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Jeon H, Oh S, Kum E, Seo S, Park Y, Kim G. Immunomodulatory Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Black Radish on Mouse Macrophages via the TLR2/4-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1376. [PMID: 36355548 PMCID: PMC9697478 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we determined the immunostimulatory effects of black radish (Raphanus sativus ver niger) hot water extract (BRHE) on a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that BRHE treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Moreover, BRHE increased the expression of the following immunomodulators in RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages: pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), iNOS, and COX-2. BRHE treatment significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation of components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Further, the effects of BRHE on macrophages were significantly diminished after the cells were treated with the TLR2 antagonist C29 or the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242. Therefore, BRHE-induced immunostimulatory phenotypes in mouse macrophages were reversed by multiple inhibitors, such as TLR antagonist, MAPK inhibitor, and Akt inhibitor indicating that BRHE induced macrophage activation through the TLR2/4-MAPK-NFκB-Akt-STAT3 signaling pathway. These results indicate that BRHE may serve as a potential immunomodulatory factor or functional food and provide the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization and evaluation of black radish in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsik Jeon
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo 63608, Korea
| | - Soyeon Oh
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo 63608, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kum
- Yuyu Healthcare Inc., 59-11. Ucheonsaneopdanji-ro, Ucheon-myeon, Heengseong-gun 25244, Korea
| | - Sooyeong Seo
- Yuyu Healthcare Inc., 59-11. Ucheonsaneopdanji-ro, Ucheon-myeon, Heengseong-gun 25244, Korea
| | - Youngjun Park
- Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Giok Kim
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo 63608, Korea
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Mu D, Yang H, Feng Y, Ji R, Wu R, Wu J. Preparation, structural characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharides from mulberry (Mori Fructus). FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chang BY, Koo BS, Kim SY. Pharmacological Activities for Morus alba L., Focusing on the Immunostimulatory Property from the Fruit Aqueous Extract. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081966. [PMID: 34441742 PMCID: PMC8393821 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the extraction method, numerous compounds that have specific pharmacological effects can be obtained from M. alba L. There is a growing scientific interest in health problems related to aging. Efforts to develop safe immune-enhancing pharmaceuticals are increasing. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the immunity enhancement effects and pharmaceutical efficacy of M. alba L. extracts. The scientific database search was conducted using Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed until May 2021. Additional articles were identified and obtained from references in the retrieved articles. Ethanol or methanol extraction of various parts of M. alba L. identified a large amount of phenols and flavonoids, which are effective for immunosuppression, antioxidants, and cardiovascular diseases, and are antibacterial, and anticancer. Water extraction of M. alba L. enhanced the innate immune response based on immune cell activation. A polysaccharide and an alkaloid related to increased macrophage activity were isolated from M. alba L. fruit extracts. M. alba L. fruit water extracts primarily induced the production of pro-inflammatory substances, in model organisms, via TLR4 in immune cells. Water extracts have been shown to be effective in pathogen defense and tumor suppression by enhancing macrophage activity. Based on our literature review on the bioactivity of M. alba L. fruit extracts, particularly in relation to their immunity enhancement activity, we anticipate that M. alba-derived pharmaceuticals will have excellent potential in future medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yoon Chang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Bong-Seong Koo
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08592, Korea;
| | - Sung-Yeon Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Iksan 54538, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6806
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Chen H, Xiao R, Zhou X. Study on the extraction, purification, partial chemical characterization and anti-alcohol liver injury activity of Mori Fructus polysaccharides. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mori Fructus (MF) is a fruit rich in many nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaguo Chen
- Key laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine
- Guiyang
| | - Ruixi Xiao
- Key laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine
- Guiyang
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control & Evaluation Technology of Medicine
- Guiyang
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Bai Y, Jiang Y, Liu T, Li F, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhang L, Yan G, Feng Z, Li X, Wang X, Hu W. Xinjiang herbal tea exerts immunomodulatory activity via TLR2/4-mediated MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells and prevents cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:179-187. [PMID: 30268651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A multi-herb Chinese medicinal formula consisting of a variety of medicinal and edible materials has long been consumed as a hot drink and immune enhancer for its efficiency to increase disease resistance in Xinjiang, China. However, no fundamental data has been collected associated with traditional consumption. The present work was designed to evaluate the immunostimulatory role of Xinjiang herbal tea (XMT-WE) in RAW 264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression mice model. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of XMT-WE. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined using Griess reagents, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were investigated with a cytometric bead array kit. The effects on mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and TNF-α were investigated. Furthermore, activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and AP-1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways was investigated. RESULTS Pre-treatment with XMT-WE significantly increased secretion of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. In addition, XMT-WE markedly increased expression of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α as well as AP-1 and NF-κB translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, which was associated with an increase of phosphorylated ERK, JNK, and p38 as well as membrane receptors such as toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Moreover, XMT-WE promoted the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressive mice. CONCLUSION These results indicated that XMT-WE at 50 µg/ml exerts immunomodulatory activity via TLR2/4-mediated MAPK signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that XMT-WE at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg strongly stimulated inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Bai
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Yunyao Jiang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tingwu Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jianmei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Guilong Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Zuoshan Feng
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huanghe West Road, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Weicheng Hu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
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Chang B, Koo B, Lee H, Oh JS, Kim S. Activation of macrophage mediated host defense against Salmonella typhimurium by Morus alba L. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1289. [PMID: 29545736 PMCID: PMC5846209 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the initiation and subsequent direction of adaptive immune responses, as well as in the removal of pathogens that have been targeted by an adaptive immune response. Objective Morus alba L. was reported to have immunostimulatory properties that might protect against infectious diseases. However, this possibility has not yet been explored. The present study investigated the protective and immune-enhancing ability of M. alba L. against infectious disease and the mechanisms involved. Design To investigate the immune-enhancing effects of M. alba L., we used a bacterial infection model. Results and discussions The lifespan of mice infected with a lethal dose of Salmonella typhimurium (1 × 107 colony forming units – CFU) was significantly extended when they were administered M. alba L. Furthermore, M. alba L. activated macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils and induced Th1 cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α) in mice infected with a sublethal dose (1 × 105 CFU) of S. typhimurium. M. alba L. significantly stimulated the uptake of bacteria into peritoneal macrophages as indicated by increased phagocytosis. Peritoneal macrophages derived from C3H/HeJ mice significantly inhibited M. alba L. induced NO production and TNF-α secretion compared with peritoneal macrophages derived from C3H/HeN mice. Conclusions These results suggest that the innate immune activity of M. alba L. against bacterial infection in mice occurs through activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- BoYoon Chang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | | | | | - Joa Sub Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - SungYeon Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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Chang BY, Kim SB, Lee MK, Park H, Kim SY. Nonclinical Safety Assessment of Morus alba L. Fruits: Study of 90-D Toxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats and Genotoxicity in Salmonella. J Food Sci 2016; 81:T1328-35. [PMID: 27075529 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morus alba L. is a traditional herb with a long history of consumption, both as an edible fruit and as medicine. However, its safety evaluation has not yet been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate subchronic oral toxicity and genotoxicity of M. alba L. fruits (MFE). The subchronic toxicity after daily oral administration of MFE at 0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg for 90 d was examined in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. MFE administration did not lead to death, adverse effects, change in food and water consumption, and body weight gain. Significant toxic effects were not found within the parameters of organ weight, biochemical values, and hematological and urine analysis between the control and the MFE group. The genotoxicity of MFE was assayed by Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA102, and TA1535. No genotoxicity was found in all the tested strains. Thus in this study, a no-observed-adverse-effect level for MFE in 90 d repeated oral toxicity study in rats was determined to be greater than 1000 mg/kg regardless of gender. The results also suggested that MFE does not have a genotoxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yoon Chang
- Inst. of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang Univ, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
| | - Seon Beom Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National Univ, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National Univ, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Inst. of Zoonosis Research Center and Dept. Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Wonkwang Univ, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Inst. of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang Univ, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
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Decoction and Fermentation of Selected Medicinal Herbs Promote Hair Regrowth by Inducing Hair Follicle Growth in Conjunction with Wnts Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4541580. [PMID: 27110266 PMCID: PMC4823488 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4541580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that regulating the hair follicle cycle in association with Wnt signaling is one of the most interesting targets for promoting hair regrowth. In this study, we examined whether selected herbal medicines processed by decoction and fermentation promote hair growth by upregulating the number and size of hair follicles and Wnt signaling, including activation of β-catenin and Akt in telogen-synchronized C57BL/6N mice. The results revealed that the fermented extract after decoction (FDE) more effectively promoted hair growth than that of a nonfermented extract (DE). Notably, FDE effectively enhanced formation of hair follicles with clearer differentiation between the inner and outer root sheath, which is observed during the anagen phase. Mechanistic evidence was found for increased β-catenin and Akt phosphorylation levels in dorsal skin tissue along with elevated expression of hair regrowth-related genes, such as Wnt3/10a/10b, Lef1, and fibroblast growth factor 7. In conclusion, our findings suggest that FDE plays an important role in regulating the hair cycle by increasing expression of hair regrowth-related genes and activating downstream Wnt signaling targets.
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Improved Chemotherapeutic Activity by Morus alba Fruits through Immune Response of Toll-Like Receptor 4. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24139-58. [PMID: 26473845 PMCID: PMC4632743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus alba L. fruits have long been used in traditional medicine by many cultures. Their medicinal attributes include cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions. However, their mechanism of macrophage activation and anti-cancer effects remain unclear. The present study investigated the molecular mechanisms of immune stimulation and improved chemotherapeutic effect of M. alba L. fruit extract (MFE). MFE stimulated the production of cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and tumoricidal properties of macrophages. MFE activated macrophages through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKinase) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways downstream from toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. MFE was shown to exhibit cytotoxicity of CT26 cells via the activated macrophages, even though MFE did not directly affect CT26 cells. In a xenograft mouse model, MFE significantly enhanced anti-cancer activity combined with 5-fluorouracil and markedly promoted splenocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and IFN-γ production. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were significantly increased. These results indicate the indirect anti-cancer activity of MFE through improved immune response mediated by TLR4 signaling. M. alba L. fruit extract might be a potential anti-tumor immunomodulatory candidate chemotherapy agent.
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Mori folium and mori fructus mixture attenuates high-fat diet-induced cognitive deficits in mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:379418. [PMID: 25945108 PMCID: PMC4405289 DOI: 10.1155/2015/379418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global health problem, contributing to various diseases including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and dementia. Increasing evidence suggests that obesity can also cause neuronal damage, long-term memory loss, and cognitive impairment. The leaves and the fruits of Morus alba L., containing active phytochemicals, have been shown to possess antiobesity and hypolipidemic properties. Thus, in the present study, we assessed their effects on cognitive functioning in mice fed a high-fat diet by performing immunohistochemistry, using antibodies against c-Fos, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic density protein 95 and a behavioral test. C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet for 21 weeks exhibited increased body weight, but mice coadministered an optimized Mori Folium and Mori Fructus extract mixture (2 : 1; MFE) for the final 12 weeks exhibited significant body weight loss. Additionally, obese mice exhibited not only reduced neural activity, but also decreased presynaptic and postsynaptic activities, while MFE-treated mice exhibited recovery of these activities. Finally, cognitive deficits induced by the high-fat diet were recovered by cotreatment with MFE in the novel object recognition test. Our findings suggest that the antiobesity effects of MFE resulted in recovery of the cognitive deficits induced by the high-fat diet by regulation of neural and synaptic activities.
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Kim SB, Chang BY, Jo YH, Lee SH, Han SB, Hwang BY, Kim SY, Lee MK. Macrophage activating activity of pyrrole alkaloids from Morus alba fruits. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:393-6. [PMID: 23164765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruits of Morus alba have been traditionally used as a tonic to enhance immune responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The macrophage activating constituents of Morus alba fruits were purified using various column chromatography techniques. The structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation such as 1D and 2D NMR analysis. The macrophage activating activities of isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-12 in RAW 264.7 cells. The phagocytic activity was also evaluated. RESULTS Five pyrrole alkaloids, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (1), 2-formyl-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid (2), 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid (3), 2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid (4) and Morrole A (5) were isolated from the fruits of Morus alba. Morrole A (5) is first reported in nature and other pyrrole alkaloids (1-4) are first reported from Morus species. Among the isolated compounds, compounds 3 and 4 significantly activated macrophage activity by the enhancement of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-12 production, and the stimulation of phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Pyrrole alkaloids, including a new compound, were isolated from Morus alba fruits. These compounds activated macrophage activity in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Beom Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Huang HP, Ou TT, Wang CJ. Mulberry ( sang shèn zǐ) and its bioactive compounds, the chemoprevention effects and molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. J Tradit Complement Med 2013; 3:7-15. [PMID: 24716151 PMCID: PMC3924983 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.106535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry ( sāng shèn zǐ), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Taiwan, has many bioactive substances, including polyphenol and anthocyanins compounds. Over the past decade, many scientific and medical studies have examined mulberry fruit for its antioxidation and antiinflammation effects both in vitro and in vivo. This review thus focuses on the recent advances of mulberry extracts (MEs) and their applications in the prevention and treatment of human cancer, liver disease, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The ME modulates several apoptotic pathways and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to block cancer progression. Mulberry can increase detoxicated and antioxidant enzyme activities and regulate the lipid metabolism to treat hepatic disease resulting from alcohol consumption, high fat diet, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and CCl4 exposure. Of the various compounds in ME, cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is the most abundant, and the active compound studied in mulberry research. Herein, the antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions of C3G to improve diabetes and cardiovascular disease are also discussed. These studies provide strong evidence ME may possess the bioactivity to affect the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Pei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan
- Clinical laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsz Ou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan
- Clinical laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan
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Shin BR, Kim HS, Yun MJ, Lee HK, Kim YJ, Kim SY, Lee MK, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Promoting effect of polysaccharide isolated from Mori fructus on dendritic cell maturation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:411-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chahal DS, Sivamani RK, Rivkah Isseroff R, Dasu MR. Plant-Based Modulation of Toll-like Receptors: An Emerging Therapeutic Model. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1423-38. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dev S. Chahal
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology; Veterans Affairs; Mather CA, USA
| | - Mohan R. Dasu
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
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Immunostimulatory effect by aqueous extract of Hizikia fusiforme in RAW 264.7 macrophage and whole spleen cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gertsch J, Viveros-Paredes JM, Taylor P. Plant immunostimulants--scientific paradigm or myth? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 136:385-391. [PMID: 20620205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In traditional medicine, numerous plant preparations are used to treat inflammation both topically and systemically. Several anti-inflammatory plant extracts and a few natural product-based monosubstances have even found their way into the clinic. Unfortunately, a number of plant secondary metabolites have been shown to trigger detrimental pro-allergic immune reactions and are therefore considered to be toxic. In the phytotherapy research literature, numerous plants are also claimed to exert immunostimulatory effects. However, while the concepts of plant-derived anti-inflammatory agents and allergens are well established, the widespread notion of immunostimulatory plant natural products and their potential therapeutic use is rather obscure, often with the idea that the product is some sort of "tonic" for the immune system without actually specifying the mechanisms. In this commentary it is argued that the paradigm of oral plant immunostimulants lacks clinical evidence and may therefore be a myth, which has originated primarily from in vitro studies with plant extracts. The fact that no conclusive data on orally administered immunostimulants can be found in the scientific literature inevitably prompts us to challenge this paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, Bern, Switzerland.
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Yang X, Du L, Tang X, Jung SY, Zheng B, Soh BY, Kim SY, Gu Q, Park H. Brevicompanine E reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes in microglia by inhibiting activation of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 216:32-8. [PMID: 19815299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines by activated microglia can cause neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. We found that Brevicompanine E (BE), isolated from a deep ocean sediment derived fungus Penicillium sp., inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production in microglia. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that BE attenuated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding activity in LPS-induced microglia. Consistent with this finding, BE inhibited LPS-induced IkappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, and also Akt, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. Thus, BE may be potentially useful for modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Yang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
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