Regulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer: A comprehensive review

Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) represent a critical pathological stage in the transformation from normal gastric mucosa to gastric cancer (GC). The global incidence of PLGC has been rising over the past few decades, with a trend towards younger onset ages. Increasing evidence suggests that early prevention and treatment of PLGC can effectively reverse the malignant development of gastric mucosal epithelial cells. However, there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic drugs and methods. Recent years have witnessed substantial advancements in PLGC research, with the elucidation of novel regulatory mechanisms offering promising avenues for clinical intervention and drug development. This review aims to delineate potential targets for early prevention and diagnosis of GC while exploring innovative approaches to PLGC management. This article focuses on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of the inflammatory microenvironment, bile acids (BA), glycolysis, autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and cellular senescence. We pay particular attention to potential therapeutic targets for PLGC, with the goal of providing insights and theoretical basis for clinical research on PLGC.

Naringenin inhibits the microsomal triglyceridetransfer protein/apolipoprotein B axis to inhibit intestinal metaplasia progression

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant condition that increases the risk for subsequent gastric cancer (GC). Traditional Chinese medicine generally plays a role in the treatment of IM, and the phytochemical naringenin used in Chinese herbal medicine has shown therapeutic potential for the treatment of gastric diseases. However, naringenin's specific effect on IM is not yet clearly understood. Therefore, this study identified potential gene targets for the treatment of IM through bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation. Two genes (MTTP and APOB) were selected as potential targets after a comparison of RNA-seq results of clinical samples, the GEO dataset (GSE78523), and naringenin-related genes from the GeneCards database. The results of both cell and animal experiments suggested that naringenin can improve the changes in the intestinal epithelial metaplasia model via MTTP/APOB expression. In summary, naringenin likely inhibits the MTTP/APOB axis and therefore inhibits IM progression. These results support the development of naringenin as an anti-IM agent and may contribute to the discovery of novel IM therapeutic targets.

Research Progress on the Anti-Cancer Effects of Astragalus membranaceus Saponins and Their Mechanisms of Action

Astragalus membranaceus saponins are the main components of A. membranaceus, a plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, research on the anti-cancer effects of A. membranaceus saponins has received increasing attention. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experimental data indicate that A. membranaceus saponins exhibit significant anti-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, especially in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induction of apoptosis, etc. This review compiles relevant studies on the anti-cancer properties of A. membranaceus saponins from various databases over the past two decades. It introduces the mechanism of action of astragalosides, highlighting their therapeutic benefits in the management of cancer. Finally, the urgent problems in the research process are highlighted to promote A. membranaceus saponins as an effective drug against cancer.

Weiwei Decoction alleviates gastric intestinal metaplasia through the olfactomedin 4/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1/caudal-type homeobox gene 2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a precancerous lesion that is associated with an elevated risk of gastric carcinogenesis. Weiwei Decoction (WWD) is a promising traditional Chinese herbal formula widely employed in clinical for treating IM. Previous studies suggested the potential involvement of the olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1)/caudal-type homeobox gene 2 (CDX2) signaling pathway in IM regulation.

AIM

To verify the regulation of the OLFM4/NOD1/CDX2 pathway in IM, specifically investigating WWD's effectiveness on IM through this pathway.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry for OLFM4, NOD1, and CDX2 was conducted on tissue microarray. GES-1 cells treated with chenodeoxycholic acid were utilized as IM cell models. OLFM4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), NOD1 shRNA, and OLFM4 pcDNA were transfected to clarify the pathway regulatory relationships. Protein interactions were validated by co-immunoprecipitation. To explore WWD's pharmacological actions, IM rat models were induced using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine followed by WWD gavage. Gastric cells were treated with WWD-medicated serum. Cytokines and chemokines content were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The OLFM4/NOD1/CDX2 axis was a characteristic of IM. OLFM4 exhibited direct binding and subsequent down-regulation of NOD1, thereby sustaining the activation of CDX2 and promoting the progression of IM. WWD improved gastric mucosal histological lesions while suppressing intestinal markers KLF transcription factor 4, villin 1, and MUCIN 2 expression in IM rats. Regarding pharmacological actions, WWD suppressed OLFM4 and restored NOD1 expression, consequently reducing CDX2 at the mRNA and protein levels in IM rats. Parallel regulatory mechanisms were observed at the protein level in IM cells treated with WWD-medicated serum. Furthermore, WWD-medicated serum treatment strengthened OLFM4 and NOD1 interaction. In case of anti-inflammatory, WWD restrained interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma, IL-17, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha content in IM rat serum. WWD-medicated serum inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, IL-8 transcriptions in IM cells.

CONCLUSION

The OLFM4/NOD1/CDX2 pathway is involved in the regulation of IM. WWD exerts its therapeutic efficacy on IM through the pathway, additionally attenuating the inflammatory response.

Revolutionizing Gastric Cancer Prevention: Novel Insights on Gastric Mucosal Inflammation-Cancer Transformation and Chinese Medicine

The progression from gastric mucosal inflammation to cancer signifies a pivotal event in the trajectory of gastric cancer (GC) development. Chinese medicine (CM) exhibits unique advantages and holds significant promise in inhibiting carcinogenesis of the gastric mucosa. This review intricately examines the critical pathological events during the transition from gastric mucosal inflammation-cancer transformation (GMICT), with a particular focus on pathological evolution mechanisms of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Moreover, it investigates the pioneering applications and advancements of CM in intervening within the medical research domain of precancerous transformations leading to GC. Furthermore, the analysis extends to major shortcomings and challenges confronted by current research in gastric precancerous lesions, and innovative studies related to CM are presented. We offer a highly succinct yet optimistic outlook on future developmental trends. This paper endeavors to foster a profound understanding of forefront dynamics in GMICT research and scientific implications of modernizing CM. It also introduces a novel perspective for establishing a collaborative secondary prevention system for GC that integrates both Western and Chinese medicines.

Targeting the Warburg effect: A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer

Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival, with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation, even under sufficient oxygen supply condition. This metabolic alteration, known as the Warburg effect, serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation. The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells. Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters (GLUTs), HKs, PFKs, LDHs, and PKM2. Moreover, the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins, such as FOXM1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1α, and c-Myc, can also influence cancer progression. Furthermore, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect. Additionally, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Notably, the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment. This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.

Chitosan-based food-grade Pickering emulsion loading with Rosa roxburghii extract against precancerous lesions of gastric carcinoma

Precancerous lesions of gastric carcinoma (PLGC) are the most important stage in the development of gastric cancer, accompanied by significant oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Rosa roxburghii extract (RRE) has unique advantages in anti-PLGC due to its multi-component, high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the astringency and instability of RRE in the digestive tract seriously hinder its clinical application. Herein, we report a chitosan-based food-grade Pickering emulsion (PE) for loading RRE to block unpleasant taste, improve stability, and promote the entry of RRE into gastric epithelial cells through the gastric adhesion of chitosan, thereby enhancing preventive and therapeutic effects against PLGC. This Pickering emulsion is constructed as a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion stabilized by the food-grade nanoparticles composed of soybean protein isolate (SPI) and chitosan (CS) through electrostatic interaction (defined as RRE@PE). The experimental results showed that RRE@PE performed better efficacy against PLGC than RRE by scavenging or inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and reducing inflammatory cytokines. This Pickering emulsion enhances the application potential of RRE and is expected to be used for the treatment of clinical patients with PLGC.

Astragaloside IV regulates circ_0001615 and miR-873-5p/LASP1 axis to suppress colorectal cancer cell progression

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has exhibited pivotal anti-cancer efficacy in multiple types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Meanwhile, circular RNA (circRNA) circ_0001615 has been reported to be involved in the malignant development of CRC. Herein, this study is expected to figure out the interaction between circ_0001615 and AS-IV on CRC progression. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50), proliferation, apoptosis, and migration were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, and wound healing assays. The expression of related proteins was examined by western blot. Circ_0001615, microRNA-873-5p (miR-873-5p), and LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) levels were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The binding between miR-873-5p and circ_0001615, or LASP1, was predicted by Starbase, followed by verification by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The biological role of circ_0001615 and AS-IV on CRC tumor growth was detected by the xenograft tumor model in vivo. According to the IC50 of AS-IV in CRC cells, the 100 ng/mL AS-IV treatment for 24 h was chosen for the following research: Our data confirmed that AS-IV is a beneficial anti-cancer agent in CRC cells. Furthermore, circ_0001615 and LASP1 expression were increased, and miR-873-5p was decreased in CRC patients and cell lines, whereas their expression exhibited an opposite trend in AS-IV-treated cells. Functionally, applying AS-IV might act as a beneficial anti-cancer effect by downregulating circ_0001615 in CRC cells in vitro. Mechanically, circ_0001615 serves as a sponge for miR-873-5p to affect LASP1 expression. In addition, AS-IV inhibited CRC cell growth in vivo by modulating circ_0001615. Overall, AS-IV could mitigate CRC development, at least in part, through the circ_0001615/miR-873-5p/LASP1 axis. These findings support a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the function of AS-IV and the clinical treatment of CRC.

Gastric precancerous lesions:occurrence, development factors, and treatment

Patients with gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) have a higher risk of gastric cancer (GC). However, the transformation of GPL into GC is an ongoing process that takes several years. At present, several factors including H.Pylori (Hp), flora imbalance, inflammatory factors, genetic variations, Claudin-4, gastric stem cells, solute carrier family member 26 (SLC26A9), bile reflux, exosomes, and miR-30a plays a considerable role in the transformation of GPL into GC. Moreover, timely intervention in the event of GPL can reduce the risk of GC. In clinical practice, GPL is mainly treated with endoscopy, acid suppression therapy, Hp eradication, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, aspirin, and diet. Currently, the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or combination with western medication to remove Hp and the use of TCM to treat GPL are common in Asia, particularly China, and have also demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy. This review thoroughly discussed the combining of TCM and Western therapy for the treatment of precancerous lesions as conditions allow. Consequently, this review also focuses on the causes of the development and progression of GPL, as well as its current treatment. This may help us understand GPL and related treatment.

The effect of phytochemicals in N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine promoting the occurrence and development of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, with a low early diagnosis rate. N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (MNNG) is one of the main risk factors for gastric cancer. Phytochemicals are healthy active substances derived from vegetables, fruits, nuts, tea, herbal medicines and other plants. Taking phytochemicals is a very promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. Many studies have proved that phytochemicals have protective effects on MNNG induced gastric cancer via inhibiting cell proliferation, enhancing immunity, suppressing cell invasion and migration, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, blocking angiogenesis, inhibiting Helicobacter pylori infection as well as regulating metabolism and microbiota. The intervention and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer have attracted more and more attention. In order to better study and explore the role, advantages and challenges of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer, we summarized the intervention and therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer. This review may help to further promote the research and clinical application of phytochemicals in MNNG induced gastric cancer, and provide some new insights.

Astragaloside in cancer chemoprevention and therapy

ABSTRACT

Tumor chemoprevention and treatment are two approaches aimed at improving the survival of patients with cancers. An ideal anti-tumor drug is that which not only kills tumor cells but also alleviates tumor-causing risk factors, such as precancerous lesions, and prevents tumor recurrence. Chinese herbal monomers are considered to be ideal treatment agents due to their multi-target effects. Astragaloside has been shown to possess tumor chemoprevention, direct anti-tumor, and chemotherapeutic drug sensitization effects. In this paper, we review the effects of astragaloside on tumor prevention and treatment and provide directions for further research.

Combination of chemical profiling and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of Li-Zhong-Xiao-Pi granules in the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions

Li-Zhong-Xiao-Pi granules (LZXP) are effective for treating gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the active compounds of LZXP and their potential therapeutic mechanism in GPL remained unclarified. The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and potential targets of LZXP. Based on the accurate masses, ion fragments, and literature data, a total of 128 compounds were identified in the LZXP sample using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes, and 28 of these compounds were exactly determined by comparison with authentic reference standards. Meanwhile, 11 typical components were quantified via UPLC during a 24 min period. The linearity, accuracy, stability and recovery of the method were all proven. Through the network pharmacological analysis, six chemicals (quercetin, 4'-hydroxywogonin, sinensetin, 5, 7, 8, 3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavanone, 8-gingerdione and quercetin) were identified as the active ingredients, and five LZXP targets (AKT1, CYP1B1, PTGS2, MMP9 and EGFR) were found to be the crucial molecules in the treatment of GPL. This study provides a systematic and applicable method for the rapid screening and identification of the chemical constituents from LZXP, and an effective understanding the mechanism of LZXP in the treatment of GPL.

Mechanism exploration and prognosis study of Astragali Radix-Spreading hedyotis herb for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma based on bioinformatics approaches and molecular dynamics simulation

Background: Herb pair of Astragali Radix (AR) and Spreading Hedyotis Herb (SH) has been frequently prescribed in clinical for the treatment of lung cancer owing to its favorable efficacy. Yet, the mechanism under the therapeutic effects remained unveiled, which has limited its clinical applications, and new drug development for lung cancer.

Methods: The bioactive ingredients of AR and SH were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database, with the targets of obtained components predicted by Swiss Target Prediction. Genes related to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) were acquired from GeneCards, OMIM and CTD databases, with the hub genes of LUAD screened by CTD database. The intersected targets of LUAD and AR-SH were obtained by Venn, with David Database employed to perform Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Survival analysis of the hub genes of LUAD was carried out using TCGA-LUAD dataset. Molecular docking of core proteins and active ingredients was performed by Auto-Dock Vina software, followed by molecular dynamics simulations of protein-ligand complexes with well-docked conformations.

Results: 29 active ingredients were screened out with 422 corresponding targets predicted. It is revealed that AR-SH can act on various targets such as EGFR, MAPK1, and KARS by ursolic acid (UA), Astragaloside IV(ASIV), and Isomucronulatol 7,2′-di-O-glucoside (IDOG) to alleviate the symptoms of LUAD. Biological processes involved are protein phosphorylation, negative regulation of apoptotic process, and pathways involved are endocrine resistance, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, PI3K-Akt, and HIF-1 pathway. Molecular docking analysis indicated that the binding energy of most of the screened active ingredients to proteins encoded by core genes was less than −5.6 kcal/mol, with some active ingredients showing even lower binding energy to EGFR than Gefitinib. Three ligand-receptor complexes including EGFR-UA, MAPK1-ASIV, and KRAS-IDOG were found to bind relatively stable by molecular dynamics simulation, which was consistent with the results of molecule docking.

Conclusion: We suggested that the herb pair of AR-SH can act on targets like EGFR, MAPK1 and KRAS by UA, ASIV and IDOG, to play a vital role in the treatment and the enhancement of prognosis of LUAD.

Determination of the intermediates in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle with an improved derivatization strategy using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in complex samples

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is recognized as a complex matrix, and improved analytical methods are crucial to extract the key indicators and depict the interaction and alteration of the complex matrix. Shenqi Fuzheng Injection (SQ), a water extract of Radix Codonopsis and Radix Astragali, has demonstrated preventative effects on myotube atrophy induced by chemotherapeutic agents. To achieve the improved analytical capability of complex biological samples, we established a highly reproducible, sensitive, specific, and robust gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates with optimized factors in the extraction and derivatization process. Our method detected fifteen metabolites and covered most intermediate metabolites in glycolysis and TCA cycles, including glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 3-diphosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, cis-aconitate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate. Through methodological verification of the method, it was found that the linear correlation coefficients of each compound in the method were greater than 0.98, all of which had lower limits of quantification, the recovery rate was 84.94-104.45%, and the accuracy was 77.72-104.92%. The intraday precision was 3.72-15.37%, the interday precision was 5.00-18.02%, and the stability was 7.85-15.51%. Therefore, the method has good linearity, accuracy, precision, and stability. The method was further applied to study the attenuating effects of the SQ in a chemotherapeutic agents-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy model to evaluate the changes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolytic products under the action by the complex systems of TCM and disease model. Our study provided an improved method to explore TCM's pharmacodynamic constituents and action mechanisms.

Traditional Chinese medicine for transformation of gastric precancerous lesions to gastric cancer: A critical review

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor. Gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) are the last pathological stage before normal gastric mucosa transforms into GC. However, preventing the transformation from GPL to GC remains a challenge. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat gastric disease for millennia. A series of TCM formulas and active compounds have shown therapeutic effects in both GC and GPL. This article reviews recent progress on the herbal drugs and pharmacological mechanisms of TCM in preventing the transformation from GPL to GC, especially focusing on anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis. This review may provide a meaningful reference for the prevention of the transformation from GPL to GC using TCM.

Astragaloside IV, as a potential anticancer agent

Cancer is a global intractable disease, and its morbidity and mortality are increasing year by year in developing countries. Surgery and chemotherapy are often used to treat cancer, but they result in unsatisfactory outcomes, such as severe side effects and drug resistance. With the accelerated modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), an increasing body of evidence has shown that several TCM components have significant anticancer activities. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is considered the main active ingredient of the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus. AS-IV exhibits various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antifibrotic, and anticancer activities. AS-IV possesses a wide range of activities, such as the modulation of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzyme activities, participation in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and suppression of cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis. These effects are involved in the inhibition of different malignant tumors, such as lung, liver, breast, and gastric cancers. This article reviews the bioavailability, anticancer activity, and mechanism of AS-IV and provides suggestions for further research of this TCM.

A new strategy for osteoarthritis therapy: Inhibition of glycolysis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease of the joints. It is primarily caused by age, obesity, mechanical damage, genetics, and other factors, leading to cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral sclerosis with osteophyte formation. Many recent studies have reported that glycolysis disorders are related lead to OA. There is a close relationship between glycolysis and OA. Because of their hypoxic environment, chondrocytes are highly dependent on glycolysis, their primary energy source for chondrocytes. Glycolysis plays a vital role in OA development. In this paper, we comprehensively summarized the abnormal expression of related glycolytic enzymes in OA, including Hexokinase 2 (HK2), Pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2), Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2, 6-Bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and discussed the potential application of glycolysis in treating OA. Finally, the natural products that can regulate the glycolytic pathway were summarized. Targeting glucose transporters and rate-limiting enzymes to glycolysis may play an essential role in treating OA.

Natural products targeting glycolysis in cancer

Many energy metabolism pathways exist in cancer, including glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. Tumor cells mainly generate energy through glycolysis to maintain growth and biosynthesis of tumor cells under aerobic conditions. Natural products regulate many steps in glycolysis and targeting glycolysis using natural products is a promising approach to cancer treatment. In this review, we exemplify the relationship between glycolysis and tumors, demonstrate the natural products that have been discovered to target glycolysis for cancer treatment and clarify the mechanisms involved in their actions. Natural products, such as resveratrol mostly found in red grape skin, licochalcone A derived from root of Glycyrrhiza inflate, and brusatol found in Brucea javanica and Brucea mollis, largely derived from plant or animal material, can affect glycolysis pathways in cancer by targeting glycolytic enzymes and related proteins, oncogenes, and numerous glycolytic signal proteins. Knowledge of how natural products regulate aerobic glycolysis will help illuminate the mechanisms by which these products can be used as therapeutics to inhibit cancer cell growth and regulate cellular metabolism. Systematic Review Registration: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, https://clinicaltrials.gov/, http://lib.zzu.edu.cn/.

Indole-3-Carbinol Stabilizes p53 to Induce miR-34a, Which Targets LDHA to Block Aerobic Glycolysis in Liver Cancer Cells

Certain cancer cells prefer aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation for energy supply. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to lactate and regains NAD+ so that glycolysis is continued. As a pivotal enzyme to promote smooth glycolysis, LDHA plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) has displayed antitumor activity, but the exact mechanism remains to be identified. In this study, we treated liver cancer cells with I3C, performed colony formation and cell migration, measured the expression of glycolysis-related proteins, and predicted and validated LDHA-targeting miRNA from the databases. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of p53, glycolysis-related genes and miRNAs that regulate glycolysis were detected after I3C and siRNA-p53 treatment alone or in combination. Next, the expression and colocalization of p53 and MDM2 in liver cancer cells were evaluated after I3C treatment, and the effect of I3C on p53 protein stability was examined. The results showed that I3C inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and the expression levels of glycolysis-related gene LDHAs. MiR-34a was predicted to target LDHA, and I3C downregulated its expression. Furthermore, the combined I3C and siRNA-p53 treatment demonstrated that I3C regulated the expression of LDHA via miR-34a in a p53-dependent manner. Finally, I3C inhibited MDM2 expression and its colocalization with p53 and stabilized p53 expression. In summary, I3C inhibited the degradation of p53 by MDM2 in liver cancer cells; stable p53 induced miR-34a, which targeted LDHA, a key enzyme for aerobic glycolysis, suggesting cancer metabolism is an important target for I3C in liver cancer cells.

The therapeutic effect of Huazhuojiedu decoction on precancerous lesions in a gastric cancer model via the regulation of lnc 517368

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Huazhuojiedu decoction, a Chinese herbal preparation, has been proven to be clinically effective in treating precancerous lesions in gastric cancer (PLGC). This formula is optimized from a classic formula called "Ganluxiaodu Dan." Although some experiments have shown that Huazhuojiedu decoction is effective against PLGC, the mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the treatment of PLGC with Huazhuojiedu decoction from the perspective of lncRNA in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A PLGC rat model was prepared and randomly divided into a Huazhuojiedu decoction group (HG), a vitacoenzyme group (VG), a model group (MG), and a normal group (CG). Each group was given a corresponding concentration of medicine and distilled water for 10 weeks. The pathological changes in the gastric mucosa were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). High-throughput sequencing was performed to detect the differentially expressed lncRNAs in the HG, MG, and CG. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to verify differentially expressed lncRNAs, and rat-human homology information was obtained from the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Database. Human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) were used to prepare precancerous lesions of gastric cancer cells (MC). A Huazhuojiedu decoction drug-containing serum was prepared to treat the MC cells. The effects of the Huazhuojiedu decoction and the lncRNA ENST00000517368 (lnc 517368) knockdown or overexpression on PLGC cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro using CCK-8, flow cytometry, and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

The HE results showed that gastric mucosal pathology was significantly improved in the HG. High-throughput sequencing results showed that compared with the CG, 91 lncRNAs upregulated in the MG were restored and downregulated in the HG (P < 0.05), and 115 lncRNAs downregulated in the MG were restored and upregulated in the HG (P < 0.05). The results of RT-qPCR were consistent with the sequencing results. The differentially expressed genomic rat lncRNA ENSRNOT00000079699 is homologous to human lnc 517368. In cell experiments, high expression of lnc 517368 promoted proliferation and reduced apoptosis in PLGC cells, while the Huazhuojiedu decoction reduced the expression of lnc 517368 and improved cell morphology.

CONCLUSIONS

Huazhuojiedu decoction inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in PLGC cells, and its effect may be partially dependent on the downregulation of lnc 517368.

Traditional Chinese medicine for precancerous lesions of gastric cancer: A review

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the third leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. The gastric mucosa often undergoes many years of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) stages before progressing to gastric malignancy. Unfortunately, there are no effective Western drugs for patients with PLGC. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proven effective in treating PLGC. Classical TCM formulas and chemical components isolated from some Chinese herbal medicines have been administered to treat PLGC, and the main advantage is their comprehensive intervention with multiple approaches and multiple targets. In this review, we focus on recent studies using TCM treatment for PLGC, including clinical observations and experimental research, with a focus on targets and mechanisms of drugs. This review provides some ideas and a theoretical basis for applying TCM to treat PLGC and prevent GC.

Research Progress on the Ability of Astragaloside IV to Protect the Brain Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Stroke, a disease with a sudden onset and high morbidity and mortality rates, is difficult to treat in the clinic. Traditional Chinese medicine has become increasingly widely used in clinical practice. Modern pharmacological studies have found that Radix Astragali has a variety of medicinal properties, i.e., immunoregulatory, antioxidative, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, myocardial protective, hepatoprotective, and antiviral functions. This article reviews the protective effect and mechanism of astragaloside IV, which is extracted from Radix Astragali, on stroke, discusses the cerebroprotective effect of astragaloside IV against ischemia-reperfusion-related complications, offers insight into research prospects, and expands the idea of integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment strategies and drugs to provide a theoretical reference for the clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the improvement of stroke prognosis.

Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Changes in Fecal Metabolic Phenotype in Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer Induced With N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine, Sodium Salicylate, Ranitidine, and Irregular Diet

Background and Aims: Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) are the most important pathological phase with increased risk of gastric cancer (GC) and encompass the key stage in which the occurrence of GC can be prevented. In this study, we found that the gut microbiome changed significantly during the process of malignant transformation from chronic gastritis to GC in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) multiple factors-induced rat model. Accumulating evidence has shown that alterations in gut microbiota and metabolism are potentially linked to chronic inflammation and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the correlation of gut microbiota and metabolites, inflammatory factors, and the potential mechanism in the formation of PLGC have not yet been revealed. Methods: In this study, multiple factors including MNNG, sodium salicylate drinking, ranitidine feed, and irregular diet were used to establish a PLGC rat model. The pathological state of the gastric mucosa of rats was identified through HE staining and the main inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum were detected by the Luminex liquid suspension chip (Wayen Biotechnologies, Shanghai, China). The microbial composition and metabolites in the stool samples were tested by using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics. The correlation analysis of gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines in the serum and gut microbiota and differential metabolites in feces was performed to clarify their biological function. Results: The results showed that compared to the control group, the gastric mucosa of the model rats had obvious morphological and pathological malignant changes and the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) increased significantly, while the level of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) in serum reduced significantly. There were significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota and fecal metabolic profiles between the model and control rats. Among them, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased significantly, while Turicibacter, Romboutsia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Ruminococcus_1 reduced significantly in the model rats compared to the control rats. The metabolites related to the lipid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway have also undergone significant changes. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the changes of the differential inflammatory cytokines in the serum, fecal metabolic phenotypes, and gut microbial dysbiosis in model rats. Conclusion: The activation of the inflammatory response, disturbance of the gut microbiota, and changes in the fecal metabolic phenotype could be closely related to the occurrence of PLGC. This study provides a new idea to reveal the mechanism of risk factors of chronic gastritis and GC from the perspective of inflammation-immune homeostasis, gut microbiota, and metabolic function balance.

RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides Inhibit Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer through PER3 and AQP4

Purpose

There has been mounting evidence that Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP), a traditional Chinese medicine, are a potential candidate treatment for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine- (MNNG-) induced precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC). However, the underlying mechanisms have not been adequately addressed.

Method

We utilized RNA-Seq analysis to investigate possible molecular targets and then used Venn software to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Further, we analyzed these DEGs with core analysis, upstream analysis, and interaction network analysis by IPA software and validated the DEGs by real-time PCR and Western blot.

Result

78 DEGs were identified from the normal control group (CON), the PLGC model group (MOD), and the DOP-treated group (DOP) by the Venn software. Further analysis of these DEGs, including core analysis, upstream analysis, and interaction network analysis, was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The main canonical pathways involved were SPINK1 Pancreatic Cancer Pathway (-log (P value) = 4.45, ratio = 0.0667) and Circadian Rhythm Signaling (-log (P value) = 2.33, ratio = 0.0606). Circadian Rhythm Signaling was strongly upregulated in the model group versus the DOP group. CLOCK was predicted to be strongly activated (z-score = 2.236) in upstream analysis and induced the downstream PER3. In addition, the relative mRNA expression levels of seven DEGs (CD2AP, ECM1, AQP4, PER3, CMTM4, ESRRG, and KCNJ15) from RT-PCR agreed with RNA-Seq data from MOD versus CON and MOD versus DOP groups. The gene and protein expression levels of PER3 and AQP4 were significantly downregulated in the PLGC model and significantly increased by DOP treatment (9.6 g/kg).

Conclusions

These findings not only showed DOP inhibits PLGC development by upregulating the PER3 and AQP4 gene and protein expression but also suggested that its mechanism of action involved modulating the Circadian Rhythm Signaling pathway.

Protective role of astragaloside IV in gastric cancer through regulation of microRNA-195-5p-mediated PD-L1

AIM

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) was reported to exert anti-cancer function in many cancers, but its actions in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. In the present study, we tried to elaborate the underlying mechanism by which AS-IV regulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis of GC cells.

METHODS

The expressions of hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-195-5p, hsa-miR-424-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were predicted by TCGA database. SGC7901 or MGC803 cells were treated with AS-IV, or transfected with miR-195-5p inhibitor/mimic or pcDNA3.1-PD-L1 followed by detection of cell proliferation, EMT and angiogenesis. The target relation between miR-195-5p and PD-L1 was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

Elevated hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p and hsa-miR-424-5p expressions were found in GC tissues, while decreased hsa-miR-195-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p expressions were observed in GC tissues. AS-IV inhibits EMT and angiogenesis in GC. PD-L1 was a potential target of miR-195-5p. Down-regulation of miR-195-5p or elevated PD-L1 expression reverses the inhibitory effect of AS-IV on EMT and angiogenesis of GC cells.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that AS-IV inhibited EMT and angiogenesis in GC through upregulation of miR-195-5p, highlighting the potential therapeutic effect of AS-IV on GC via miR-195-5p-regulated PD-L1.

Metabolic reprogramming by traditional Chinese medicine and its role in effective cancer therapy

Metabolic reprogramming, characterized by alterations of cellular metabolic patterns, is fundamentally important in supporting the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. It is considered as a promising therapeutic target against cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its bioactive components have been used in cancer therapy for an extended period, and they are well-known for their multi-target pharmacological functions and fewer side effects. However, the detailed and advanced mechanisms underlying the anticancer activities of TCM remain obscure. In this review, we summarized the critical processes of cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, including glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, we systemically reviewed the regulatory effects of TCM and its bioactive ingredients on metabolic enzymes and/or signal pathways that may impede cancer progress. A total of 46 kinds of TCMs was reported to exert antitumor effects and/or act as chemosensitizers via regulating metabolic processes of cancer cells, and multiple targets and signaling pathways were revealed to contribute to the metabolic-modulating functions of TCM. In conclusion, TCM has its advantages in ameliorating cancer cell metabolic reprogramming by its poly-pharmacological actions. This review may shed some new light on the explicit recognition of the mechanisms of anticancer actions of TCM, leading to the development of natural antitumor drugs based on reshaping cancer cell metabolism.

Molecular mechanisms of astragaloside‑IV in cancer therapy (Review)

Radix Astragali (RA) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is the most critical component of RA. Previous studies have demonstrated that AS-IV exerts effects on the myocardium, nervous system and endocrine system, among others. In the present review article, data from studies conducted over the past 20 years were collated, which have evaluated the effects of AS-IV on tumors. The mechanisms of action of AS-IV on malignant cells both in vivo and in vitro were summarized and it was demonstrated that AS-IV plays a vital role, particularly in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis, promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells, enhancing immune function and preventing drug resistance. Moreover, AS-IV controls several epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)-related and autophagy-related pathways, such as the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathways, which are commonly affected in the majority of tumors. The present review provides new perspectives on the functions of AS-IV and its role as an adjuvant treatment in cancer chemotherapy.

Crocin reverses 1-methyl-3-nitroso-1-nitroguanidine (MNNG)-induced malignant transformation in GES-1 cells through the Nrf2/Hippo signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Crocin, an active constituent of saffron, has anticancer activity. In this study, we investigated the relationship of Crocin with human gastric epithelial cells induced by 1-methyl-3-nitroso-1-nitroguanidine (MNNG), and explored the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

In vivo, the animal growth and atypical hyperplasia were observed in Sprague-Dawley rats. A cell model was established by treating the human gastric mucosa epithelial cell line GES-1 with MNNG. The effects of Crocin on proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GES-1 cells were analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell assay, respectively. Western blot was used to explore the potential mechanism..

RESULTS

The gastric mucosa of animal model deteriorated obviously, the weight growth rate slowed down, and the atypical hyperplasia of gastric mucosa increased. The GES-1 cells had characteristics of malignant cells such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis ability. It was found that Crocin suppressed the cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and blocked the cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase simultaneously. Furthermore, Crocin negatively regulated the invasion ability of MNNG-treated GES-1 cells and EMT process. Crocin also increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), decreased TAZ in MNNG-treated GES-1 cells. Interestingly, Crocin regulated the expression of TAZ and yes-associated protein (YAP) by increasing Nrf2 level, as well as their upstream targets, mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST) and large tumor suppressor (LATS).

CONCLUSIONS

Crocin protected against MNNG-induced malignant transformation through the Nrf2/Hippo signaling pathway, which might be a drug candidate for clinical gastric cancer management.

CGA ameliorates cognitive decline by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and neurotransmitter systems in rats with multi-infarct dementia

Multi infarct dementia (MID) is a form of dementia that is preventable and treatable. However, at present, the drugs used in MID treatment were developed for Alzheimer's disease. While only a limited range of drugs is available, the incidence of MID is increasing year on year. The present study aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of a combination of ginsenosides and astragalosides (CGA) on cognitive decline in rats with MID. A rat model of MID was established using micro-thromboembolism, and the behavioral changes in the rats were evaluated using the Morris water maze and open field tests at 60 days post-CGA intervention. The pathological morphology of the hippocampal CA1 area was observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The contents of ATP, ADP and AMP were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Mitochondrial swelling and changes in the membrane potential in the hippocampus were detected using flow cytometry, and the changes in insulin, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content were detected using ELISA. Additionally, the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins was detected using western blot analysis. In a rat model of MID, CGA shortened the escape latency, increased the frequency of platform crossing, improved the disordered vertebral cell arrangement and reduced the cell number in the hippocampal CA1 area. CGA also reduced the degree of mitochondrial swelling, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated the energy load and ATP content in the brain of rats with MID. Furthermore, CGA increased the insulin content and upregulated the expression of PI3K and AKT in the brain of rats with MID. In addition, in the rat model of MID, CGA also enhanced the movement time and the frequency of standing, and decreased the concentration of glutamate and GABA in the brain tissue. Amelioration of the cognitive decline in rats with MID by CGA was associated with its regulatory effect on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and neurotransmitter systems.

Gastro-Protective Effects of Calycosin Against Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Carcinoma in Rats

Aim

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In-depth research of precancerous lesions of gastric carcinoma (PLGC) with malignant transformation potential is a key measure to prevent the development of gastric carcinoma. Recently, calycosin has been shown to have anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism by which calycosin affects PLGC, however, has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and mechanism of calycosin in N‐methyl‐Nʹ‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced PLGC rats.

Methods

The effects of calycosin in the gastric mucosa of rats with PLGC were evaluated using histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For further characterization, the expression levels of integrin β1, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p-NF-κB, DARPP-32 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were determined by Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Hematoxylin–eosin and high iron diamine–Alcian blue–periodic acid-Schiff (HID-AB-PAS) staining showed that intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were significantly ameliorated in the calycosin intervention groups compared with the model group. Further, TEM results showed that calycosin intervention tempered microvascular abnormalities and cell morphology of primary and parietal cells in PLGC tissues. The results suggested that calycosin had gastro-protective effects in MNNG-induced PLGC rats. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the increased protein expression levels of NF-κB, p-NF-κB, DARPP-32 and STAT3 in the model group were downregulated by calycosin. The upregulation of integrin β1 expression induced by MNNG was decreased in the calycosin groups.

Conclusion

Collectively, calycosin protected against gastric mucosal injury in part via regulation of the integrin β1/NF-κB/DARPP-32 pathway and suppressed the expression of STAT3 in PLGC. The elucidation of this effect and mechanism of calycosin in PLGC provides a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of gastric precancerous lesions.

A Systematic Review of the Mechanisms Underlying Treatment of Gastric Precancerous Lesions by Traditional Chinese Medicine

Gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs) are an essential precursor in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer, known to be one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a positive prospect for the prevention and therapy of GPL owing to several advantages including a definite curative effect, fewer side effects compared to other treatments, multiple components, and holistic regulation. Despite these characteristic advantages, the mechanisms of TCM in treating GPL have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge with respect to herbal formulations and the therapeutic mechanisms of TCM active ingredients for GPL. This paper elaborates on the mechanisms of TCM underlying the prevention and treatment of GPL, specifically those that are linked to anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammation, antiproliferation, proapoptotic, antioxidation, antiglycolytic, and antiangiogenesis effects.

The potential function of IKKα in gastric precancerous lesion via mediating Maspin

OBJECTIVE

To know the potential role of IKKα (an NF-κB noncanonical pathway) in gastric precancerous lesion via mediating Maspin.

METHODS

Gastric cancer, precancerous lesion and control tissues (chronic non-atrophic gastritis) were collected for determining the expression of IKKα and Maspin by immunohistochemistry. Thereafter, gastric precancerous models were established and divided into the Control group, Model group and Model + shIKKα group. All rats were subjected to observe the pathological changes and ultramicro structure of the gastric mucosa by HE staining or electron microscope, and to measure the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines by ELISA, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins by immunohistochemistry, as well as the expression of IKKα and Maspin by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Precancerous lesion and gastric cancer tissues manifested significant upregulation of IKKα positive expression, concomitant with downregulation of the positive expression of Maspin, and these changes were more evident in the gastric cancer tissues. In comparison with the Control group, rats in the Model group had significant increases in serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2, with up-regulations of Bcl-2, CyclinD1, IKKα and p-IKKα, and down-regulations of Bax, Caspase-3 and Maspin. shIKKα treatment attenuate inflammation and apoptosis in gastric precancerous lesion (GPL) rat, with the downregulation of IKKα and p-IKKα, and upregulation of Maspin.

CONCLUSION

Inhibiting IKKα, via upregulating Maspin, can mitigate the inflammation and promote cell apoptosis in precancerous rats, thereby delaying the development of the precancerous lesions.

Astragaloside IV derived from Astragalus membranaceus: A research review on the pharmacological effects

Decoctions prepared from the roots of Astragali Radix are known as "Huangqi" and are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of viral and bacterial infections, inflammation, as well as cancer. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), one of the major compounds from the aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus, is a cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside chemical. To date, many studies in cellular and animal models have demonstrated that AS-IV possesses potent protective effects in cardiovascular, lung, kidney and brain. Based on studies over the past several decades, this review systematically summarizes the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics and the toxicity of AS-IV. We analyze in detail the pharmacological effects of AS-IV on neuroprotection, liver protection, anti-cancer and anti-diabetes, attributable to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic properties, and the roles in enhancement of immunity, attenuation of the migration and invasion of cancer cells and improvement of chemosensitivity of chemotherapy drugs. In addition, the latest developments in the combination of AS-IV and other active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine or chemical drugs are detailed. These pharmacological effects are associated with multiple signaling pathways, including the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway, EGFR-Nrf2 signaling pathway, Akt/PDE3B signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, PKC-α-ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway, IL-11/STAT3 signaling pathway, Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway, JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, miRNA-34a/LDHA pathway, Nox4/Smad2 pathway, JNK pathway and NF-kB/PPARγ pathway. This review will provide an overall understanding of the pharmacological functions of astragaloside IV on neuroprotection, liver protection, anti-cancer and anti-diabetes. In light of this, AS-IV will be a potent alternative therapeutic agent for treatment of the above mentioned diseases.

Weipiling ameliorates gastric precancerous lesions in Atp4a-/- mice

Background

Altered cellular metabolism is considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancer (Coller, Am J Pathol 184:4–17, 2014; Kim and Bae, Curr Opin Hematol 25:52–59, 2018). However, few studies have investigated the role of metabolism in the development of gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs). Weipiling (WPL), a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treatment of GPLs. In this study, we evaluated the amelioration of GPLs by WPL and investigated the possible role of WPL in regulating glucose metabolism.

Methods

Firstly, the major components of WPL are chemically characterized by HPLC analytical method. In this study, we chose the Atp4a^−/− mouse model (Spicer etal., J Biol Chem 275:21555–21565, 2000) for GPL analysis. Different doses of WPL were administered orally to mice for 10 weeks. Next, the pathological changes of gastric mucosa were assessed by the H&E staining and AB-PAS staining. In addition, TUNEL staining was used to evaluate apoptosis, and we further used immunohistochemically labelled CDX2, MUC2, ki-67, PTEN, and p53 proteins to assess the characteristic changes of gastric mucosa in precancerous lesions. The levels of such transporters as HK-II, PKM2, ENO1, MPC1, and LDHA were determined by Western blot analysis. Finally, we assessed the expression of mTOR, HIF-1α, AMPK, Rheb, TSC1 and TSC2 protein in the gastric mucosa of Atp4a^−/−mice.

Results

In this work, we evaluated the protective effect of WPL on gastric mucosa in mice with precancerous lesions. The aberrant apoptosis in gastric mucosa of gastric pre-cancerous lesions was controlled by WPL (P<0.05). Furthermore, WPL suppressed the expression of CDX2, MUC2, ki-67, PTEN and p53, as the levels of these proteins decreased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05). In parallel, WPL significantly suppressed the expression of transporters, such as HK-II, PKM2, ENO1, MPC1 and LDHA (P<0.05). In addition, mTOR, HIF-1a, AMPK, Rheb, TSC1 and TSC2 protein levels in gastric mucosa of Atp4a^−/− mice in the high- and low-dose WPL groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05), while the expression of TSC1 and TSC2 protein was significantly higher (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Conclusively, WPL could ameliorate GPLs in Atp4a^−/− mice by inhibiting the expression of transporters and suppressing the aberrant activation of mTOR/HIF-1α.

Protective effects of Weipixiao decoction against MNNG-induced gastric precancerous lesions in rats

Gastric cancer is recognized as one of the most common cancer. In-depth research of gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) plays an important role in preventing the occurrence of gastric cancer. Meanwhile, traditional treatment provides a novel sight in the prevention of occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The current study was designed to assess the effects of therapy with Weipixiao (WPX) decoction on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced GPL rats and the underlying molecular mechanisms. After 10-weeks treatment, all rats were sacrificed. Histopathological changes of gastric tissue were assessed via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and High-iron diamine-Alcian blue-Periodic acid-Schiff (HID-AB-PAS) staining. To be fully evidenced, RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expressions of LDHA, CD147, HIF-1α, MCT4, PI3K, AKT, mTOR and miRNA-34a, which were crucial factors for evaluating GPL in the aspect of glycolysis pathogenesis. According to the results of HE and HID-AB-PAS staining, it could be confirmed that MNNG-induced GPL rats were obviously reversed by WPX decoction. Additionally, the increased gene levels of LDHA, CD147, MCT4, PI3K, AKT, mTOR and HIF-1α in model group were down-regulated by WPX decoction, while miRNA-34a expression was decreased and up-regulated by WPX decoction. The significantly increased protein levels of LDHA, CD147, MCT4, PI3K, AKT, mTOR and HIF-1α induced by MNNG were attenuated in rats treated with WPX decoction. In brief, the findings of this study imply that abnormal glycolysis in MNNG-induced GPL rats was relieved by WPX decoction via regulation of the expressions of LDHA, CD147, HIF-1α, MCT4, PI3K, AKT, mTOR and miRNA-34a.

Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncotherapy: The Research Status

In China, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plays a vital role in the comprehensive treatment of cancer. As an auxiliary and supplement of major treatment modalities for cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, both clinical observations and biomolecular research have confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of TCM in cancer.

Chronic CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori infection with MNNG stimulation synergistically induces mesenchymal and cancer stem cell-like properties in gastric mucosal epithelial cells

A CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can cause malignant transformation of human gastric mucosal epithelial cells, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is a chemical carcinogen that induces gastric carcinogenesis. Whether this environmental chemocarcinogen may synergistically enhance the risk of H. pylori-infected gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, we adopted a chronic CagA-positive H. pylori infection with or without MNNG coinduction to establish a cellular model in GES-1 cells and an animal model in C57BL/6J mice. The proliferation, cell phenotype, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness and tumorigenicity of gastric mucosal epithelial cells were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that chronic H. pylori-infected GES-1 cells displayed inhibited apoptosis, abnormal proliferation, enhanced invasion, and migration, increased EMT/mesenchymal phenotype, colony formation and stem cell-like properties, and enhanced tumorsphere-formatting efficiency as well as CD44 expression, a known gastric cancer stem cell (CSC) marker. MNNG synergistically promoted the above actions of chronic H. pylori infection. Further studies in chronic H. pylori-infected C57BL/6J mice models showed that an increased incidence of premalignant lesions in the gastric mucosa tissue of the H. pylori-infected mice had occurred, the mouse gastric mucosa cells exhibited similar mesenchymal and CSC-like properties in the above GES-1 cells, and precancerous lesions and EMT/CSC-like phenotypes were reinforced by the synergistic action of MNNG stimulation. H. pylori infection and/or MNNG induction were capable of causing enhanced expression and activation of Wnt2 and β-catenin, indicating that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in the actions of H. pylori and MNNG. Taken together, these findings suggest that chronic CagA-positive H. pylori infection with MNNG stimulation synergistically induces mesenchymal and CSC-like properties of gastric mucosal epithelial cells.

Bioactive Ingredients in Chinese Herbal Medicines That Target Non-coding RNAs: Promising New Choices for Disease Treatment

Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are widely used in China and have long been a powerful method to treat diseases in Chinese people. Bioactive ingredients are the main components extracted from herbs that have therapeutic properties. Since artemisinin was discovered to inhibit malaria by Nobel laureate Youyou Tu, extracts from natural plants, particularly bioactive ingredients, have aroused increasing attention among medical researchers. The bioactive ingredients of some CHMs have been found to target various non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs), especially miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, which have emerged as new treatment targets in numerous diseases. Here we review the evidence that, by regulating the expression of ncRNAs, these ingredients exert protective effects, including pro-apoptosis, anti-proliferation and anti-migration, anti-inflammation, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-infection, anti-senescence, and suppression of structural remodeling. Consequently, they have potential as treatment agents in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, nervous system disease, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, infectious diseases, and senescence-related diseases. Although research has been relatively limited and inadequate to date, the promising choices and new alternatives offered by bioactive ingredients for the treatment of the above diseases warrant serious investigation.

The elevated glutaminolysis of bladder cancer and T cells in a simulated tumor microenvironment contributes to the up-regulation of PD-L1 expression by interferon-γ

Background

Metabolic reprogramming occurs in the tumor microenvironment and influences the survival and function of tumor and immune cells. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) produced by T cells up-regulates PD-L1 expression in tumors. However, reports regarding the relationship between nutrient metabolism and the up-regulation of PD-L1 expression are lacking.

Materials and methods

In this paper, we analyzed the metabolic changes in T cells and bladder cancer cells in a simulated tumor microenvironment to provide evidence regarding their relevance to PD-L1 up-regulation.

Results

The glutaminolysis was increased in both activated T cells and glucose-deprived T cells. IFN-γ production by T cells was decreased in a glucose-free medium and severely decreased when cells were simultaneously deprived of glutamine. Furthermore, the glutaminolysis of the bladder cancer cells under glucose deprivation exhibited a compensatory elevation. The glucose concentration of T cells co-cultured with bladder cancer cells was decreased and T cell proliferation was reduced, but IFN-γ production and glutaminolysis were increased. However, in bladder cancer cells, the elevation in glutaminolysis under co-culture conditions did not compensate for glucose deprivation because the glucose concentration in the culture medium did not significantly differ between the cultures with and without T cells. Our data also show that inhibiting glutamine metabolism in bladder cancer cells could reduce the elevation in PD-L1 expression induced by IFN-γ.

Conclusion

In a simulated tumor microenvironment, elevated glutaminolysis may play an essential role in IFN-γ production by T cells, ultimately improving the high PD-L1 expression, and also directly contributing to producing more PD-L1 in bladder cancer cells.

Material basis research for Huangqi Jianzhong Tang against chronic atrophic gastritis rats through integration of urinary metabonomics and SystemsDock

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Huangqi Jianzhong Tang (HQJZ), a celebrated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is commonly used for treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in China.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to screen out the material basis of HQJZ against CAG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CAG rat model was constructed by alternant administrations of ammonia solution and sodium deoxycholate, and the hunger disorder method. Body weight, biochemical indexes and histopathological exam were used to evaluate the efficacy of HQJZ. ¹H NMR-based metabonomics was employed to analyze the urine metabolic features of HQJZ deviated from CAG rats. SystemsDock analysis was utilized to explore the active compounds involved into the efficacy of HQJZ against CAG based on the targeted metabolic biomarkers.

RESULTS

The metabonomic results indicated that HQJZ could significantly improve 16 urinary perturbed metabolites in CAG rats, which were involved into the metabolism of energy and amino acids. And then 28 related proteins and genes were selected out to be the potential targets of HQJZ against CAG based on the six key metabolites closely correlating with biochemical indexes (α-ketoglutarate, valine, sarcosine, glycine, malonate and fumarate). 71 previous identified compounds were docked through systemsDock-aided molecular docking experiments. And the constructed herb-component-protein-metabolite interaction network (HCPMN) revealed the associations between the herbal formulae and CAG. At last, 51 compounds of them were screened as promising active constitutes for the inhibition of CAG, which could act on various targeted proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

he results showed that the approach integrating of metabonomics and systemsDock is a powerful tool to obtain the material basis and regulatory mechanism of TCM formula.