1
|
Loeschner K, Vidmar J, Hartmann NB, Bienfait AM, Velimirovic M. Finding the tiny plastic needle in the haystack: how field flow fractionation can help to analyze nanoplastics in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7-16. [PMID: 36085421 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the exact health risks associated with nanoplastics are currently the focus of intense research, there is no doubt that humans are exposed to nanoplastics and that food could be a major source of exposure. Nanoplastics are released from plastic materials and articles used during food production, processing, storage, preparation, and serving. They are also likely to enter the food chain via contaminated water, air, and soil. However, very limited exposure data for risk assessment exists so far due to the lack of suitable analytical methods. Nanoplastic detection in food poses a great analytical challenge due to the complexity of plastics and food matrices as well as the small size and expectedly low concentration of the plastic particles. Multidetector field flow fractionation has emerged as a valuable analytical technique for nanoparticle separation over the last decades, and the first studies using the technique for analyzing nanoplastics in complex matrices are emerging. In combination with online detectors and offline analysis, multidetector field flow fractionation is a powerful platform for advanced characterization of nanoplastics in food by reducing sample complexity, which otherwise hampers the full potential of most analytical techniques. The focus of this article is to present the current state of the art of multidetector field flow fractionation for nanoplastic analysis and to discuss future trends and needs aiming at the analysis of nanoplastics in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 201, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Janja Vidmar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nanna B Hartmann
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Milica Velimirovic
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS research group, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schade J, Passig J, Irsig R, Ehlert S, Sklorz M, Adam T, Li C, Rudich Y, Zimmermann R. Spatially Shaped Laser Pulses for the Simultaneous Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as well as Positive and Negative Inorganic Ions in Single Particle Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10282-10288. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’ (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | | | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’ (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’ (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’ (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li L, Liu L, Xu L, Li M, Li X, Gao W, Huang Z, Cheng P. Improvement in the Mass Resolution of Single Particle Mass Spectrometry Using Delayed Ion Extraction. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2105-2109. [PMID: 30105739 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A specific delayed ion extraction (DIE) technique, which combines a standard rectangular extraction pulse with an exponential pulse, was introduced for a single particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) instrument, and it can focus ions in a wide mass range and results in a mass resolution improvement for the mass range of the studied ions. The experimental results indicate that the average mass resolution for positive ions is about 1000 when the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) is greater than 70, and for negative ions, when the m/z is greater than 70, the average resolution can reach 2000. The highest mass resolutions achieved so far are 1260 for positive ions and 2400 for negative ions for SPMS, which are very beneficial for mass peak interpretation and chemical compound identification. The primary applications for atmospheric particle measurements show that the high mass resolution of SPMS with the DIE technique is very beneficial for the analysis of carbon and metallic element containing particles, and 39K+ with C3H3+ and 41K+ and C3H5+ in organic particles were successfully differentiated using SPMS. The results indicate that SPMS with DIE technique can significantly ease mass peak interpretation and improve the mass assignment ability during analysis. Furthermore, existing SPMS instruments can be improved by a facile retrofitting process to implement the DIE technique. Graphical Abstract The delayed ion extraction method shows a great mass resolution improvement for single particle mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sultana CM, Al-Mashat H, Prather KA. Expanding Single Particle Mass Spectrometer Analyses for the Identification of Microbe Signatures in Sea Spray Aerosol. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10162-10170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hashim Al-Mashat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Characterization of surgical aerosols by the compact single-particle mass spectrometer LAMPAS 3. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3165-72. [PMID: 22002560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method is presented using an optical particle counter and the compact mobile laser mass spectrometer LAMPAS 3 for in situ analysis of single particles generated by electrosurgical dissection of biological tissues. The instrumental performance is demonstrated for analysing aerosol particles formed during rapid thermal evaporation of porcine liver and porcine kidney tissues. Particle number concentrations of up to 5,000 particles per cubic centimetre were detected during surgical dissection. Chemical analysis of tissue particles was performed by bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The application of an online mass spectrometric particle analysis for surgical aerosols is reported here for the first time.
Collapse
|
6
|
Reinard MS, Johnston MV. Ion formation mechanism in laser desorption ionization of individual nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:389-399. [PMID: 18191579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Covariance mapping is used to study ion formation mechanisms in laser desorption ionization of individual 50 or 220 nm diameter particles having compositions similar to ambient aerosol. Single particle mass spectra are found to vary substantially from particle to particle. This variation is systematic--the energetically preferred ions (e.g., lowest ionization energy, highest electron affinity) are positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with less preferred ions. For the compositions studied, the average positive ion yield is two to five times greater than the negative ion yield, indicating that free electrons are the main negatively charged species. For many particles, typically 20% to 40% of those analyzed, only positive ions are detected. Smaller particles give fewer negative ions, presumably because the plume is less dense and electron capture is less likely. The results suggest that ion formation occurs by a two stage process. In the first stage, photoionization of laser desorbed neutrals gives cations and free electrons. In the second stage, collisions in the plume cause electron capture and competitive charge transfer. When the particle ablates in a manner giving a dense plume with many collisions, the energetically preferred positive and negative ions are dominant. When the particle ablates in a manner giving a less dense plume with fewer collisions, the less preferred ions are able to survive and the energetically preferred ions constitute a lower fraction of the total ion signal. Systematic particle to particle variations of relative signal intensities can complicate ambient particle classification efforts by spreading a single particle composition over several classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Reinard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hinz KP, Spengler B. Instrumentation, data evaluation and quantification in on-line aerosol mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:843-60. [PMID: 17589890 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
On-line micro- and nanoparticle mass spectrometry has evolved into a prominent analytical method for the characterization of airborne particles, particle populations and aerosols over the recent years, driven by essential developments in instrumentation, data evaluation and validation. In this tutorial, the fundamental aspects of the technology and methodology for qualitative and quantitative on-line aerosol particle analysis are discussed. Specific properties of the on-line mass spectrometric instrumentation for particle analysis are described, combined with a discussion of basic differences of the instruments and demands for future improvements of instruments and data analysis techniques. Optimized technology and methodology in particle analysis is expected to lead to essential growth of the knowledge and to quality improvement of the description of atmospheric processes and health effects in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 60, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Murphy DM. The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:150-65. [PMID: 17043988 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores some of the design choices made with single particle mass spectrometers. Different instruments have used various configurations of inlets, particle sizing techniques, ionization lasers, mass spectrometers, and other components. Systematic bias against non-spherical particles probably exceeds a factor of 2 for all instruments. An ionization laser tradeoff is the relatively poor beam quality and reliability of an excimer laser versus the longer wavelengths and slower response time of an Nd-YAG laser. Single particle instruments can make special demands on the speed and dynamic range of the mass spectrometers. This review explains some of the choices made for instruments that were developed for different types of measurements in the atmosphere. Some practical design notes are also given from the author's experience with each section of the instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Murphy
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:973-84. [PMID: 16034836 DOI: 10.1002/jms.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
|