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Zhang F, Hong J, Xu W, Qu F. Straight nano-electrospray ionization and its coupling of mobility capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 206:120183. [PMID: 31514879 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mobility capillary electrophoresis (MCE) was developed previously in our group, which has the capabilities of ion separation and biomolecule hydrodynamic radius analysis. The coupling of MCE with mass spectrometry (MS) would greatly improve complex sample identification capability as well as system detection sensitivity. In the present study, a simple and robust ionization source, named as straight nano-electrospray ionization (nanoESI) source was developed, which was applied to couple MCE with MS. A stainless-steel needle attached directly at the end of an MCE capillary was used as the nanoESI emitter, and the connection between this emitter to the liquid flow in the MCE separation channel was established through a liquid bridge. After optimization, this straight nanoESI source enhanced the ion signal intensity by ~10 times when compared with a commercial nanoESI source. The MCE-straight nanoESI-MS system was also characterized in terms of mixture separation and peptide hydrodynamic radius measurements. Compared to our previous work when a UV detector was used in a commercial Lumex CE system (model Capel 105 M, St. Petersburg, Russia), peptides with much lower concentrations could be analyzed (from ~1 mg/mL to ~20 μg/mL) in terms of radius measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Hong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Morphological Characteristics of Au Films Deposited on Ti: A Combined SEM-AFM Study. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deposited Au films and coatings are, nowadays, routinely used as active or passive elements in several innovative electronic, optoelectronic, sensing, and energy devices. In these devices, the physical properties of the Au films are strongly determined by the films nanoscale structure. In addition, in these devices, often, a layer of Ti is employed to promote adhesion and, so, influencing the nanoscale structure of the deposited Au film. In this work, we present experimental analysis on the nanoscale cross-section and surface morphology of Au films deposited on Ti. In particular, we sputter-deposited thick (>100 nm thickness) Au films on Ti foils and we used Scanning Electron Microscopy to analyze the films cross-sectional and surface morphology as a function of the Au film thickness and deposition angle. In addition, we analyzed the Au films surface morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy which allowed quantifying the films surface roughness versus the film thickness and deposition angle. The results establish a relation between the Au films cross-sectional and surface morphologies and surface roughness to the film thickness and deposition angle. These results allow setting a general working framework to obtain Au films on Ti with specific morphological and topographic properties for desired applications in which the Ti adhesion layer is needed for Au.
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Yin Y, Li G, Guan Y, Huang G. Sheathless interface to match flow rate of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray mass spectrometry using regular-sized capillary. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:68-72. [PMID: 27539418 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The flow rate match has been a great challenge when coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Conventional CE-ESI-MS interfaces used liquid sheath flow, narrowed capillary or additional pressure to meet this requirement; sacrifice of either capillary inner diameter (i.d.) or separation efficiency is often inevitable. Thus, a regular-sized capillary-based sheathless interface would be attractive for flow rate match in CE-MS. METHODS The regular-sized capillary-based CE-MS interface was achieved by coupling CE with induced electrospray ionization (iESI) which was stimulated by the fact that the iESI could both achieve flow rate down to 0.2 μL/min and retain ionization efficiency. The CE-iESI-MS interface was completed with an intact separation capillary, outside the outlet end of which a metal electrode was attached for the application of alternating current (ac) high voltage (HV). RESULTS The feasibility of this CE-iESI-MS interface was demonstrated through the stable total ion chromatograms obtained by continuous CE infusion of tripropylamine with regular-sized capillaries. Tripropylamine and atenolol were separated and detected successfully in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) by CE-iESI-MS using a 50 or 75 μm i.d. capillary. Furthermore, this new interface showed a better signal-to-noise (S/N) of 3 to 7 times enhancement compared with another sheathless CE-ESI-MS interface that using one high voltage for both separation and electrospray when analyzing the mixture of tripropylamine and proline in NH4 OAc buffer. In addition, the reproducibility of this interface gave satisfactory results with relative standard deviation (RSD) in retention time in the range between 1% and 3%. CONCLUSIONS The novel sheathless CE-MS interface introduced here could match conventional electroosmotic flow (EOF) with electrospray which could also preserve the separation efficiency and sensitivity of CE-MS. This newly developed CE-iESI-MS interface was also demonstrated to be effective for different buffers, PBS and NH4 OAc, without any additives such as methanol and acetic acid. Hence, we believe that this sheathless CE-MS interface could be operated with other nonvolatile and volatile buffers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry of CAS, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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Wallace GQ, Tabatabaei M, Zuin MS, Workentin MS, Lagugné-Labarthet F. A nanoaggregate-on-mirror platform for molecular and biomolecular detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:609-18. [PMID: 26521177 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A nanoaggregate-on-mirror (NAOM) structure has been developed for molecular and biomolecular detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The smooth surface of the gold mirror allows for simple and homogeneous functionalization, while the introduction of the nanoaggregates enhances the Raman signal of the molecule(s) in the vicinity of the aggregate-mirror junction. This is evidenced by functionalizing the gold mirror with 4-nitrothiophenol, and the further addition of gold nanoaggregates promotes local SERS activity only in the areas with the nanoaggregates. The application of the NAOM platform for biomolecular detection is highlighted using glucose and H2O2 as molecules of interest. In both cases, the gold mirror is functionalized with 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA). Upon exposure to glucose, the boronic acid moiety of 4-MPBA forms a cyclic boronate ester. Once the nanoaggregates are added to the surface, detection of glucose is possible without the use of an enzyme. This method of indirect detection provides a limit of detection of 0.05 mM, along with a linear range of detection from 0.1 to 15 mM for glucose, encompassing the physiological range of blood glucose concentration. The detection of H2O2 is achieved with optical inspection and SERS. The H2O2 interferes with the coating of the gold mirror, enabling qualitative detection by visual inspection. Simultaneously, the H2O2 reacts with the boronic acid to form a phenol, a change that is detected by SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Tabatabaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mariachiara S Zuin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark S Workentin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Emitter-assigned multi-dielectric barrier-nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6537-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reginskaya I, Stark AK, Schilling M, Janasek D, Franzke J. Dielectric barrier electrospray-polarity cycle and trigger. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10738-44. [PMID: 24127833 DOI: 10.1021/ac401582s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The parameters influencing the combination of the dielectric barrier electrospray (DB-ES) with an ion trap mass spectrometer are investigated. Two approaches are presented: the application of different polarity cycles in the DB electrospray high voltage signal and the triggering of it to an output signal received by the mass spectrometer. Both approaches are addressed to improve the detection sensitivity over the sensitivity of conventional nano ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Reginskaya
- Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Huang JL, Hsu RY, Her GR. The development of a sheathless capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry interface based on thin conducting liquid film. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Tie C, Zhang DW, Chen HX, Song SL, Zhang XX. Study of the electrical connection mechanism of sheathless interface for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1429-1434. [PMID: 23147818 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the combination of high separation ability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and strong identification ability of mass spectrometry (MS), CE/MS is becoming a powerful tool for polar and ionic analytes analysis. Different interfaces have been developed to enhance the sensitivity and reliability since the first introduction of CE/MS in 1987. A sheathless porous interface based on a new ions transferring electric connection technique was reported to be with high sensitivity and reliability. In this work, a series of optical and electrochemical experiments were designed to study the electric connection process. The results indicated that closing CE electrical circuit and applying MS spray voltage were achieved by the small ions transferring through the interface porous wall. The new electric connection method significantly enhanced the sensitivity, resolution and stability of the CE/MS analysis. The interface was applied in CE/MS detection of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine sample and showed an equal sensitivity to LC/MS. With the significant improvement of sensitivity and stability, the CE/MS with the new interface showed strong potential for the determination of low abundance analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Tie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sikanen T, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA. Microchip technology in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:351-391. [PMID: 19514079 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication of analytical devices is currently of growing interest and many microfabricated instruments have also entered the field of mass spectrometry (MS). Various (atmospheric pressure) ion sources as well as mass analyzers have been developed exploiting microfabrication techniques. The most common approach thus far has been the miniaturization of the electrospray ion source and its integration with various separation and sampling units. Other ionization techniques, mainly atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization, have also been subject to miniaturization, though they have not attracted as much attention. Likewise, all common types of mass analyzers have been realized by microfabrication and, in most cases, successfully applied to MS analysis in conjunction with on-chip ionization. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the field of microfabricated ion sources and mass analyzers. Representative applications are reviewed focusing on the development of fully microfabricated systems where ion sources or analyzers are integrated with microfluidic separation devices or microfabricated pums and detectors, respectively. Also the main microfabrication methods, with their possibilities and constraints, are briefly discussed together with the most commonly used materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, proteomics has become a dominant field for identifying and quantifying the complex protein machinery of the cell. The expression levels, posttranslational modifications, and specific interactions of proteins control the biology of such processes as development, differentiation, and signal transduction. Studies of the proteins involved in these processes often lead to a better understanding of biology and of human disease. Powerful separation techniques and sensitive detection methods enable researchers to untangle these complicated networks of processes. CE coupled with either MS or LIF are two of the techniques that make this possible. This review will cover proven CE-based methods for proteomics on the cell and tissue level and their application in biological and clinical studies, relevant new developments in enabling technology such as microfluidic CE-MS demonstrated on model systems, and comment on the future of CE in proteomics.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics/methods
- Sequence Alignment
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Fonslow
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Maxwell EJ, Chen DD. Twenty years of interface development for capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ordeig O, Godino N, del Campo J, Muñoz FX, Nikolajeff F, Nyholm L. On-Chip Electric Field Driven Electrochemical Detection Using a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microchannel with Gold Microband Electrodes. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3622-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702570p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ordeig
- Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, IMB-CNM, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad, Autónoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Bellaterra-08193, Spain, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neus Godino
- Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, IMB-CNM, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad, Autónoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Bellaterra-08193, Spain, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Javier del Campo
- Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, IMB-CNM, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad, Autónoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Bellaterra-08193, Spain, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesc Xavier Muñoz
- Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, IMB-CNM, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad, Autónoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Bellaterra-08193, Spain, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, IMB-CNM, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad, Autónoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Bellaterra-08193, Spain, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Nyholm
- Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica, IMB-CNM, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad, Autónoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Bellaterra-08193, Spain, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Stutz H. Advances in the analysis of proteins and peptides by capillary electrophoresis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray-mass spectrometry detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1254-90. [PMID: 15776483 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High throughput, outstanding certainty in peptide/protein identification, exceptional resolution, and quantitative information are essential pillars in proteome research. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to meet these requirements. Soft ionization techniques, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), have paved the way for the story of success of CE-MS in the analysis of biomolecules and both approaches are subject of discussion in this article. Meanwhile, CE-MS is far away from representing a homogeneous field. Therefore the review will cover a vast area including the coupling of different modes of CE (capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric foscusing, capillary electrochromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis) to MS as well as on-line preconcentration techniques (transient capillary isotachophoresis, solid-phase extraction, membrane preconcentration) applied to compensate for restricted detection sensitivity. Special attention is given to improvements in interfacing, namely addressing nanospray and coaxial sheath liquid design. Peptide mapping, collision-induced dissociation with subsequent tandem MS, and amendments in mass accuracy of instruments improve information validity gained from MS data. With 2-D on-line coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and CE a further topic will be discussed. A special section is dedicated to recent attempts in establishing CE-ESI-MS in proteomics, in the clinical and diagnostic field, and in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Stutz
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry, Salzburg, Austria.
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Trapp O, Pearce EW, Kimmel JR, Yoon OK, Zuleta IA, Zare RN. A soft on-column metal coating procedure for robust sheathless electrospray emitters used in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1358-65. [PMID: 15759300 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An on-column metal coating procedure was developed for sheathless electrospray emitters, based on Justus von Liebig's electroless silver mirror reaction followed by electrochemical deposition of gold onto the silver layer. The coating procedure is straightforward, mild, inexpensive, and can be performed with standard laboratory equipment. A long-term (600 h) stability investigation of the conductive coating was carried out by continuous electrospray in the positive electrospray mode, and no degradation in performance was found. The simplicity of the coating procedure and the robustness of the spray tips makes the spray tips highly suitable to couple delicate wall-coated or monolithic capillary columns to mass spectrometry. Peptide mixtures were separated by capillary electrophoresis and injected into either a Hadamard-transform time-of-flight mass analyzer or a commercial quadrupole mass analyzer using the described sheathless electrospray emitters. The performance was judged to be excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, Stanford, CA 94395-5080, USA
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Chapter 10 Technologies interfacing capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)46010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Amirkhani A, Wetterhall M, Nilsson S, Danielsson R, Bergquist J. Comparison between different sheathless electrospray emitter configurations regarding the performance of nanoscale liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1033:257-66. [PMID: 15088746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Four different sheathless electrospray ionization (ESI) configurations were investigated for a nano liquid chromatography (LC) system. The studied configurations were: a column with an integrated emitter, with the ESI potential applied before or after the column, and a column with separate emitter, with the ESI voltage applied at a union before the emitter or at the emitter tip. The results indicates that the efficiency of the LC system is rather independent of the configuration when using 95 microm i.d. columns, acetic mobile phase and standard peptides as a sample. Introduction of post column dead volume seems not to be a critical issue at least with flow rates down to 600 nl/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Amirkhani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Uppsala University, PO Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1117-1124. [PMID: 14595863 DOI: 10.1002/jms.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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