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Šebela M. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in enzyme activity assays and its position in the context of other available methods. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1008-1031. [PMID: 34549449 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Activity assays are indispensable for studying biochemical properties of enzymes. The purposes of measuring activity are wide ranging from a simple detection of the presence of an enzyme to kinetic experiments evaluating the substrate specificity, reaction mechanisms, and susceptibility to inhibitors. Common activity assay methods include spectroscopy, electrochemical sensors, or liquid chromatography coupled with various detection techniques. This review focuses on the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as a growing and modern alternative, which offers high speed of analysis, sensitivity, versatility, possibility of automation, and cost-effectiveness. It may reveal reaction intermediates, side products or measure more enzymes at once. The addition of an internal standard or calculating the ratios of the substrate and product peak intensities and areas overcome the inherent inhomogeneous distribution of analyte and matrix in the sample spot, which otherwise results in a poor reproducibility. Examples of the application of MALDI-TOF MS for assaying hydrolases (including peptidases and β-lactamases for antibiotic resistance tests) and other enzymes are provided. Concluding remarks summarize advantages and challenges coming from the present experience, and draw future perspectives such as a screening of large libraries of chemical compounds for their substrate or inhibitory properties towards enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Šebela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, and CATRIN, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Naito Y. Quantitative analysis capability of DIUTHAME mass spectrometry verified by acetylcholinesterase enzyme-catalyzed reaction assays. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4895. [PMID: 36426802 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is advantageous for mass spectrometry applications where throughput is important. However, quantitative analysis is essentially problematic for MALDI-MS whose results depend on the intrinsically stochastic microcrystalline state of the matrix. High-throughput screening (HTS) of drug candidates is a typical example that requires high throughput. The application of MALDI-MS to HTS, which is quantitative analysis, imposes restrictions on designing an experimental system. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) methods, which do not depend on matrix crystal formation, are expected to be applied to quantitative analyses such as HTS. A recently developed one type of SALDI methods, desorption ionization using through hole alumina membrane (DIUTHAME), possesses a distinct feature that the surface microstructure effective for ionization is formed by through holes. In this study, the quantitative analysis capability of DIUTHAME was verified by applying DIUTHAME to enzyme-catalyzed reaction measurements, which are also used for HTS. Quantitative DIUTHAME-MS was conducted on various conditions of acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed reaction solutions containing cow milk as a substitute of biological media. Even for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction solutions containing complex additives that make the quantitative analysis extremely difficult, DIUTHAME based on the through hole structure enables quantitative measurements of the analytes by applying the reaction solutions to the back side of the laser exposed surface. In comparison with those obtained by MALDI-MS, the results obtained by DIUTHAME-MS showed less variability of data and delivered a better linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plots and a more reasonable value of the Michaelis constant. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that DIUTHAME-MS possesses the quantitative analysis capability much better than that of MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Naito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Shizuoka, Japan
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3
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Gaucher-Wieczorek F, Guérineau V, Touboul D, Thétiot-Laurent S, Pelissier F, Badet-Denisot MA, Badet B, Durand P. Evaluation of synthase and hemisynthase activities of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2014; 458:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Liu W, Liu S, Li H, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Binding of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein with aconitum alkaloids: an investigation using an intensity fading matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry method. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:973-978. [PMID: 21416535 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intensity fading matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IF-MALDI) mass spectrometry has become an alternative screening approach for the affinity-binding analysis of proteins and peptides with ligands. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) with aconitum alkaloids by IF-MALDI Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (IF-MALDI-FT-MS). Compared with the nonbinding internal standard, clear reduction in the ion abundances of the target alkaloids was observed with the addition of AGP. Relative binding affinities of different alkaloids towards the protein could also be estimated using IF-MALDI-FT-MS. The binding affinity was also investigated by using ultrafiltration liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ultrafiltration LC-DAD/ESI-MS), and results were consistent with that of IF-MALDI-FT-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
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5
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Lee J, Kim YK, Min DH. Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Assay for Phospholipase Activity Based on Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Double-Layer Films. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14714-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106276j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Young-Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Dal-Hee Min
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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7
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Valerio-Lepiniec M, Aumont-Nicaise M, Roux C, Raynal B, England P, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA, Desmadril M. Analysis of the Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity by isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 498:95-104. [PMID: 20416269 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) is responsible for the first and rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose-6P (F6P) into D-glucosamine-6P (GlcN6P) using L-glutamine (Gln) as nitrogen donor (synthase activity) according to an ordered bi-bi process where F6P binds first. In the absence of F6P, the enzyme exhibits a weak hydrolyzing activity of Gln into Glu and ammonia (glutaminase activity), whereas the presence of F6P strongly stimulates it (hemi-synthase activity). Until now, these different activities were indirectly measured using either coupled enzyme or colorimetric methods. In this work, we have developed a direct assay monitoring the heat released by the reaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of GlmS. The direct determination at 37 degrees C of kinetic parameters and affinity constants for both F6P and Gln demonstrated that part of the ammonia produced by Gln hydrolysis in the presence of both substrates is not used for the formation of the GlcN6P. The full characterization of this phenomenon allowed to identify experimental conditions where this leak of ammonia is negligible. Enthalpy measurements at 25 degrees C in buffers of various heats of protonation demonstrated that no proton exchange with the medium occurred during the enzyme-catalyzed glutaminase or synthase reaction suggesting for the first time that both products are released as a globally neutral pair composed by the Glu carboxylic side chain and the GlcN6P amine function. Finally we showed that the oligomerization state of GlmS is concentration-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Valerio-Lepiniec
- Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 8619, Université de Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France.
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8
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Golegaonkar SB, Bhonsle HS, Boppana R, Kulkarni MJ. Discovery of rifampicin as a new anti-glycating compound by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based insulin glycation assay. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:221-226. [PMID: 20212331 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro insulin glycation assay was developed for screening glycation inhibitors. The assay involves the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for monitoring the formation of glycated insulin. The assay is simple, rapid and amenable for high throughput screening. Using this assay we have discovered a strong anti-glycation activity for the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin. These results were compared with bovine serum albumin glucose fluorescence assay. In addition, the IC(50) of rifampicin was lower than that of aminoguanidine, a known anti-glycating agent, suggesting that rifampicin is a more potent glycation inhibitor.
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9
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Debois D, Hamze K, Guérineau V, Le Caër JP, Holland IB, Lopes P, Ouazzani J, Séror SJ, Brunelle A, Laprévote O. In situ localisation and quantification of surfactins in a Bacillus subtilis swarming community by imaging mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2008; 8:3682-91. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Durand P, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B, Mouilleron S, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA. Highlights of glucosamine-6P synthase catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:302-17. [PMID: 18279655 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamine:d-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, also known as glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlcN6P synthase), which catalyzes the first step in a pathway leading to the formation of uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is a key point in the metabolic control of the biosynthesis of amino sugar-containing macromolecules. The molecular mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by GlcN6P synthase is complex and involves amide bond cleavage followed by ammonia channeling and sugar isomerization. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge on this multi-faceted enzyme emphasizing the progress made during the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Durand
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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11
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Shabab M, Kulkarni MJ, Khan MI. Study of Papain–Cystatin Interaction by Intensity Fading MALDI-TOF-MS. Protein J 2007; 27:7-12. [PMID: 17763924 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-007-9102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intensity fading (IF) matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS ) has become an alternative screening approach for the affinity-binding analysis of proteins and peptides with molecular ligands. In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the protein ligand interaction by intensity fading (IF) MALDI-MS using papain and cystatin as model system for protein-ligand interactions. The intensity fading of cystatin was monitored using various concentration of cystatin ranging from (1 to 8.6 microM) in presence of target protein, papain. The results indeed indicate that the intensity of cystatin decreases upon addition of papain. Furthermore, for the first time we have used IF-MALDI-MS for determining the number of binding sites for cystatin on papain by Scatchard analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shabab
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India
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12
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Li Y, Lopez P, Durand P, Ouazzani J, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA. An enzyme-coupled assay for amidotransferase activity of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase. Anal Biochem 2007; 370:142-6. [PMID: 17880906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An assay for glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase using a yeast glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1 (GNA1) as coupling enzyme was developed. GNA1 transfers the acetyl moiety from acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to glucosamine-6-phosphate, releasing coenzyme A. The assay measures the production of glucosamine-6-phosphate by either following the consumption of acetyl-CoA spectrophotometrically at 230nm or quantifying the free thiol with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman's reagent) in a discontinuous manner. This method is simple to perform and can be adapted to a 96-well microtiter plate format, which will facilitate high-throughput inhibitor screening and mechanistic studies using purified GlmS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Greis KD. Mass spectrometry for enzyme assays and inhibitor screening: an emerging application in pharmaceutical research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:324-39. [PMID: 17405133 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Robust methods that monitor enzyme activity and inhibitor potency are crucial to drug discovery and development. Over the past 20 years, mass spectrometric methods have increasingly been used to measure enzyme activity and kinetics. However, for rapid screening of inhibitory compounds, various forms of fluorescence and chemiluminscence readout have continued to dominate the market. As the sensitivity, speed, and miniaturization of mass spectrometry methods continue to advance, opportunities to couple mass spectrometry with screening will continue to come to the forefront. To appreciate the tremendous potential for MS-based screening assays, it becomes necessary to understand the current state of capabilities in this arena. Thus, this review is intended to capture how mass spectrometry for studying enzymes activity has progressed from simple qualitative questions (i.e., is the product detected?) to quantitative measures of enzyme activity and kinetics and then as a tool for rapidly screening inhibitory compounds as an alternative to current methods of high throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Greis
- Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2180 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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