resistance and with bacteriological treatment failure was determined. The bacterial population isolated from baseline pharyngeal swabs showed an overall prtF1 positivity rate of 33%. A higher prtF1 positivity was found among erythromycin-resistant strains (45%) showing, however, marked differences between the inducible (iMLS), constitutive (cMLS), and efflux pump (M) resistance phenotypes. The prevalence was statistically higher (p < 0.001) in strains belonging to iMLS (84%) and cMLS (67%) phenotypes as compared to the M phenotype (15%). Interestingly, the prevalence of the prtF1 gene was significantly lower (p = 0.04) in strains belonging to M resistance phenotype as compared to erythromycin-susceptible strains (28%). Failed bacterial eradication was demonstrated in 124 patients. The prtF1 positivity rate remained unchanged in strains isolated before and after therapy in patients treated with macrolides (9/54). On the other hand, the positivity rate for the prtF1 gene was significantly higher (p = 0.015) in strains isolated after therapy with beta-lactams (21/70) as compared to baseline isolates (6/70), indicating a differential selection imposed on the organism by these agents. Finally, a high overall eradication rate (88%) of prtF1-positive isolates, belonging to both the erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant phenotypes, was demonstrated following macrolide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cocuzza
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Prevention and Biotechnologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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Bonfiglio G, Lanzafame A, Santini L, Mattina R. In vitro activity of thiamphenicol, erythromycin and fluoroquinolones against Legionella pneumophila. J Chemother 2005; 16:502-3. [PMID: 15565921 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.5.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Cocuzza C, Lanzafame A, Sisto F, Broccolo F, Mattina R. Prevalence of the Internalization-Associated Gene prtF1 in a Bacterial Population of Streptococcus pyogenes Isolated from Children with Acute Pharyngotonsillitis before and after Antibiotic Therapy. Microb Drug Resist 2004. [DOI: 10.1089/1076629041939382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Scaglione F, Mouton JW, Mattina R, Fraschini F. Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a murine pneumonia model: peak concentration/MIC versus area under the curve/MIC ratios. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2749-55. [PMID: 12936969 PMCID: PMC182632 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.9.2749-2755.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade some studies have shown that the area under the curve (AUC)/MIC ratio is the pharmacodynamic index that best predicts the efficacies of quinolones, while other studies suggest that the predictive value of the peak concentration/MIC (peak/MIC) ratio is superior to the AUC/MIC ratio in explaining clinical and microbiological outcomes. In classical fractionated dose-response studies with animals, it is difficult to differentiate between the AUC/MIC ratio and the peak/MIC ratio because of colinearity. Three different levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin dosing regimens were studied in a neutropenic mouse pneumonia model. The different regimens were used with the aim of increasing the AUC/MIC ratio without changing the peak/MIC ratio and vice versa. The first regimen (RC) consisted of daily doses of 5 up to 160 mg/kg of body weight divided into one, two, or four doses. In the second regimen (R0), mice were given 1.25 mg/kg every hour from 1 to 23 h, while the dose given at 0 h was 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg. In the third regimen (R11), mice also received 1.25 mg/kg every hour from 0 to 23 h; but in addition, they also received 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg at 11 h. The level of protein binding was also evaluated. The results indicate that the unbound fraction (f(u)) was concentration dependent for both levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and ranged from approximately 0.67 to 0.88 for both drugs between concentrations of 0.5 and 80 mg/liter. The relationships between the AUC/MIC ratio and the number of CFU were slightly better than those between the peak/MIC ratio and the number of CFU. There was no clear relationship between the amount of time that the concentration remained above the MIC and effect (R(2) < 0.1). For both drugs, the peak/MIC ratio that resulted in a 50% effective concentration was lower for the R0 and R11 dosing regimens, indicating the importance of the AUC/MIC ratio. The same was true for the static doses. Survival studies showed that for mice treated with the low doses the rate of survival was comparable to that for the controls, but with the higher doses the rate of survival was better for mice receiving the R0 regimen. We conclude that for quinolones the AUC/MIC ratio best correlates with efficacy against pneumococci and that the effect of the peak/MIC ratio found in some studies could be partly explained by concentration-dependent protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scaglione
- University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy.
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Esposito S, Marchisio P, Bosis S, Droghetti R, Mattina R, Principi N. Comparative efficacy and safety of 5-day cefaclor and 10-day amoxycillin treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:28-33. [PMID: 12127708 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 384 children with group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis were randomized to receive either 40 mg/kg/day of cefaclor in two doses for 5 days (192 patients), or 40 mg/kg/day of amoxycillin in three doses for 10 days (192 patients). The signs and symptoms of pharyngitis were recorded and throat cultures were obtained at presentation and on days 6-7, 11-15, 16-20 and 28-35. Patient compliance was significantly higher in the children treated with cefaclor (100 vs. 95.1%; P = 0.003). At the end of follow-up, the percentage of clinical success was 91.4% for cefaclor and 91.9% for amoxycillin (P = 0.974); bacteriological success was obtained in 85.7 and 89.6% children (P = 0.348), respectively. Both treatments were well-tolerated with adverse event rates of 8.3% in the cefaclor group and 9.4% in the amoxcillin group (P = 0.857). Our study shows that five days' treatment with cefaclor is as effective and safe as the conventional 10-day course of amoxycillin in the treatment of GABHS pharyngitis, but compliance seems to be significantly greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Department I, University of Milan, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Rondini G, Cocuzza CE, Cianflone M, Lanzafame A, Santini L, Mattina R. Bacteriological and clinical efficacy of various antibiotics used in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in Italy. An epidemiological study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:9-17. [PMID: 11463521 PMCID: PMC7135440 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A total of 123 community paediatricians and 23 microbiology laboratories studied the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in Italy. Of 1065 patients, from whom Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated, 723 returned to follow up and of these 138 (19%) still had a positive throat culture. The erythromycin resistance (ER) rate was 23.7% with resistance phenotype distribution of: 31.7% constitutive (CR), 26.6% inducible (IR) and 41.7% efflux pump (M) resistance phenotype. All strains were susceptible to the beta-lactam agents tested. CR strains were highly resistant to all 14, 15 and 16 membered macrolides with the exception of rokitamycin which showed activity against 37.8% of isolates. All phenotype M and some IR isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, rokitamycin, josamycin and spiramycin; clarithromycin was active against a small percentage of strains belonging to the IR and M phenotype. Bacterial eradication was found in 85.5, 78.7 and 75.8% of the penicillin, macrolide and cephalosporin treated groups. Genotyping of strains showed that 8.7% of the 19% of cases classified as 'failed bacterial eradication' were due to recolonization with a different isolate, observed exclusively among beta-lactams treated patients. Clinical cure was achieved in a high percentage of cases, irrespective of the antibiotic prescribed, with the best clinical efficacy being found following therapy with amoxycillin and clarithromycin (90.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rondini
- Div. Pat. Neonatale OSM IRCCS, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Nicoletti G, Bonfiglio G, Bartoloni A, Mattina R, Nicoletti P, Pecile P, Rescaldani R, Romeo MA, Russo G, Savarino O, Stefani S, Paradisi F. Distribution and antibiotic resistance of isolates from lower respiratory tract and blood cultures from patients in three Italian intensive care units: a 2-year comparison. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 15:265-9. [PMID: 10929875 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and antibiotic resistance of major pathogens isolated from patients in ICUs were studied by three Italian microbiological laboratories. Consecutive aerobic strains were collected over two different time periods from protected brushing bronchoscopy, broncho-alveolar lavage and blood cultures. A total of 420 strains were isolated during the first period (47.3% gram-negative and 52.7% gram-positive) and 412 over the second period (50.5% gram-negative and 49.5% gram-positive). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated organism from the respiratory tract followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin resistance was 47.9 and 44.5% in S. aureus and 63.0 and 65.1% in coagulase-negative staphylococci over the two periods. No glycopeptide-resistance was found in gram-positive organisms. Ceftazidime-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae was very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Microbiologiche, Università di Catania, Italy
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