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Fang B, Wang L, Liu S, Zhou M, Ma H, Chang N, Ning G. Sarsasapogenin regulates the immune microenvironment through MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25145. [PMID: 38322941 PMCID: PMC10844052 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs as a result of traumatic events that damage the spinal cord, leading to motor, sensory, or autonomic function impairment. Sarsasapogenin (SA), a natural steroidal compound, has been reported to have various pharmacological applications, including the treatment of inflammation, diabetic nephropathy, and neuroprotection. However, the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of SA in the context of SCI are still unclear. This research aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of SA against SCI by integrating network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification. Network pharmacology results suggested that SA may effectively treat SCI by targeting key targets such as TNF, RELA, JUN, MAPK14, and MAPK8. The underlying mechanism of this treatment may involve the MAPK (JNK) signaling pathway and inflammation-related signaling pathways such as TNF and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of SA in SCI treatment and provide valuable insights into its molecular mechanisms of action. In vivo experiments confirmed the reparative effect of SA on SCI in rats and suggested that SA could repair SCI by modulating the immune microenvironment. In vitro experiments further investigated how SA regulates the immune microenvironment by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-kB pathways. Overall, this study successfully utilized a combination of network pharmacology and experimental verification to establish that SA can regulate the immune microenvironment via the MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway, ultimately facilitating functional recovery from SCI. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the potential of natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine as a viable therapy for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Othopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liyue Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Liu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongpeng Ma
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nianwei Chang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Gui L, Dal Prà I. "Other Than NLRP3" Inflammasomes: Multiple Roles in Brain Disease. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:23-48. [PMID: 35815856 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, whose prevalence keeps rising, are still unsolved pathobiological/therapeutical problems. Among others, recent etiology hypotheses stressed as their main driver a chronic neuroinflammation, which is mediated by innate immunity-related protein oligomers: the inflammasomes. A panoply of exogenous and/or endogenous harmful agents activates inflammasomes' assembly, signaling, and IL-1β/IL-18 production and neural cells' pyroptotic death. The underlying concept is that inflammasomes' chronic activation advances neurodegeneration while their short-lasting operation restores tissue homeostasis. Hence, from a therapeutic standpoint, it is crucial to understand inflammasomes' regulatory mechanisms. About this, a deluge of recent studies focused on the NLRP3 inflammasome with suggestions that its pharmacologic block would hinder neurodegeneration. Yet hitherto no evidence proves this view. Moreover, known inflammasomes are numerous, and the mechanisms regulating their expression and function may vary with the involved animal species and strains, as well as organs and cells, and the harmful factors triggered as a result. Therefore, while presently leaving out some little-studied inflammasomes, this review focuses on the "other than NLRP3" inflammasomes that participate in neuroinflammation's complex mechanisms: NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRC4, and AIM2. Although human-specific data about them are relatively scant, we stress that only a holistic view including several human brain inflammasomes and other potential pathogenetic drivers will lead to successful therapies for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Li Gui
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Simon Machado R, Mathias K, Joaquim L, Willig de Quadros R, Petronilho F, Tezza Rezin G. From diabetic hyperglycemia to cerebrovascular Damage: A narrative review. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148611. [PMID: 37793604 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a globally significant disease that can lead to systemic complications, particularly vascular damage, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of relevance. The physiological changes resulting from the imbalance in blood glucose levels play a crucial role in initiating vascular endothelial damage. Elevated glucose levels can also penetrate the central nervous system, triggering diabetic encephalopathy characterized by oxidative damage to brain components and activation of alternative and neurotoxic pathways. This brain damage increases the risk of ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of disability among surviving patients. The aim of this review is to highlight important pathways related to hyperglycemic damage that extend to the brain and result in vascular dysfunction, ultimately leading to the occurrence of a stroke. Understanding how diabetes mellitus contributes to the development of ischemic stroke and its impact on patient outcomes is crucial for implementing therapeutic strategies that reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus and its complications, ultimately decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Willig de Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
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Chen R, Ying C, Zou Y, Lin C, Fu Q, Xiang Z, Bao J, Chen W. Sarsasapogenin inhibits YAP1-dependent chondrocyte ferroptosis to alleviate osteoarthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115772. [PMID: 37879209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of chondrocyte ferroptosis in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) has been observed, and Sarsasapogenin (Sar) has therapeutic promise in a variety of inflammatory diseases. This study investigates the potential influence of Sar on the mechanism of chondrocyte ferroptotic cell death in the progression of osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. An in vivo medial meniscus destabilization (DMM)-induced OA animal model as well as an in vitro examination of chondrocytes in an OA microenvironment induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) exposure were employed. Histology, immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, cell viability, and Micro-CT analysis were utilized in conjunction with gene overexpression and knockdown to evaluate the chondroprotective effects of Sar in OA progression and the role of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in Sar-induced ferroptosis resistance of chondrocytes. In this study we found Sar reduced chondrocyte ferroptosis and OA progression. And Sar-induced chondrocyte ferroptosis resistance was mediated by YAP1. Furthermore, infection of siRNA specific to YAP1 in chondrocytes reduced Sar's chondroprotective and ferroptosis-suppressing effects during OA development. The findings suggest that Sar mitigates the progression of osteoarthritis by decreasing the sensitivity of chondrocytes to ferroptosis through the promotion of YAP1, indicating that Sar has the potential to serve as a therapeutic approach for diseases associated with ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenting Ying
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjian Lin
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangchang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiapeng Bao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Weiping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88, 310009 Hangzhou, China.
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Choi YH. Reduction of high glucose-induced oxidative injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by sarsasapogenin through inhibition of ROS generation and inactivation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1153-1163. [PMID: 37354257 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major risk factor for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Sarsasapogenin is a natural steroidal saponin that is known to have excellent antidiabetic effects and improve diabetic complications, but its potential efficacy and mechanism for DR are unknown. OBJECTIVES The current study was designed to explore whether sarsasapogenin inhibits hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) ARPE-19 cells and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. METHODS To mimic hyperglycemic conditions, ARPE-19 cells were cultured in medium containing high glucose (HG). The suppressive effects of sarsasapogenin on HG-induced cell viability reduction, apoptosis and ROS production were investigated. In addition, the relevance of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway was explored to investigate the mechanism of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of sarsasapogenin. RESULTS Sarsasapogenin significantly alleviated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HG-treated ARPE-19 cells through inhibition of intracellular ROS generation. Sarsasapogenin also effectively attenuated HG-induced excess accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide, reduction of glutathione content, and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The HG condition markedly increased the expression and maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 through the activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway, whereas sarsasapogenin reversed these effects. Moreover, although the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome multiprotein complex molecules was increased in ARPE-19 cells cultured under HG conditions, their levels remained similar to the control group in the presence of sarsasapogenin. CONCLUSION Sarsasapogenin could protect RPE cells from HG-induced injury by inhibiting ROS generation and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent to improve the symptoms of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, 52-57 Yangjeong-ro, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea.
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Meng X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Ma G, Zhang X, Zhang D, Cao W, Wang S, Cai Q, Cui P, Huang G. Increasing brain glucose uptake by Gypenoside LXXV ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of diabetic Alzheimer's disease. Phytother Res 2023; 37:611-626. [PMID: 36325883 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Gypenoside LXXV (GP-75), a novel natural PPARγ agonist isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, ameliorated cognitive deficits in db/db mice. In this study, we further investigated the beneficial effects on cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice and a mouse model of diabetic AD (APP/PS1xdb/db mice). Interestingly, intragastric administration of GP-75 (40 mg/kg/day) for 3 months significantly attenuated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. GP-75 treatment markedly reduced the levels of glucose, HbA1c and insulin in serum and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Notably, GP-75 treatment decreased the β-amyloid (Aβ) burden, as measured by 11 C-PIB PET imaging. Importantly, GP-75 treatment increased brain glucose uptake as measured by 18 F-FDG PET imaging. Moreover, GP-75 treatment upregulated PPARγ and increased phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and GLUT4 expression levels but decreased phosphorylation of IRS-1 (Ser616) in the hippocampi of both APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Furthermore, GP-75-induced increases in GLUT4 membrane translocation in primary hippocampal neurons from APP/PS1xdb/db mice was abolished by cotreatment with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In summary, GP-75 ameliorated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice by enhancing glucose uptake via activation of the PPARγ/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbao Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Pharmacology of Sarsasapogenin: A Potential Natural Steroid Molecule for New Drug Design, Development and Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27062032. [PMID: 35335393 PMCID: PMC8955086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarsasapogenin is a natural steroidal sapogenin molecule obtained mainly from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Among the various phytosteroids present, sarsasapogenin has emerged as a promising molecule due to the fact of its diverse pharmacological activities. In this review, the chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacological potentials of sarsasapogenin are summarised. Between 1996 and the present, the relevant literature regarding sarsasapogenin was obtained from scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Overall, sarsasapogenin is a potent molecule with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-osteoclastogenic and neuroprotective activities. It is also a potential molecule in the treatment for precocious puberty. This review also discusses the metabolism, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications as well as obstacles and opportunities for sarsasapogenin to become a drug molecule in the near future. More comprehensive preclinical studies, clinical trials, drug delivery, formulations of effective doses in pharmacokinetics studies, evaluation of adverse effects and potential synergistic effects with other drugs need to be thoroughly investigated to make sarsasapogenin a potential molecule for future drug development.
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Kong L, Gu PP, Tang ZZ, Gou LS, Liu YW. High glucose upregulates PAR-1 in SH-SY5Y cells via deficiency of miR-20a and miR-190a. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:509-517. [PMID: 34904279 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin activity enhancement and its receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) activation play vital roles in neurologic deficits in the central nervous system. Our recent study showed that PAR-1 upregulation stimulated by chronic high glucose (HG) caused central neuron injury through neuroinflammation; however, the molecular mechanisms are far from clear. In the present study, we found that HG resulted in neuronal injury of SH-SY5Y cells as evidenced by decreased cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase release and elevated the mRNA level of PAR-1. Moreover, we predicted and determined several potential microRNAs (miRs) combining with the 3'-UTR of PAR-1 mRNA, finding that miR-20a-5p, miR-93-5p, and miR-190a-5p were significantly decreased in HG-cultured SH-SY5Y cells compared with control. Further, SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected with miR-20a-5p or miR-190a-5p mimic were established, and overexpression efficiency were confirmed. It was found that miR-20a-5p or miR-190a-5p overexpression markedly decreased PAR-1 mRNA level and protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells cultured with HG and normal glucose, indicating that miR-20a or miR-19a deficiency contributed to HG-induced PAR-1 upregulation. Together, our findings demonstrated that PAR-1 upregulation mediated HG-induced neuronal damage in central neurons, which was achieved through miR-20a or miR-190a deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ling-Shan Gou
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yao-Wu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Zhang YM, Zheng T, Huang TT, Gu PP, Gou LS, Ma TF, Liu YW. Sarsasapogenin attenuates Alzheimer-like encephalopathy in diabetes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153686. [PMID: 34333330 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A crosstalk exists between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and diabetic encephalopathy displays AD-like disorders. Sarsasapogenin (Sar) has strong anti-inflammatory efficacy, showing neuroprotection and memory-enhancement effects. PURPOSE This study aims to verify the ameliorative effects of Sar on diabetic encephalopathy in vivo and in vitro, and to clarify the mechanisms from attenuation of AD-like pathology. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats and high glucose-cultured SH-SY5Y cells were used in this study. After Sar treatment (20 and 60 mg/kg) for consecutive 9 weeks, Morris water maze and novel object recognition tasks were performed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for examining loss of neurons in CA1 area and ki67 expression for reflecting neurogenesis in DG area of hippocampus. Aβ production pathway and tau phosphorylation kinase cascade were examined in these two models. RESULTS Sar improved learning and memory ability, loss of neurons and reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Moreover, Sar suppressed Aβ overproduction due to up-regulation of BACE1 in protein and mRNA and tau hyperphosphorylation from inactivation of AKT/GSK-3β cascade in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of diabetic rats and high glucose-cultured SH-SY5Y cells, and PPARγ antagonism abolished the effects of Sar on key molecules in the two pathways. Additionally, it was found that high glucose-stimulated Aβ overproduction was prior to tau hyperphosphorylation in neurons. CONCLUSION Sar alleviated diabetic encephalopathy, which was obtained through inhibitions of Aβ overproduction and tau hyperphosphorylation mediated by the activation of PPARγ signaling. Hence, Sar is a good candidate compound for AD-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Shan Gou
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yao-Wu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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