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Current analytical methods to monitor type 2 diabetes medication in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Rappold BA. Review of the Use of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratories: Part I-Development. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:121-140. [PMID: 34635606 PMCID: PMC8548246 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of method development for a diagnostic assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) involves several disparate technologies and specialties. Additionally, method development details are typically not disclosed in journal publications. Method developers may need to search widely for pertinent information on their assay(s). This review summarizes the current practices and procedures in method development. Additionally, it probes aspects of method development that are generally not discussed, such as how exactly to calibrate an assay or where to place quality controls, using examples from the literature. This review intends to provide a comprehensive resource and induce critical thinking around the experiments for and execution of developing a clinically meaningful LC-MS/MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Rappold
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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3
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Yang D, Li X, Fu Y, Tao X, Zheng F, Yu J, Yue H, Dai Y. Metabolic study of ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride in type 2 diabetic rats by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9083. [PMID: 33742471 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride have been applied to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) because of their good hypoglycemic effects. In this study, the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 acting synergistically with glimepiride were investigated in liver microsomes from rats with type 2 diabetes. METHODS An in vitro incubation system with normal rat liver microsomes (RLM) and type 2 diabetic rat liver microsomes (TRLM) was developed. The system also included two experimental groups consisting of RLM and TRLM pretreated with ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride (named the RLMR and TRLMR groups, respectively). The metabolism in the different groups was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-Orbitrap MS). RESULTS The results showed that the concentration of glimepiride increased in RLM and TRLM after treatment with ginsenoside Rg3. Five metabolites (M1-M5) of glimepiride were found, and they were named 3N-hydroxyglimepiride, hydroxyglimepiride, 1,2-epoxy ether-3-hydroxyglimepiride, 1N-hydroxyglimepiride and 1N,2C,S,O,O-epoxy ether-3-hydroxyglimepiride. The metabolite of ginsenoside Rg3 was ginsenoside Rh2. CONCLUSIONS An in vitro incubation system with RLM and TRLM was developed. The system revealed pathways that produce glimepiride metabolites. Ginsenoside Rg3 may inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. The present study showed that ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride may be combined for the treatment of T2DM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Drug Synergism
- Ginsenosides/pharmacokinetics
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- Ginsenosides/therapeutic use
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Molecular Structure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Streptozocin
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/analysis
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yunhua Fu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xingyu Tao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Postdoctoral Work Station of Jilin Aodong Medicine Group Co., Ltd., Dunhua, 133700, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
- Postdoctoral Work Station of Jilin Aodong Medicine Group Co., Ltd., Dunhua, 133700, China
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Preparation and comparison of Fe 3O 4@graphene oxide nanoclusters for analysis of glimepiride in urine by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4057-4065. [PMID: 32248396 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has the ability to absorb certain compounds, and it can be modified with functional groups for different purposes; for instance, iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles can be used to concentrate analyte by a magnet. Recently, many kinds of GO have been developed, such as single-layer GO (SLGO), two-to-four layers of GO (i.e., few-layer GO, FLGO2-4), and four-to-eight layers of GO (i.e., multi-layer GO, MLGO4-8). However, the abilities of these layered GO coated with IO nanoparticles have not been investigated. In this study, we conducted a novel analysis of glimepiride by using layered GO-coated magnetic clusters of IO nanoparticles that were synthesized through a simple and facile emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The methodology is based on (i) enrichment of glimepiride using the layered GO-coated magnetic clusters of IO nanoparticles (IO@SLGO, IO@FLGO2-4, and IO@MLGO4-8), and (ii) rapid determination using magnetic cluster-based surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOFMS). We found that IO@MLGO4-8, the magnetic cluster with the greatest number of GO layers, had the best limit of detection (28.6 pmol/μL for glimepiride). The number of GO layers played a significant role in increasing the sensitivity of the SALDI-MS, indicating that the size of GO in the magnetic clusters contributed to the desorption/ionization efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to enrich glimepiride using magnetic clusters of different GO types and to show that the glimepiride in HLB purified urine adsorbed by magnetic clusters can be analyzed by SALDI-TOFMS.
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Synthesis of sandwich-structured magnetic graphene-Zn-MOFs composites for quantitative determination of acarbose in rat plasma. Talanta 2019; 209:120514. [PMID: 31892045 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, sandwich-structured magnetic graphene composites with Zn metal-organic framework layer coated on both two sides (denoted as magG@Zn-MOFs) were synthesized. The composites have large specific surface of 114 m2 g⁻1, uniform porous structure and rapid magnetic separation within 10 s. The magG@Zn-MOFs composites were used for extraction of acarbose in plasma prior to its quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS. The established method has good linearity (10-1000 ng mL-1), satisfactory recovery (94.3-107.5%), low detection limit (as low as 2.5 ng mL-1), good intra-day precision (RSD 3.5-5.3%) and inter-day precision (RSD 6.3-8.1%). Finally, the method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of acarbose in rats.
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Jiang J, She X, Zhu J, Yu Y, Ling J, Li Y, Yuan X, Zhou L, Duan G. A composite consisting of sulfo-functionalized magnetic graphene and mesoporous silica for extraction of metformin and glimepiride prior to their determination by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:590. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fornells E, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Breadmore MC. On-line solvent exchange system: Automation from extraction to analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1047:231-237. [PMID: 30567655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Removal of organic solvent from sample extracts is required before analysis by reversed phase HPLC to preserve chromatographic performance and allow for bigger injection volumes, boosting sensitivity. Herein, an automated on-line extraction evaporation procedure is integrated with HPLC analysis. The evaporation occurs inside a 200 μm microfluidic channel confined by a vapor permeable membrane. A feedback control algorithm regulates evaporation rate keeping the output flow rate constant. The evaporation process across this membrane was firstly characterized with water/solvent mixtures showing organic solvent removal capabilities. This system allowed continuous methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile removal from samples containing up to 80% organic solvent. An evaporative injection procedure was developed demonstrating the use of the device for fully integrated extract reconstitution coupled to HPLC analysis, applied to analysis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol in milk samples. Sample reconstitution and collection was performed in less than 10 min and can be executed simultaneously to HPLC analysis of the previous sample in a routine workflow, thus having minimal impact on the total sample analysis time when run in a sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Fornells
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; ACROSS (Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Emily F Hilder
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; ACROSS (Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Hamad M, Rahhal A, Dayyih WA, Mallah E, Dayyih AA, Zakaria Z, Arafat T. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Glimepiride in Presence of (Vimto ®) Soft Drinks in Rats: Application to Pharmacokinetics Studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2019; 11:49-59. [PMID: 30906140 PMCID: PMC6394163 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_200_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Diet and beverages are thought to have notable effects on drugs. Recently, this relationship has received significant consideration. AIMS To develop and validate a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of glimepiride in rat serum. This will be performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between glimepiride and the soft drink, Vimto, will also be investigated in the serum of experimental rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPLC-MS/MS was constructed and clarithromycin was used as an internal standard. RESULTS The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and system suitability parameters. The method was found to be satisfactory and suitable for the determination of glimepiride. The precision of glimepiride was high (coefficient of variation, CV% <15%), the accuracy over all 3 days of validation was within the accepted criteria. Glimepiride peak serum concentration (C max) was 126.01 ng/mL and was reached within 1 h (T max) of administration. Mean area under curve (AUC) was 964.70 ng/mL and was reached within 24 h of administration. The Vimto soft drink significantly (P < 0.050) reduced glimepiride peak serum concentration to 57.87 ng/mL and was reached within 2 h of administration. AUC was significantly reduced to 335.04 ng*h/mL (P < 0.050). CONCLUSION Glimepiride pharmacokinetic parameters such as C max and AUC were significantly affected by the Vimto soft drink. Therefore, this study developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for validation and determination of the effects of soft drinks on drugs using the LC-MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hamad
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Rahhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wael Abu Dayyih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eyad Mallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alice Abu Dayyih
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacy, Bio- and Pharmaceutical Analysis Department Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Idstein, Germany
| | - Zainab Zakaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tawfiq Arafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Alexovič M, Dotsikas Y, Bober P, Sabo J. Achievements in robotic automation of solvent extraction and related approaches for bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:402-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Heinl S, Lerch O, Erdmann F. Automated GC–MS Determination of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinol and Cannabidiol in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:498-503. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Purschke K, Heinl S, Lerch O, Erdmann F, Veit F. Development and validation of an automated liquid-liquid extraction GC/MS method for the determination of THC, 11-OH-THC, and free THC-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) from blood serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4379-88. [PMID: 27116418 PMCID: PMC4875941 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its metabolites 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) from blood serum is a routine task in forensic toxicology laboratories. For examination of consumption habits, the concentration of the phase I metabolite THC-COOH is used. Recommendations for interpretation of analysis values in medical-psychological assessments (regranting of driver’s licenses, Germany) include threshold values for the free, unconjugated THC-COOH. Using a fully automated two-step liquid-liquid extraction, THC, 11-OH-THC, and free, unconjugated THC-COOH were extracted from blood serum, silylated with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), and analyzed by GC/MS. The automation was carried out by an x-y-z sample robot equipped with modules for shaking, centrifugation, and solvent evaporation. This method was based on a previously developed manual sample preparation method. Validation guidelines of the Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh) were fulfilled for both methods, at which the focus of this article is the automated one. Limits of detection and quantification for THC were 0.3 and 0.6 μg/L, for 11-OH-THC were 0.1 and 0.8 μg/L, and for THC-COOH were 0.3 and 1.1 μg/L, when extracting only 0.5 mL of blood serum. Therefore, the required limit of quantification for THC of 1 μg/L in driving under the influence of cannabis cases in Germany (and other countries) can be reached and the method can be employed in that context. Real and external control samples were analyzed, and a round robin test was passed successfully. To date, the method is employed in the Institute of Legal Medicine in Giessen, Germany, in daily routine. Automation helps in avoiding errors during sample preparation and reduces the workload of the laboratory personnel. Due to its flexibility, the analysis system can be employed for other liquid-liquid extractions as well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication on a comprehensively automated classical liquid-liquid extraction workflow in the field of forensic toxicological analysis. GC/MS with MPS Dual Head at the Institute of Legal Medicine, Giessen, Germany. Modules from left to right: quickMix (for LLE), wash station, tray 1 (vials for extracts), solvent reservoir, mVAP (for extract evaporation), Solvent Filling Station (solvent supply), cooled tray 2 (vials for serum samples), and centrifuge (for phase separation) ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Purschke
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Sonja Heinl
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Institute of Legal Medicine, Frankfurter Straße 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Lerch
- GERSTEL GmbH & Co. KG, Eberhard-Gerstel-Platz 1, 45473, Muelheim, Germany
| | - Freidoon Erdmann
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Institute of Legal Medicine, Frankfurter Straße 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Veit
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Institute of Legal Medicine, Frankfurter Straße 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Kamble B, Gupta A, Moothedath I, Khatal L, Janrao S, Jadhav A, Duraiswamy B. Effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 245:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ulu ST. Spectrophotometric determination of glimepiride in pharmaceutical preparations based on the formation of charge-transfer and ion-pair complexes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kundlik ML, Zaware BH, Kuchekar SR. Rapid and specific approach for direct measurement of glimepiride in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS employing automated 96 well format: application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:64-70. [PMID: 22291058 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A rapid liquid chromatographic method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) detection is developed and validated for quantification of glimepiride in heparinized human plasma. Plasma samples, without a drying and reconstitution step, are extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and eluted with 0.9 mL of acetonitrile-methanol (1:1, v/v) containing 0.05% formic acid. The analyte and glimepiride d8 (internal standard, IS) are chromatographed on a C(18) column; the mobile phase is acetonitrile-2 mm ammonium formate (88:12, v/v), with the pH adjusted to 3.5 with formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The retention times of glimepiride and the IS are 0.93 min, and the runtime is 1.6 min per sample. Selected reaction monitoring of MH(+) at m/z 491.20 and 499.26 result in stable fragment ions with m/z 351.80 and 359.96 for glimepiride and the IS, respectively. The response was a linear function of the concentration in the range of 2.0-650.0 ng/mL, with r ≥ 0.9994. The recovery of glimepiride and the IS ranged from 81.91 to 83.36%. The assay has excellent characteristics and has been successfully used for the analysis of glimepiride in healthy human subjects in a bioequivalence study. It was well suited to clinical studies of the drug involving large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kundlik
- Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar, Loni Kurd, Pin-413713, Dis-Ahmednagar, Maharastra State, India
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Hotha KK, Yarramu NR, Kandibedala T, Dasari VB, Vobalaboina V. Simultaneous Determination of Atorvastatin and Glimepiride by LC-MS/MS in Human Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.38074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee HW, Lim MS, Lee J, Jegal MY, Kim DW, Lee WK, Jang IJ, Shin JG, Yoon YR. Frequency of CYP2C9 variant alleles, including CYP2C9*13 in a Korean population and effect on glimepiride pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharm Ther 2011; 37:105-11. [PMID: 21208246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 is a clinically important enzyme involved in the metabolism of many drugs commonly used in humans. Of several allelic variants known to affect the catalytic activity of the CYP2C9 enzyme, the frequencies of the CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13 alleles in the Korean population have been reported as 1·1% and 0·6%, respectively. Our objective was to re-evaluate the frequencies of CYP2C9 allelic variants in the Korean population, including the CYP2C9*13 allele by pyrosequencing, and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of glimepiride in relation to CYP2C9 genotypes, including CYP2C9*3/*3. METHODS 295 subjects were genotyped for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 using the TaqMan procedure, and for CYP2C9*13 using pyrosequencing. These data were combined with our previously reported data to assess the CYP2C9 allele and genotype frequencies in 869 Korean subjects. Data from 24 of the 295 genotyped subjects (22 CYP2C9*1/*1 homozygotes, one CYP2C9*1/*3 heterozygote and one CYP2C9*3/*3 homozygote) who had participated in a bioequivalence study were analysed retrospectively to examine the effects of CYP2C9 genotype on glimepiride pharmacokinetics. RESULTS The frequencies of the CYP2C9*1/*3, *3/*3, and *1/*13 genotypes in the study population (n = 295) were 0·081 (n = 24), 0·010 (n = 3) and 0·003 (n = 1), respectively. In the 869 subjects from the combined studies, allele frequencies for CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13 were 0·025 (95% CI: 0·018, 0·033) and 0·002 (95% CI: 0·000, 0·010), respectively. Relative to CYP2C9*1 homozygotes, the one CYP2C9*3 homozygous subject was found to have a higher AUC(0-∞) value (490% of the reference value) and a lower oral clearance rate (18% of the reference). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This study is the first examination of CYP2C9*3 homozygotes in the Korean population. Our data on the one subject with this genotype suggest that CYP2C9*3/*3 momozygotes have lower clearance of glimepiride and are exposed to higher levels of the drug than wild-type homozygotes. Although we identified a subject with the CYP2C9*13 allele using a new pyrosequencing assay, we were unfortunately unable to investigate its effects on glimepiride pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Lestari MLAD, Indrayanto G. Glimepiride. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2011; 36:169-204. [PMID: 22469262 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387667-6.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glimepiride, which belongs to the sulfonylurea group, has been widely analyzed for its physical chemical properties including its crystallinity. Moreover, methods to quantify glimepiride and its impurities, either in pharmaceutical dosage form or in biological sample, have also been extensively developed and reported. This chapter extracts all information needed to give more perspective regarding to this substance.
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A Review of Analytical Techniques for Determination of Glimepiride: Present and Perspectives. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:550-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181eea55a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Borges NCDC, Taveira YDA, Mazucheli JA, Haddad AL, Astigarraga REB, Moreno RA. [Comparison study of two glimepiride formulations bioavailability in healthy volunteers of both sexes after a single dose administration]. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA E METABOLOGIA 2007; 51:950-5. [PMID: 17934662 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the bioavailability of two glimepiride 4-mg tablet formulation in 26 healthy volunteers of both sexes. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted open with randomized two-period crossover design and a 14-day washout period. Samples were obtained over a 48-hour interval. Glimepiride concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS-MS. From the glimepiride plasma concentration versus time curves the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUC(0-last), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), Ke, T1/2, Cmax, and Tmax. RESULTS Geometric mean of Glimepirida/Amaryl 4 mg was 102.35% for AUC(0-t), 102.35% for AUC(0-infinity) and 99.31% for Cmax. The 90% CI was 92.62-109.55%; 95.62-109.55% e 88.60-111.32%, respectively. CONCLUSION Since the 90% CI for both Cmax, AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity) were within the interval of 80-125%, it was concluded that both formulations were bioequivalent, according to both the rate and extent of absorption.
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Wille SMR, Lambert WEE. Recent developments in extraction procedures relevant to analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1381-91. [PMID: 17468854 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important step in the development of an analytical method but is often regarded as time-consuming, laborious work. Optimum sample preparation leads to enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, however, and reduces amounts of interfering matrix compounds, resulting in less signal suppression or enhancement. Recent developments in extraction techniques that could be of interest in clinical and forensic toxicology, for example liquid-liquid, solid-phase, and headspace extraction, are summarized in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of several extraction techniques are discussed, to enable the reader to choose an appropriate method of extraction for his or her application. Attention is paid to current trends in analytical toxicology, for example miniaturization, high throughput, and automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Chakradhar L, Kallem R, Karthik A, Sundari BT, Ramesh S, Mullangi R, Srinivas NR. A rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of glimepiride in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 22:58-63. [PMID: 17642067 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of glimepiride (GPD) in human plasma. GPD and the internal standard (IS, glibenclamide) were extracted from a small aliquot of human plasma (200 microL) by a simple liquid-liquid extraction technique using ethyl acetate as extraction solvent. The compounds were separated on a YMC Propack, C18, 4.6x50 mm column using a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer, acetonitrile and methanol (30:60:10, v/v) as mobile phase at 0.5 mL/min on an API 4000 Sciex mass spectrometer connected to an Agilent HPLC system. Method validation and pre-clinical sample analysis was performed as per FDA guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. GPD and IS were detected without any interference from human plasma matrix. The method was proved to be accurate and precise at linearity range of 0.02-100.00 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The method was robust with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.02 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day accuracies for GPD were 88.60-113.50 and 96.82-103.93%, respectively. The inter-day precision was better than 12.21%. This method enabled faster and reliable determination of GPD in a pre-clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lagishetty Chakradhar
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 049, India
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23
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Li XY, Wang GJ, Sun JG, Zheng YT, Yan B, Xie HT, Wang X. LC–MS Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of a Novel Sulfonylurea: Potential Hypoglycemic Agent in Rat Plasma. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kolocouri F, Dotsikas Y, Apostolou C, Kousoulos C, Loukas YL. Simultaneous determination of losartan, EXP-3174 and hydrochlorothiazide in plasma via fully automated 96-well-format-based solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:593-601. [PMID: 17119933 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An automated, sensitive and high-throughput liquid chromatographic/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of losartan (LOS), its major circulating metabolite EXP-3174 and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma. LOS and HCTZ coexist in the same drug formulation, and this is the first method that enables the simultaneous determination of both drugs along with the active metabolite of LOS. Since these drugs have different physicochemical properties, the employment of a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) protocol was precluded. A fully automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol, based on 96-well format plates, was used to isolate these compounds and furosemide (internal standard, IS) from plasma. Washing and elution steps were amended accordingly in order to minimize any matrix effect from components of the plasma without reducing the elution of the molecules of interest. The compounds were eluted from a C18 column and detected with an API 3000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The assay was linear over the range 1.00-400 ng/mL for LOS and EXP-3174 and 0.500-200 ng/mL for HCTZ, respectively, when 200 microl of plasma was used in the extraction. The overall intra- and interassay variations were within acceptance limits. The analysis time for each sample was 4 min, and more than 300 samples could be analyzed in one day by running the system overnight. The assay was simple, highly sensitive, selective, precise, fast, and it enables the reliable determination of LOS, EXP-3174 and HCTZ in pharmacokinetic or bioequivalence studies after per os administration of a single tablet containing both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomila Kolocouri
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioequivalence Services (GLP Compliant), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71, Athens, Greece
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Dotsikas Y, Kousoulos C, Tsatsou G, Loukas YL. Development and validation of a rapid 96-well format based liquid–liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis method for ondansetron in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 836:79-82. [PMID: 16581316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of ondansetron was developed and validated. The plasma samples were treated by a semi-automated liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) in 1.2 mL 96-well format micro-tubes. Ondansetron and the internal standard (IS) granisetron were analyzed by combined reversed phase LC-MS/MS, with positive ion electrospray ionization, using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM). The statistical evaluation for this method reveals excellent linearity, accuracy and precision values for the range of concentrations 0.25-40.0 ng/mL. The proposed method enabled the reliable determination of ondansetron in bioequivalence studies after per os administration of a 4 or 8 mg tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Dotsikas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioequivalence Services, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Greece
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Jovanović D, Stojsić D, Zlatković M, Jović-Stosić J, Jovanović M. Bioequivalence assessment of the two brands of glimepiride tablets. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2006; 63:1015-20. [PMID: 17252706 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0612015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim. Glimepiride, as an antidiabetic from the group of sulfonylurea, is administered perorally in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to compare pharmacokinetic profiles and relative bioavailabilities of the two oral formulations of glimepiride, generic and innovator tablets, after a single dose of the active drug. Methods. An oral dose of 6 mg glimepiride was given under fasting conditions to 24 healthy volunteers. A one-week washout period was applied between the two consecutive periods. The serum samples obtained before dosing, and at various time points up to 48 hours, were analyzed for glimepiride concentration using the validated highperformance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters representing early (maximal concentration, time to reach maximal concentration) and total exposure (area under the curve from the time 0 to the infinite time) to glimepiride were obtained and further analyzed using the multifactorial analysis of variance and the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Comparison of the secondary kinetic variables was only descriptive. Results. The point estimates of the ratios of geometric means (test/reference) of maximal concentrations and areas under the curve were 1.046 (90% confidence interval: 0.906?1.208) and 1.022 (90% confidence interval: 0.856?1.220), respectively, while the median values of times to reach maximal concentration, at 5% level of significance, did not differ significantly. Both formulations were well tolerated. Transient mild hypoglycaemia, which had been noted in 6 participants, resolved spontaneously within 30?60 minutes. Conclusion. Since all the parametric 90% confidence intervals for the log-transformed main variables of glimepiride were within the 0.80 and 1.25 interval, accepted as the definition of bioequivalence, and the differences in times to reach maximal concentration also did not reach statistical significance, studied tablets were considered bioequivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Jovanović
- Military Medical Academy, National Poison Control Centre, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Kousoulos C, Tsatsou G, Apostolou C, Dotsikas Y, Loukas YL. Development of a high-throughput method for the determination of itraconazole and its hydroxy metabolite in human plasma, employing automated liquid-liquid extraction based on 96-well format plates and LC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:199-207. [PMID: 16333603 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A semi-automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of the antifungal drug itraconazole (ITZ) and its coactive metabolite hydroxyitraconazole (OH-ITZ) in human plasma. The plasma samples underwent liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) in 2.2 mL 96 deepwell plates. ITZ, OH-ITZ and the internal standard (IS) R51012 were extracted from plasma, using a mixture of acetonitrile (ACN) and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) as the organic solvent. This specific mixture, due to its composition, had a significant impact on the performance of the assay. All liquid transfer steps, including preparation of calibration standards and quality control samples as well as the addition of the IS, were performed automatically using robotic liquid handling workstations for parallel sample processing. After vortexing, centrifugation and freezing, the supernatant organic solvent was evaporated. The analytes and IS were dissolved in a small volume of a reconstitution solution, an aliquot of which was analyzed by combined reversed phase LC/MS/MS, with positive ion electrospray ionization and a TurboIonSpray interface, using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM). The method was shown to be sensitive and specific to both ITZ and OH-ITZ, it revealed excellent linearity for the range of concentrations 2-500 ng mL(-1) for ITZ and 4-1000 ng mL(-1) for OH-ITZ, it was very accurate and it gave very good inter- and intra-day precisions. The proposed high-throughput method was employed in a bioequivalence study after per os administration of two 100 mg tablets of ITZ, and it allowed this study to be completed in under four days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kousoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioequivalence Services (GLP Compliant), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece
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