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Anywar GU, Kakudidi E, Oryem-Origa H, Schubert A, Jassoy C. Cytotoxicity of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Traditional Healers in Treating People Suffering From HIV/AIDS in Uganda. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:832780. [PMID: 35586188 PMCID: PMC9108544 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.832780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in Uganda widely use herbal medicines. However, their toxicity and safety have not been investigated. The use of these plants can potentially cause harmful effects to the health of patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of some commonly used medicinal plant species used by PLHIV. Methods: The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was determined with the AlamarBlue cell viability assay using the human glioblastoma cell line U87.CD4.CXCR4. The cells were treated with varying concentrations of extracts of Warburgia ugandensis, Erythrina abyssinica, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Albizia coriaria, Psorospermum febrifugium, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Securidaca longipendunculata, Vachellia hockii, Gardenia ternifolia, and Bridelia micrantha reconstituted with ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Using regression analysis, the half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the plant extracts were calculated from exponential curve fits, since they provided the highest coefficient of determination, R2. Results: The ethanol extracts of W. ugandensis (CC50 = 7.6 μg/ml) and A. coriaria (CC50 = 1.5 μg/ml) as well as the DMSO-reconstituted extracts of W. ugandensis (CC50 = 6.4 μg/ml) and A. coriria (CC50 = < 4 μg/ml) were highly cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of W. ugandensis and A. coriaria compared well with the indigenous traditional knowledge of the toxic effects experienced when the plants were not used correctly. However, the cytotoxicity of most of the plant extracts (15/22) was low to moderate (CC50 = 21–200 μg/ml). Conclusion: Most of the plant species tested in this study had low to moderate cytotoxicity against U87.CD4.CXCR4 cells, except W. ugandensis and A. coriria which were highly cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Upoki Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Virology, University Clinics & Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Upoki Anywar, , ,
| | - Esezah Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannington Oryem-Origa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andreas Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Virology, University Clinics & Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Climate Change Impacts and Extinction Risk Assessment of Nepeta Representatives (Lamiaceae) in Greece. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing climate change has already left its imprint on species distributions, with rare, endemic species being more threatened. These changes are more prominent in regional biodiversity hotspots, such as Greece, which is already facing the short term impacts of human induced climate change. Greek flora hosts numerous endemic medicinal and aromatic plant taxa (MAPs), which are economically important and provide integral ecosystem services. The genus Nepeta is one of the largest Lamiaceae genera, containing several MAPs, yet, despite its taxonomical and economical significance, it remains vastly understudied in Greece. We explore the effects of climate change on the range of the Greek endemic Nepeta MAPs, via a species distribution models (SDMs) approach in an ensemble modeling framework, using soil, topographical and bioclimatic variables as predictors in three different time steps. By doing so, we attempt to estimate the current and future extinction risk of these taxa and to locate their current and future species richness hotspots in Greece. The taxa analyzed are expected to experience severe range retractions, with minor intraspecific variation across all time steps (p > 0.05), driven mainly by soil- and aridity-related variables. The extinction risk status of only one taxon is predicted to worsen in the future, while all other taxa will remain threatened. Current species richness hotspots are mainly located in southern Greece and are projected to shift both altitudinally and latitudinally over time (p < 0.01).
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Vuko E, Dunkić V, Maravić A, Ruščić M, Nazlić M, Radan M, Ljubenkov I, Soldo B, Fredotović Ž. Not Only a Weed Plant-Biological Activities of Essential Oil and Hydrosol of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1837. [PMID: 34579370 PMCID: PMC8470837 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources, Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Asteraceae) came into our focus as a readily available and aromatic wild shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. This work provides a phytochemical profile of D. viscosa in terms of parallel chemical composition in the lipophilic fraction (essential oil) and the water fraction (hydrosol). GC-MS analysis identified 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, α-terpenyl acetate, and α-muurolol as the major components of the essential oil, while in the hydrosol p-menth-1-en-9-ol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, cis-sabinene hydrate, and α-muurolol were the major volatile components. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be the predominant compound in the hydrosol composition by HPLC analysis. The antimicrobial potential of both extracts was evaluated against thirteen opportunistic pathogens associated with common skin and wound infections and emerging food spoilage microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil suggests that the volatiles of D. viscosa could be used as novel antimicrobial agents. The antiproliferative results of D. viscosa volatiles are also new findings, which showed promising activity against three cancer cell lines: HeLa (cervical cancer cell line), HCT116 (human colon cancer cell line), and U2OS (human osteosarcoma cell line). The decrease in GSH level observed in hydrosol-treated HeLa cells suggests oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of hydrosol on tumor cells. The presented results are also the first report of significant antiphytoviral activity of hydrosol against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Based on the results, D. viscosa might have the potential to be used in crop protection, as a natural disinfectant and natural anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Vuko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (E.V.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Valerija Dunkić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (E.V.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (E.V.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Mirko Ruščić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (E.V.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Marija Nazlić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (E.V.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Mila Radan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ivica Ljubenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Soldo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia; (E.V.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (M.N.)
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Anywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R, Mukonzo J, Schubert A, Oryem-Origa H. Indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used by herbalists in treating opportunistic infections among people living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:112205. [PMID: 31476442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Currently, more than two thirds of the world's 36.9 million people living with HIV/AIDS reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. Opportunistic infections (OI) associated with HIV are the single most important cause of mortality and morbidity among HIV/AIDS patients in poor countries. There is widespread use of medicinal plant species to manage the HIV infection and it's associated OI in Uganda, even by patients already on antiretroviral drugs (ARV). However, much of this information remains undocumented and unverified. AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study was to systematically and comprehensively document the traditional indigenous knowledge and practices associated with the management of HIV/AIDS infections by herbalists in Uganda. METHODS Ethnobotanical data were collected using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Ninety traditional medicine practitioners (TMP) or herbalists were interviewed in Arua, Dokolo, Mbale, Bushenyi, Iganga, Rakai, Luwero and Kaabong districts to gather information on the plant species used. Data were analysed and presented using descriptive statistics and the Informant Consensus Factor. RESULTS We documented 236 medicinal plant species from 70 families and 201 genera. Acacia was the most widely represented genus with five species. The most frequently used medicinal plant species for treating various OI were Erythrina abyssinica (45), Warburgia ugandensis (43), Zanthoxylum chalybeum (38), Acacia hockii (37), Mangifera indica (36), Aloe vera (35), Albizia coriaria (34), Azadirachta indica (32), Psorospermum febrifugum (27) Vernonia amygdalina (22) and Gymnosporia senegalensis (21). Some of the plant species were used for treating all the OI mentioned. There is a high degree of consensus among the TMP on which plant species they use for the different OI, even though they are geographically separated. Herbalists contribute to the widespread practice of simultaneously using herbal medicines and ARV. Some TMP are also engaged in dangerous practices like injecting patients with herbs and encouraging simultaneous use of herbs and ARV. Although the TMP relied on biomedical laboratory diagnoses for confirming the patients' HIV sero status, they were familiar with the signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION There is wide spread use of a rich diversity of medicinal plants species and practices by TMP to manage OI in HIV/AIDS patients in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Perlickstraße, 104103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - E Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - R Byamukama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J Mukonzo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Perlickstraße, 104103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Oryem-Origa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Amini F, Jaladat AM, Atarzadeh F, Mosavat SH, Parvizi MM, Zamani N. A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 16:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2018-0148/jcim-2018-0148.xml. [PMID: 31527294 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we attempted to identify medicinal plants for treating asthma by investigating Persian Medicine (PM) sources. Methods In the present review study, materials concerning asthma were assessed by the (most) reliable source of PM (Canon of Medicine) written by Avicenna. Recommended medicinal plants for treating asthma were extracted from this book. Likewise, the electronic databases were used for investigating the pharmacological properties of offered herbs. Results The signs and symptoms of "Rabv" discussed by Avicenna are very similar to the asthma in modern medicine. Avicenna dichotomized asthma causing into pulmonary and non-pulmonary ones, including asthma with the heart, liver, or stomach origin. Overall, 14 medicinal plants were mentioned for the treatment of asthma presented in Canon of Medicine, including celery, juniper, dodder, chamomile, fennel, quince seed, black caraway, lavender, hyssop, squill, anise, absinthe, asafoetida, and common polypody. Conclusions PM prescribes medicinal plants for treating asthma, based on each patient's symptoms and trigger factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amini
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Jaladat
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atarzadeh
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamdollah Mosavat
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrindokht Zamani
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Rotundo G, Paventi G, Barberio A, De Cristofaro A, Notardonato I, Russo MV, Germinara GS. Biological activity of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter extracts against adult Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and identification of active compounds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6429. [PMID: 31015563 PMCID: PMC6478880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, a perennial weed of the Mediterranean area, was reported to be source of active substances. Here, by means of both ingestion and contact assays, the biological activity of three different extracts (n-hexane, methanol, and distilled water) of D. viscosa aerial part has been evaluated against Sitophilus granarius (L.) adults, an important pest of stored grains. Ingestion assays showed negligible mortality and food deterrence for all the extracts, whereas only a slight reduction of some nutritional parameters (relative growth rate, relative consumption rate, food efficiency conversion) was recorded for water extract. High contact toxicity was found only for the n-hexane extract (24 h median lethal dose LD50 = 53.20 μg/adult). This extract was further subfractioned by silica gel column chromatography and then by thin layer chromatography. Further contact toxicity bioassays highlighted two active subfractions which were analyzed by GC-MS. This revealed the occurrence, in both subfractions, of two major peaks that were identified as α- and γ- costic acid isomers. Moreover, D. viscosa active subfractions, did not cause acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition; therefore, in the light of progressive limitation of compounds acting by this mechanism of action, D. viscosa represents a promising eco-sustainable source of natural products for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rotundo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Antonia Barberio
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario V Russo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giacinto S Germinara
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100, Foggia, Italy
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Salehi B, Kumar NVA, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA, Ata A, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1459. [PMID: 29757986 PMCID: PMC5983620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 88777539 Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 22439789 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Bilge Şener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 61663-335 Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mehtap Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gail B Mahady
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sanja Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
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Bekut M, Brkić S, Kladar N, Dragović G, Gavarić N, Božin B. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti(retro)viral therapy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 133:301-314. [PMID: 29258916 PMCID: PMC7129285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant search for new drugs with antiviral properties often extends to products of natural origin. Lamiaceae is one of the most important herbal families, well known for various biological and medicinal effects of a variety of aromatic spices, including thyme, mint, oregano, basil, sage, savory, rosemary, self-heal, hyssop, lemon balm and many others. The paper provides a review of antiviral potential of previously mentioned plants which has been demonstrated so far, with special emphasis on anti-HIV properties. Relevant articles were compiled by searching plant names combined with keywords describing antiviral activity. The antiviral effect is direct, with prominent activity against enveloped viral species. Initial stages of the viral life cycle are the most affected, as these plants appear to be targeting mainly viral structures responsible for attachment to target cells. In case of HIV, there is some activity against key enzymes in the viral life cycle. Even in the case of drug resistance, there is an equal susceptibility to applied herbal preparations. Some in vivo experiments suggest that use of Lamiaceae representatives could help in prevention and treatment of some viral diseases. A possible reduction of side effects of diseases and conventional drug therapy are also some aspects worth further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bekut
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Brkić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Dragović
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dr Subotica 1/III, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Gavarić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Dhawan BN. Anti-Viral Activity of Indian Plants. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, INDIA. SECTION B 2012; 82:209-224. [PMID: 32226204 PMCID: PMC7099914 DOI: 10.1007/s40011-011-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants continue to be a major source for new chemical entities to develop novel therapeutic agents. Large number of plants has been shown to be active in vitro against a variety of human pathogenic viruses or their near congeners. In several cases the active compounds have been isolated and characterized. Very few of them, however, have been investigated in detail in vivo or taken to the clinic. Pure compounds like andrographolide, curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid as well as extracts of Azadirachta indica have shown activity against several viruses and should be investigated further for their therapeutic potential. An analysis of available data from several hundred species indicates that antiviral activity is more likely to be found in plants belonging to certain families. It is necessary to screen more plants of these families which are available in India to obtain further leads.
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Celastrol inhibits Tat-mediated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription and replication. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:972-83. [PMID: 21763500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current drugs used for antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a narrow spectrum of activity and, more often, have associated toxicities and severe side effects in addition to developing resistance. Thus, there is a need to develop new therapeutic strategies against HIV/AIDS to complement the already existing ones. Surprisingly, transactivator of transcription (Tat), an early virus-encoded protein required for the efficient transcription of the HIV genome, has not been developed as a target for small molecular therapeutics. We have previously described the ability of an endogenous Michael acceptor electrophile (MAE), 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), to inhibit Tat-dependent transcription by targeting its cysteine (Cys)-rich domain. In an effort to identify other MAEs possessing inhibitory activity against HIV-1 Tat, we tested a collection of plant-derived compounds with electrophilic properties, including curcumin, rosmarinic acid, and gambogic acid, for their ability to inhibit Tat. Celastrol (Cel), a triterpenoid MAE isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Tat. Using biochemical techniques, we demonstrate that Cel, by covalently modifying the cysteine thiols, inhibits Tat transactivation function. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we show that alkylation of Tat brought about a change in the secondary structure of Tat, which inhibited the transcription elongation of the HIV proviral genome by effecting mechanisms other than Tat-TAR (transactivation-responsive region) interaction. Our results demonstrate the underlying mechanism of antiretroviral activity of the plant-derived MAEs and suggest that Cel could serve as a lead compound to develop novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Viuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Alvarez JA. Spices as functional foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:13-28. [PMID: 21229415 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903044271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spices and aromatic herbs have been used since antiquity as preservatives, colorants, and flavor enhancers. Spices, which have long been the basis of traditional medicine in many countries, have also been the subject of study, particularly by the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, because of their potential use for improving health. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated how these substances act as antioxidants, digestive stimulants, and hypolipidemics and show antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancerigenic activities. These beneficial physiological effects may also have possible preventative applications in a variety of pathologies. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the potential of spices and aromatic herbs as functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viuda-Martos
- Grupo Industrialización de Productos de Origen Animal (IPOA), Generalitat Valenciana, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela Alicante
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12
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Özcelik B, Orhan I, Kartal M, Konuklugil B. In vitro testing of antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal effects and cytotoxicity of selected TurkishPhlomisspecies. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.39.2010.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Bedoya LM, Abad MJ, Sánchez-Palomino S, Alcami J, Bermejo P. Ellagitannins from Tuberaria lignosa as entry inhibitors of HIV. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:69-74. [PMID: 19748255 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Screening of plants from the Iberian Peninsula for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (-HIV) activity revealed that aqueous extract of Tuberaria lignosa gave positive results. Following an activity-guided procedure, the crude extract was counterextracted, and the subsequent fractions obtained tested for their anti-HIV activity in vitro. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract afforded an ellagitannin enriched fraction (EEF) isolated for the first time from this species. This EEF exhibited antiviral activity against HIV in MT-2 infected cells, with an IC(50) value of 2.33mug/ml (selectivity index greater than 21). Inhibition of HIV infection by EEF appears to be mediated by CD4 down-regulation, the main receptor for HIV entry. CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors were not affected by EEF, explaining why EEF is able to inhibit R5 and X4 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bedoya
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Crt. Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Barrero AF, Herrador MM, Arteaga P, Catalán JV. Dittrichia Viscosa L. Greuter: Phytochemistry and Biological Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa is a plant widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. This species and its components present a broad range of biological activities (for example, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiulcer, antiviral, antiparasitic), which are reviewed. Extracts of the species are particularly rich in terpenoids, in particular eudesmane acids, notably ilicic acid (45) and α-costic acid (44). Flavonoids are also abundant, especially during flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F. Barrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Mar Herrador
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Arteaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julieta V. Catalán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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15
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Anti-Infectious Activity in The Anthemideae Tribe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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16
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Xu J, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y. One-step immunochromatographic separation and ELISA quantification of glycyrrhizin from traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:53-8. [PMID: 17112794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive constituent, glycyrrhizin or glycyrrhizic acid (GA), was purified from two traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Shaoyao gancao tang and Dahuang gancao tang, and from crude extracts from licorice roots by means of immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-GA monoclonal antibody (MAb) and was quantified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Laboratory preparations included the synthesis of conjugate GA-human serum albumin (GA-HSA), the production of anti-GA-MAb, the optimization of the immunoaffinity column packed with the anti-GA-MAb coupled to hydrazide gel and the determination of the GA content in TCM and crude drugs from five different sources by ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental results reveal that the anti-GA-MAb coupled to Affi-Gel Hz gel results in a coupling efficiency of 95.2%, and the immunoaffinity chromatography gives a mean recovery of 97.6% of GA with a capacity of 33.5+/-2.40 microg/mL of immunoaffinity gel under the given conditions. The GA content of the crude extracts (ranging 74.8-114.6 microg/mg) from different sources by the ELISA method is much greater than that of the TCM (16.4-25.1 microg/mg) which is, in good agreement with the results of the HPLC method. Our report provides a rapid, reliable and sensitive approach for one-step separation and quantification of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Gambari R, Lampronti I. Inhibition of immunodeficiency type-1 virus (HIV-1) life cycle by medicinal plant extracts and plant-derived compounds. LEAD MOLECULES FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS - DISCOVERY AND NEW TRENDS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-557x(05)02017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Asres K, Seyoum A, Veeresham C, Bucar F, Gibbons S. Naturally derived anti-HIV agents. Phytother Res 2005; 19:557-81. [PMID: 16161055 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The urgent need for new anti-HIV/AIDS drugs is a global concern. In addition to obvious economical and commercial hurdles, HIV/AIDS patients are faced with multifarious difficulties associated with the currently approved anti-HIV drugs. Adverse effects, the emergence of drug resistance and the narrow spectrum of activity have limited the therapeutic usefulness of the various reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors that are currently available on the market. This has driven many scientists to look for new anti-retrovirals with better efficacy, safety and affordability. As has always been the case in the search for cures, natural sources offer great promise. Several natural products, mostly of plant origin have been shown to possess promising activities that could assist in the prevention and/or amelioration of the disease. Many of these anti-HIV agents have other medicinal values as well, which afford them further prospective as novel leads for the development of new drugs that can deal with both the virus and the various disorders that characterize HIV/AIDS. The aim of this review is to report new discoveries and updates pertaining to anti-HIV natural products. In the review anti-HIV agents have been classified according to their chemical classes rather than their target in the HIV replicative cycle, which is the most frequently encountered approach. Perusal of the literature revealed that most of these promising naturally derived anti-HIV compounds are flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides or proteins. It is our strong conviction that the results and experiences with many of the anti-HIV natural products will inspire and motivate even more researchers to look for new leads from plants and other natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Jacob JR, Korba BE, You JE, Tennant BC, Kim YH. Korean Medicinal Plant Extracts Exhibit Antiviral Potency Against Viral Hepatitis. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10:1019-26. [PMID: 15673997 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigation of natural ethnopharmacologic extracts exhibiting antiviral potential may lead to the discovery of new therapeutics for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis infections. Traditional Korean medicinal herbs have been identified that exhibit potency against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Research on the antiviral potential of naturally derived extracts is facilitated through the use of appropriate animal and liver cell culture models for these hepatotrophic pathogens. Objectives of this study were to demonstrate antiviral activity of an aqueous extract of herbal formulation KYH-1 in surrogate in vitro assays for HBV and HCV and identify mechanisms of action. METHODS Antiviral potency of KYH-1 was measured in tissue culture systems that support replication of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), and the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). These assays serve as surrogate models for HBV and HCV, respectively. A recombinant HBV polymerase gene expression assay was used to define a molecular target. RESULTS KYH-1 exhibited potent antiviral activity against WHV and to a lesser extent against BVDV. KYH-1 and its constituent components inhibited HBV polymerase priming in vitro. Additionally, KYH-1 suppressed HBV replication in a human hepatoblastoma cell line. CONCLUSION Evaluation of naturally derived products for antiviral activity against HBV and HCV in standardized surrogate assays provides a scientific basis for potential use as complementary or alternative medicines. This study provides significant results justifying preclinical evaluation of KYH-1 as an antiviral therapy for HBV infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- DNA, Viral/drug effects
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/drug effects
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/growth & development
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/drug effects
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/genetics
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/growth & development
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Jacob
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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