Effect of Crude Extract ofEugenia jambolanaLam. on Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Evaluation of pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction of diabecon and losartan by UHPLC-MS/MS

The diabecon is an ayurvedic herbal formulation that contains a mixture of herbs traditionally used as antidiabetic which is reported in the ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India and Indian Materia medica. The diabetic population has a common co-morbidity of hypertension for which losartan drug is commonly used for the treatment of hypertension. However, there is a lack of research on the pharmacokinetics interaction between diabecon and losartan. This research aims to investigate the influence of diabecon on the pharmacokinetics of losartan drugs in rats by establishing a highly sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. The method was validated according to the USFDA guidelines and was applied for the pharmacokinetic study. The lowest concentration of losartan detection in rat plasma was found to be 1 ng/mL and the accuracy and precision were within the linear range (1-1500 ng/mL). The results revealed that after 28 days of dosing diabecon, it has altered the pharmacokinetic parameters like area under the curve (AUC0-t), drug clearance (Cl/F), and rate of elimination (Ke) of losartan, which may happen due to enzyme induction. Although there was a change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan when administered in the presence of diabecon, it was found to be nonsignificant in rats (p > 0.05). According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first article that discusses the pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction between diabecon and losartan.

Effect of herbal formulation on glimepiride pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

BACKGROUND

Traditional medicinal herbs are widely consumed in developing countries to treat diabetes as they are perceived to be safer, less expensive, and have fewer side effects as compared to the conventional medicines. Diabecon (DB), Himalaya Herbal Healthcare, India is herbal over-the-counter formulation which contains several herbs that are reported in the traditional texts for the treatment of diabetes. The majority of these herbs have been investigated and found to interfere with the cytochrome pathway. The most common oral antihyperglycemic drug used today in clinical practice is Glimepiride (GP).The CYP2C9 enzyme is mainly responsible for the metabolism of GP. Herein we hypothesize that the co-administration of GP with DB may result in possible Herb-Drug Interactions (HDIs) as DB has the potential to significantly inhibit the CYP2C9 enzyme.

OBJECTIVE

In the current study, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of GP (0.82 mg/kg) with DB (110.95 mg/kg) was investigated in diabetes induced (Nicotinamide-STZ) rats by co-administering both drugs orally for 21 days.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the study of the HDI, Bioanalytical RP-HPLC/PDA method for quantifying GP in plasma of rats was developed and validated as per US-FDA guidelines. In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were studied on day 1 and day 21 post administration.

RESULTS

The RP-HPLC/PDA method was successfully employed for quantification of GP in the PK studies. The co-administration of GP and DB in diabetic rats resulted in beneficial pharmacodynamic interactions, but there were no notable changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of GP.

CONCLUSION

This current investigation in an animal model suggests that co-administration of GP and DB may have significant therapeutic benefits in the treatment of diabetes; however, additional research, randomized clinical trials or case studies in humans, is needed.

Evaluation of MTBH, a novel hesperetin derivative, on the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 isoform in vitro and in vivo using a cocktail method by HPLC-MS/MS

1. 8-methylene-tert-butylamine-3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone (MTBH), a novel hesperidin derivative, has potential in the prevention of hepatic disease, however, its effects on cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP450s) remains unexplored. The purpose was to investigate the effects of MTBH on the mRNA, protein levels, and activities of six CYP450s (1A2, 2C11/9, 2D2/6, 3A1/4, 2C13/19, and 2E1) in vitro and in vivo.2. In vitro study, rat and human liver microsomes were adopted to elucidate the inhibitory effect of MTBH on six CYP450s using probe drugs. In vivo study, Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with MTBH (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days), phenobarbital (80 mg/kg for 12 consecutive days), or 0.5% CMC-Na solution (control group) by intragastric administration, then, the mRNA, protein levels and activities of liver CYP450s were analysed by real-time PCR, western blotting and probe-drug incubation systems, respectively.3. The in vitro study indicated that MTBH inhibits the activities of CYP3A1/4 and CYP2E1 in rat and human liver microsomes. In vivo data showed that MTBH inhibits mRNA, protein levels, and activities of CYP3A1 and CYP2E1 in medium- and high-dose MTBH groups.4. MTBH has the potential to cause drug-drug interactions when co-administered with drugs that are metabolised by CYP3A1/4 and CYP2E1.

Herb-drug interactions in diabetes mellitus: A review based on pre-clinical and clinical data

Global diabetes epidemic is the major cause of fatality and lethality. As per IDF 2019 report, diabetes caused 4.2 million deaths, approximately 463 million people are living with diabetes and by 2045, this will rise to 700 million. Nowadays, the physicians and common people in both developed and developing countries are using medicinal plants and their formulations to treat diseases with the postulation that organic commodities are safe for consumption. These plants may act as inhibitors or inducers of the Cytochrome P450 or transport and efflux proteins or both and may alter gastrointestinal, renal functions leading to Herb-Drug Interactions. This review intends to focus on the frequently employed medicinal plants, their traditional uses, their Cytochrome P450 inhibition or induction activity, phytochemical, and pharmacological effects, established HDI with the help of in vitro tools, in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies to understand the impact of herbs on ADME of the drug and whether it is beneficial, harmful or has no effect respectively. This review will help the physicians and other health care professionals as a reference guide to update their knowledge and expertise about HDI. However, more quality research in this area is needed to evaluate the efficacy of many herbal medicines, thereby reducing side effects and improving the safety of patients.

Recent trends in preclinical drug-drug interaction studies of flavonoids--Review of case studies, issues and perspectives

Because of health benefits that are manifested across various disease areas, the consumption of herbal products and/or health supplements containing different kinds of flavonoids has been on the rise. While the drug-drug interaction potential between flavonoids and co-ingested drugs still remain an issue, opportunities exist for the combination of flavonoids with suitable anti-cancer drugs to enhance the bioavailability of anti-cancer drugs and thereby reduce the dose size of the anti-cancer drugs and improve its therapeutic index. In recent years, scores of flavonoids have undergone preclinical investigation with variety of drugs encompassing therapeutic areas such as oncology (etoposide, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, tamoxifen etc.), immunosuppression (cyclosporine) and hypertension (losartan, felodipine, nitrendipine etc.). The review provides examples of the recent trends in the preclinical investigation of 14 flavonoids (morin, quercetin, silibinin, kaempferol etc.) with various co-administered drugs. The relevance of combination of flavonoids with anti-cancer drugs and a framework to help design the in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies to gain better mechanistic insights are discussed. Also, concise discussions on the various physiological factors that contribute for the reduced bioavailability of flavonoids along with the significant challenges in the data interpretation are provided.