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Srivastava G, Mukherjee E, Mittal R, Ganjewala D. Geraniol and citral: recent developments in their anticancer credentials opening new vistas in complementary cancer therapy. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 79:163-177. [PMID: 38635829 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2023-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
About 10 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year. Globally, it is the second leading cause of death after heart disease, and by 2035, the death toll could reach 14.6 million. Several drugs and treatments are available to treat cancer, but survival rates remain low. Many studies in recent years have shown that plant-derived monoterpenes, particularly geraniol and citral, are effective against various cancers, including breast, liver, melanoma, endometrial, colon, prostate, and skin cancers. This trend has opened new possibilities for the development of new therapeutics or adjuvants in the field of cancer therapy. These monoterpenes can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy by modulating many signaling molecules and pathways within tumors. Analysis of reports on the anticancer effects published in the past 5 years provided an overview of the most important results of these and related properties. Also, the molecular mechanisms by which they exert their anticancer effects in cell and animal studies have been explained. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the scope of geraniol and citral as complementary or alternative treatment options in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, 77282 Amity University , Sector-125, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Esha Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, 77282 Amity University , Sector-125, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchika Mittal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, 77282 Amity University , Sector-125, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Ganjewala
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, 77282 Amity University , Sector-125, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Azimian L, Weerasuriya NM, Munasinghe R, Song S, Lin CY, You L. Investigating the effects of Ceylon cinnamon water extract on HepG2 cells for Type 2 diabetes therapy. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:254-267. [PMID: 36779418 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon and its extracts have been used as herbal remedies for many ailments, including for reducing insulin resistance and diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing health concern around the world. Although many drugs are available for T2DM treatment, side effects and costs can be considerable, and there is increasing interest in natural products for managing chronic health conditions. Cinnamon may decrease the expression of genes associated with T2DM risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cinnamon water extract (CWE) compared with metformin on T2DM-related gene expression. HepG2 human hepatoma cells, widely used in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity studies, were treated with different concentrations of metformin or CWE for 24 or 48 h. Cell viability was assessed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay and glucose uptake was compared in untreated and CWE- or metformin-treated cells under high-glucose conditions. Finally, total RNA was extracted and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and bioinformatics analyses were performed to compare the transcriptional effects of CWE and metformin. We found cell viability was better in cells treated with CWE than in metformin-treated cells, demonstrating that CWE was not toxic at tested doses. CWE significantly increased glucose uptake in HepG2 cells, to the same degree as metformin (1.4-fold). RNA-seq data revealed CWE and metformin both induced significantly increased (1.3- to 1.4-fold) glucose uptake gene expression compared with untreated controls. Transcriptional differences between CWE and metformin were not significant. The effects of 0.125 mg mL-1 CWE on gene expression were comparable to 1.5 mg mL-1 (9.5 mM) metformin. In addition, gene expression at 0.125 mg mL-1 CWE was comparable to 1.5 mg mL-1 (9.5 mM) metformin. Our results reveal that CWE's effects on cell viability, glucose uptake, and gene expression in HepG2 cells are comparable to those of metformin, suggesting CWE may be an effective dietary supplement for mitigating T2DM-related metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Azimian
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Suzie Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lidan You
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Genetic Alterations and Deregulation of Hippo Pathway as a Pathogenetic Mechanism in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246211. [PMID: 36551696 PMCID: PMC9776600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved modulator of developmental biology with a key role in tissue and organ size regulation under homeostatic conditions. Like other signaling pathways with a significant role in embryonic development, the deregulation of Hippo signaling contributes to oncogenesis. Central to the Hippo pathway is a conserved cascade of adaptor proteins and inhibitory kinases that converge and regulate the activity of the oncoproteins YAP and TAZ, the final transducers of the pathway. Elevated levels and aberrant activation of YAP and TAZ have been described in many cancers. Though most of the studies describe their pervasive activation in epithelial neoplasms, there is increasing evidence pointing out its relevance in mesenchymal malignancies as well. Interestingly, somatic or germline mutations in genes of the Hippo pathway are scarce compared to other signaling pathways that are frequently disrupted in cancer. However, in the case of sarcomas, several examples of genetic alteration of Hippo members, including gene fusions, have been described during the last few years. Here, we review the current knowledge of Hippo pathway implication in sarcoma, describing mechanistic hints recently reported in specific histological entities and how these alterations represent an opportunity for targeted therapy in this heterogeneous group of neoplasm.
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Silva GDSE, de Jesus Marques JN, Moreira Linhares EP, Bonora CM, Costa ÉT, Saraiva MF. Review of anticancer activity of monoterpenoids: Geraniol, nerol, geranial and neral. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 362:109994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hutchinson ID, Ata A, DiCaprio MR. Is Metformin Use Associated with Prolonged Overall Survival in Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcoma? A SEER-Medicare Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2022; 480:735-744. [PMID: 34779790 PMCID: PMC8923596 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, an oral drug used to treat patients with diabetes, has been associated with prolonged survival in patients with various visceral carcinomas. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, preclinical translational studies demonstrate that metformin may impair tumor cellular metabolism, alter matrix turnover, and suppress oncogenic signaling pathways. Currently used chemotherapeutic agents have not been very successful in the adjuvant setting or for treating patients with metastatic sarcomas. We wanted to know whether metformin might be associated with improved survival in patients with a soft tissue sarcoma. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES In patients treated for a soft tissue sarcoma, we asked: (1) Is there an association between metformin use and longer survival? (2) How does this association differ, if at all, among patients with and without the diagnosis of diabetes? METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare (SEER-Medicare) database was used to identify patients with a diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma from 2007 to 2016. Concomitant medication use was identified using National Drug Codes using the Medicare Part D event files. This database was chosen because of the large number of captured sarcoma patients, availability of tumor characteristics, and longitudinal linkage of Medicare data. A total of 14,650 patients were screened for inclusion. Patients with multiple malignancies, diagnosis at autopsy, or discrepant linkage to the Medicare database were excluded. Overall, 4606 patients were eligible for the study: 598 patients taking metformin and 4008 patients not taking metformin. A hazard of mortality (hazard ratio) was analyzed comparing patients taking metformin with those patient groups not taking metformin and expressed in terms of a 95% confidence interval. Cox regression analysis was used to control for patient-specific, disease-specific, and treatment-specific covariates. RESULTS Having adjusted for disease-, treatment-, and patient-specific characteristics, patients taking metformin experienced prolonged survival compared with all patients not taking metformin (HR 0.76 [95% CI 0.66 to 0.87]). Associated prolonged survival was also seen when patients taking metformin were compared with those patients not on metformin irrespective of a diabetes diagnosis (HR 0.79 [95% CI 0.66 to 0.94] compared with patients with a diagnosis of diabetes and HR 0.77 [95% CI 0.67 to 0.89] compared with patients who did not have a diagnosis of diabetes). CONCLUSION Without suggesting causation, we found that even after controlling for confounding variables such as Charlson comorbidity index, tumor grade, size, stage, and surgical/radiation treatment modalities, there was an association between metformin use and increased survival in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. When considered separately, this association persisted in patients not on metformin with and without a diabetes diagnosis. Although metformin is not normally prescribed to patients who do not have a diabetes diagnosis, these data support further study, and if these findings are substantiated, it might lead to the performance of multicenter, prospective clinical trials about the use of metformin as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma in patients with and without a preexisting diabetes diagnosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Hutchinson
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ashar Ata
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R. DiCaprio
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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Ortiz MI, Cariño-Cortés R, Muñoz Pérez VM, Medina-Solís CE, Castañeda-Hernández G. Citral inhibits the nociception in the rat formalin test: Effect of metformin and blockers of opioid receptor and the NO-cGMP-K+ channel pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:306-313. [PMID: 34826228 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to scrutinize the effect of nitric oxide (NO), cGMP, potassium channel blockers and metformin on the citral-produced peripheral antinociception. The rat paw 1% formalin test was used to assess nociception and antinociception. Rats were treated with local peripheral administration of citral (10-100 µg/paw). The antinociception of citral (100 µg/paw) was evaluated with and without the local pretreatment of naloxone, NG-L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a NO synthesis inhibitor), 1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazolo(4,2-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), metformin, opioid receptors antagonists, and K+ channel blockers. Injection of citral in the rat paw significantly decreased the nociceptive effect of formalin administration during the two phases of the test. Local pretreatment of the paws with L-NAME and ODQ did not reduced the citral-induced antinociception. Glipizide or glibenclamide (Kir6.1-2; ATP-sensitive K+ channel blockers), tetraethylammonium or 4-aminopyridine (KV; voltage-gated K+ channel blockers) or charybdotoxin (KCa1.1; big conductance calcium-activated K+ channel blocker) or apamin (KCa2.1-3; small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel antagonist), or metformin, but not the opioid antagonists, reduced the antinociception of citral. Citral produced peripheral antinociception during both phases of the formalin test. These effects were due to the activation of K+ channels and a biguanide-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ortiz
- Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 27781, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, 42090;
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, Pachuca, HIdalgo, Mexico;
| | - Victor Manuel Muñoz Pérez
- Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, 27781, Reproductive Biology, Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa 400, Doctores, Pachuca, Pachuca, Mexico, 42000.,Mexico;
| | - Carlo E Medina-Solís
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, 103794, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 42576, Department of Pharmacology, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, 07360;
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Anand U, Nahon-Crystal E, Di Carlo M, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A. Adverse Effects of Metformin From Diabetes to COVID-19, Cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Aging: Is VDAC1 a Common Target? Front Physiol 2021; 12:730048. [PMID: 34671273 PMCID: PMC8521008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.730048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been used for treating diabetes mellitus since the late 1950s. In addition to its antihyperglycemic activity, it was shown to be a potential drug candidate for treating a range of other diseases that include various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases, renal diseases, obesity, inflammation, COVID-19 in diabetic patients, and aging. In this review, we focus on the important aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction in energy metabolism and cell death with their gatekeeper VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) as a possible metformin target, and summarize metformin’s effects in several diseases and gut microbiota. We question how the same drug can act on diseases with opposite characteristics, such as increasing apoptotic cell death in cancer, while inhibiting it in neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, metformin’s adverse effects in many diseases all show VDAC1 involvement, suggesting that it is a common factor in metformin-affecting diseases. The findings that metformin has an opposite effect on various diseases are consistent with the fact that VDAC1 controls cell life and death, supporting the idea that it is a target for metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | | | - Marta Di Carlo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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