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Turbale M, Moges A, Dawit M, Amare M. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of Tetracycline in pharmaceutical capsule formulation using Poly(Malachite green) modified glassy carbon electrode. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05782. [PMID: 33385088 PMCID: PMC7772553 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective and sensitive electrochemical method based on glassy carbon electrode modified with poly(malachite green) was developed for determination of tetracycline in pharmaceutical capsule formulation. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a probe were used to characterize the potentiodynamiclly deposited poly(malachite green) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. In contrast to the unmodified glassy carbon electrode, the fabricated poly(malachite green) modified glassy carbon electrode showed catalytic property towards two steps irreversible oxidation of tetracycline. Better correlation of the oxidative peak current with the scan rate than with the square root of scan rate supported by slope of 0.60 for log(current) versus log(scan rate) indicated that the oxidation reaction of tetracycline at the modified electrode was predominantly controlled by electron exchange step at the solution polymer interface. Under optimized solution pH, and accumulation parameters, the square wave adsorptive anodic striping peak current response of the modified electrode showed linear dependence on concentration of tetracycline in the range 5-100 μM with determination coefficient, method detection limit, and quantification limit of 0.99588, 1.6 μM, and 5.3 μM, respectively. The tetracycline content of a capsule sample claimed to have 250 mg/capsule was found to be 250.53 mg/capsule with 0.21% deviation. Excellent spike recovery result of 99.80%, and 98.49-99.78% recovery of tetracycline in capsule sample in the presence of 50-200% of UA, AA, and ampicillin validated the applicability of the method for determination of tetracycline in real samples with complex matrix like capsule formulations.
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Li S, Zhang Q, Chen M, Zhang X, Liu P. Determination of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin: Sample preparation methods and analytical techniques. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1798247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Li
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiongyao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengdi Chen
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang C, Deng Y, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Yang L, Liao C, Su L, Zhou Y, Gong D, Chen L, Luo A. The application of the QuEChERS methodology in the determination of antibiotics in food: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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QuEChERS Pretreatment Combined with Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Four Veterinary Drug Residues in Marine Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-01431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu Z, Li J, Chen A, Ma X, Yang S. A new retrospective, multi-evidence veterinary drug screening method using drift tube ion mobility mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1141-1148. [PMID: 29723930 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The retrospectivity (the ability to retrospect to a previously unknown compound in raw data) is very meaningful for food safety and risk assessment when facing new emerging drugs. Accurate mass and retention time based screening may lead false positive and false negative results so new retrospective, reliable platform is desirable. METHODS Different concentration levels of standards with and without matrix were analyzed using ion mobility (IM)-quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) for collecting retrospective accurate mass, retention time, drift time and tandem MS evidence for identification in a single experiment. The isomer separation ability of IM and the four-dimensional (4D) feature abundance quantification abilities were evaluated for veterinary drugs for the first time. RESULTS The sensitivity of the IM-Q-TOF workflow was obviously higher than that of the traditional database searching algorithm [find by formula (FbF) function] for Q-TOF. In addition, the IM-Q-TOF workflow contained most of the results from FbF and removed the false positive results. Some isomers were separated by IM and the 4D feature abundance quantitation removed interference with similar accurate mass and showed good linearity. CONCLUSION A new retrospective, multi-evidence platform was built for veterinary drug screening in a single experiment. The sensitivity was significantly improved and the data can be used for quantification. The platform showed its potential to be used for food safety and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Agilent Technologies, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
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Ramatla T, Ngoma L, Adetunji M, Mwanza M. Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Raw Meat Using Different Analytical Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:E34. [PMID: 29215578 PMCID: PMC5745477 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic residue in meat is a serious public health concern due to its harmful effects on consumer health. This study aimed at estimating the residue levels of four commonly used antibiotics in meat samples using three analytical methods (ELISA, TLC and HPLC). A total of 150 samples of raw meat from sales points were analysed for ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulphanilamide residues. Overall, ELISA analysis showed that 56, 34, 18, and 25.3% of the samples tested positive for ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulphanilamide and tetracycline residues respectively while TLC and HPLC detected 21.4, 29.4, 92.5, and 14.6%, and 8.3, 41.1, 88.8, and 14.6% of the samples as containing the residues, with ciprofloxacin and sulphanilamide having the lowest and highest occurrence, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of antibiotic residues were in the ranges of 19.8-92.8, 26.6-489.1, 14.2-1280.8, and 42.6-355.6 μg/kg with ELISA, while HPLC detected concentration ranges of 20.7-82.1, 41.8-320.8, 65.2-952.2 and 32.8-95.6 μg/kg for sulphanilamide, tetracycline, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Mean ciprofloxacin and streptomycin residue levels were above the Codex/SA MRL recommended limit, while 3% of the samples contained multidrug residues. Although some of the mean residues levels were below the permissible limits, the co-occurrence of multidrug residues in some of the samples calls for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Lubanza Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
- Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Modupeade Adetunji
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
- Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Liu B, Wang L, Tong B, Zhang Y, Sheng W, Pan M, Wang S. Development and comparison of immunochromatographic strips with three nanomaterial labels: Colloidal gold, nanogold-polyaniline-nanogold microspheres (GPGs) and colloidal carbon for visual detection of salbutamol. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:337-342. [PMID: 27183285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the three nanomaterials: colloidal gold, nanogold-polyaniline-nanogold microspheres (GPGs) and colloidal carbon were respectively labeled with the antibody against salbutamol (SAL). We aimed to develop immunochromatographic strips with these nanomaterial labels and determine their performance in visual detection of SAL. For the colloidal gold-based strip, the detection limit of SAL was 1.0µgL(-1) in standard solution and 5.0µgkg(-1) in meat samples. For the GPG- and colloidal carbon-based strips, the limit of detection was 2.0µgL(-1) in standard solution and 10µgkg(-1) in meat samples. The results obtained using the test strips were found to be highly consistent with those obtained using a commercial kit, indicating the high accuracy of these strips. The three strips were also found to be stable up to 18 weeks under laboratory conditions. In terms of sensitivity, the colloidal gold-based strip was slightly better than the other two. For the GPG- and colloidal carbon-based strips, the difference between the results obtained for different batches was small (high consistency), and the stability was much better than that of the colloidal gold-based one. Our results indicate that colloidal carbon can be used as a label in immunochromatographic tests; it can also help reduce the cost involved and scale-up the production. The use of immunochromatographic test strips labeled with colloidal carbon can be a rapid and inexpensive method for SAL assays in on-site applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, 300457 Tianjin, China.
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8
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Franco MS, Padovan RN, Fumes BH, Lanças FM. An overview of multidimensional liquid phase separations in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1768-83. [PMID: 27030380 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a priority public health concern that demands analytical methods capable to detect low concentration level of contaminants (e.g. pesticides and antibiotics) in different food matrices. Due to the high complexity of these matrices, a sample preparation step is in most cases mandatory to achieve satisfactory results being usually tedious, lengthy, and prone to the introduction of errors. For this reason, many research groups have focused efforts on the development of online systems capable to do the cleanup, concentration, and separation steps at once through multidimensional separation techniques (MDS). Among several possible setups, the most popular are the multidimensional chromatographic techniques (MDC) that consist in combining more than one mobile and/or stationary phase to provide a satisfactory separation. In the present review, we selected a variety of multidimensional separation systems used for food contaminant analysis in order to discuss the instrumentation aspects, the concept of orthogonality, column approaches used in these systems, and new materials that can be used in these columns. Selected classes of contaminants present in food matrices are introduced and discussed as example of the potential applications of multidimensional liquid phase separation techniques in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraíssa Silva Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Henrique Fumes
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
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9
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Barreiro JC, Luiz AL, Maciel SCF, Maciel EVS, Lanças FM. Recent approaches for on-line analysis of residues and contaminants in food matrices: A review. J Sep Sci 2016; 38:1721-32. [PMID: 25773972 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent developments for on-line determination of residues and contaminants in complex matrices such as food samples. This involves the on-line coupling of a sample preparation technique (as the first "dimension") with a chromatographic system (second "dimension"), usually followed by mass spectrometry. Although frequently treated as quite distinct techniques, the role of all devices utilized as the first dimension in this approach aims to decrease the sample complexity while eliminating as much as possible the matrix contaminants to facilitate the qualitative and quantitative determination of the compounds of interest. This review will focus on the following techniques as the first dimension: (i) on-line solid-phase extraction; (ii) in-tube solid-phase microextraction; (iii) matrix solid-phase dispersion; and (iv) turbulent flow chromatography. The second dimension is usually performed using a chromatographic column to isolate the analyte(s) of interest for further mass spectrometry determination. A description of the basis of this on-line approach and its distinct set up possibilities is presented, which is followed by a critical review of the literature covering this subject in the last ten years (focusing on the last five years) with emphasis on the analysis of residue and contaminants in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Luigi Luiz
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Sheridan R, Mirabile J, Hafler K. Determination of six illegal antibiotics in chicken jerky dog treats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3690-3696. [PMID: 24437928 DOI: 10.1021/jf405458m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2007 chicken jerky dog treats were implicated in causing illnesses and death in dogs in several countries. Affected dogs were diagnosed with acquired Fanconi syndrome, which is characterized by kidney malfunction. Known causes of this condition include a chemical assault by various contaminants including certain drugs. For this reason investigations into possible causes of the illnesses included antibiotics that may be used in animal husbandry. Targeted analyte screens of individual imported chicken jerky dog treats using LC-MS/MS detected six illegal antibiotics in imported products of several brands. Trimethoprim, tilmicosin, enrofloxacin, sulfaclozine, and sulfamethoxazole are not allowed in chicken at any level and were found as high as 2800 ng/g (ppb). Sulfaquinoxaline was found in chicken jerky treats as high as 800 ng/g, which is well above the U.S. FDA tolerance of 100 ng/g. Although there is no evidence these contaminants were responsible for the dog illnesses, their misuse could contribute to antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sheridan
- New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, 6 Harriman Campus Road, Albany, New York 12206, United States
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Simultaneous Determination of Flumequine and Oxolinic Acid Residues in Aquatic Products Using Pressurized Capillary Electrochromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Chen Y, Schwack W. Planar chromatography mediated screening of tetracycline and fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk by fluorescence and mass selective detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1312:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Online solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry determination of multiple classes of antibiotics in environmental and treated waters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5953-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Robert C, Gillard N, Brasseur PY, Pierret G, Ralet N, Dubois M, Delahaut P. Rapid multi-residue and multi-class qualitative screening for veterinary drugs in foods of animal origin by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:443-57. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.751632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Liu P, Mao D, Martin RJ, Dong L. An integrated fiber-optic microfluidic device for detection of muscular force generation of microscopic nematodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3458-3466. [PMID: 22824814 PMCID: PMC3438457 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports development of an integrated fiber-optic microfluidic device for measuring muscular force of small nematode worms with high sensitivity, high data reliability, and simple device structure. A moving nematode worm squeezed through multiple detection points (DPs) created between a thinned single mode fiber (SMF) cantilever and a sine-wave channel with open troughs. The SMF cantilever was deflected by the normal force imposed by the worm, reducing optical coupling from the SMF to a receiving multimode fiber (MMF). Thus, multiple force data could be obtained for the worm-SMF contacts to verify with each other, improving data reliability. A noise equivalent displacement of the SMF cantilever was 0.28 μm and a noise equivalent force of the device was 143 nN. We demonstrated the workability of the device to detect muscular normal forces of the parasitic nematodes Oesophagotomum dentatum L3 larvae on the SMF cantilever. Also, we used this technique to measure force responses of levamisole-sensitive (SENS) and resistant (LERV) O. dentatum isolates in response to different doses of the anthelmintic drug, levamisole. The results showed that both of the isolates generated a larger muscular normal force when exposed to a higher concentration of levamisole. We also noticed muscular force phenotype differences between the SENS and LERV worms: the SENS muscles were more sensitive to levamisole than the LERV muscles. The ability to quantify the muscular forces of small nematode worms will provide a new approach for screening mutants at single animal resolution. Also, the ability to resolve small differences in muscular forces in different environmental conditions will facilitate phenotyping different isolates of nematodes. Thus, the present technology can potentially benefit and advance the current whole animal assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Fax: 1-515-294-8432; Tel: 1-515-294-0388
| | - Depeng Mao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Fax: 1-515-294-8432; Tel: 1-515-294-0388
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Fax: 1-515-294-8432; Tel: 1-515-294-0388
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Gibson R, Cooper KM, Kennedy DG, Elliott CT. Mass spectrometric analysis of muscle samples to detect potential antibiotic growth promoter misuse in broiler chickens. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1413-24. [PMID: 22784097 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.698398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric methods were developed and validated for the analysis in chicken muscle of a range of antibiotic growth promoters: spiramycin, tylosin, virginiamycin and bacitracin, and separately for two marker metabolites of carbadox (quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and 1,4-bisdesoxycarbadox), and a marker metabolite of olaquindox (3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid). The use of these compounds as antibiotic growth promoters has been banned by the European Commission. This study aimed to develop methods to detect their residues in muscle samples as a means of checking for the use of these drugs during the rearing of broiler chickens. When fed growth-promoting doses for 6 days, spiramycin (31.4 µg kg(-1)), tylosin (1.0 µg kg(-1)), QCA (6.5 µg kg(-1)), DCBX (71.2 µg kg(-1)) and MQCA (0.2 µg kg(-1)) could be detected in the muscle 0 days after the withdrawal of fortified feed. Only spiramycin could consistently be detected beyond a withdrawal period of 1 day. All analytes showed stability to a commercial cooking process, therefore raw or cooked muscle could be used for monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gibson
- Institute of Agri-Food & Land Use, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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17
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Analysis of selected pharmaceuticals in fish and the fresh water bodies directly affected by reclaimed water using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2711-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Nebot C, Regal P, Miranda J, Cepeda A, Fente C. Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides, Penicillins and Coccidiostats in Pork by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:414-25. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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19
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Tang YY, Lu HF, Lin HY, Shin YC, Hwang DF. Development of a Quantitative Multi-Class Method for 18 Antibiotics in Chicken, Pig, and Fish Muscle using UPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Nebot C, Iglesias A, Regal P, Miranda J, Cepeda A, Fente C. Development of a multi-class method for the identification and quantification of residues of antibiotics, coccidiostats and corticosteroids in milk by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Tang YY, Lu HF, Lin HY, Shih YC, Hwang DF. Multiclass analysis of 23 veterinary drugs in milk by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 881-882:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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22
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Romero-González R, Aguilera-Luiz M, Plaza-Bolaños P, Frenich AG, Vidal JM. Food contaminant analysis at high resolution mass spectrometry: Application for the determination of veterinary drugs in milk. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9353-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Carr JA, Parashar A, Gibson R, Robertson AP, Martin RJ, Pandey S. A microfluidic platform for high-sensitivity, real-time drug screening on C. elegans and parasitic nematodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2385-96. [PMID: 21647497 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20170k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new microfluidic platform for screening drugs and their dose response on the locomotion behavior of free living nematodes and parasitic nematodes. The system offers a higher sensitivity drug screening chip which employs a combination of existing and newly developed methods. Real-time observation of the entire drug application process (i.e. the innate pre-exposure locomotion, the transient response during drug exposure and the time-resolved, post-exposure behavior) at a single worm resolution is made possible. The chip enables the monitoring of four nematode parameters (number of worms responsive, number of worms leaving the drug well, average worm velocity and time until unresponsiveness). Each parameter generates an inherently different dose response; allowing for a higher resolution when screening for resistance. We expect this worm chip could be used as a robust cross species, cross drug platform. Existing nematode motility and migration assays do not offer this level of sophistication. The device comprises two principal components: behavioral microchannels to study nematode motility and a drug well for administering the dose and observing drug effects as a function of exposure time. The drug screening experiment can be described by three main steps: (i) 'pre-exposure study'- worms are inserted into the behavioral channels and their locomotion is characterized, (ii) 'dose exposure'- worms are guided from the behavioral microchannels into the drug well and held for a predefined time, during which time their transient response to the dose is characterized and (iii) 'post-exposure study'- worms are guided back into the behavioral microchannels where their locomotion (i.e. their time-resolved response to the dose) is characterized and compared to pre-exposure motility. The direction of nematodes' movement is reliably controlled by the application of an electric field within a defined range. Control experiments (e.g. in the absence of any drug) confirm that the applied electric fields do not affect the worms' motility or viability. We demonstrate the workability of the microfluidic platform on free living Caenorhabditis elegans (wild-type N2 and levamisole resistant ZZ15 lev-8) and parasitic Oesophagotomum dentatum (levamisole-sensitive, SENS and levamisole-resistant, LEVR) using levamisole (a well-studied anthelmintic) as the test drug. The proposed scheme of drug screening on a microfluidic device is expected to significantly improve the resolution, sensitivity and data throughput of in vivo testing, while offering new details on the transient and time-resolved exposure effects of new and existing anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Carr
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Lai SSL, Yeung HS, Lee WO, Ho C, Wong YT. Determination of closantel and rafoxanide in animal tissues by online anionic mixed-mode solid-phase extraction followed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1366-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Food safety is essential to people's health and people's livelihood. To ensure that food safety is an important current strategy of the governments, both regulation and standardization are important support for implementing this strategic initiative effectively. The status and prospects of China's food laws, regulations, and standards system are introduced. China now has established a complete law regime providing a sound foundation and good environment for keeping the health of people, maintaining the order of social economy and promoting the international trade of food. At the same time, it is undoubtedly important to strengthen standardization and improve the food safety standards system. In the administration of food safety, mass spectrometry is becoming more and more important and many analytical methods developed in China are based on its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Chu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China.
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26
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Dai SY, Herrman TJ. Evaluation of two liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry platforms for quantification of monensin in animal feed and milk. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1431-1438. [PMID: 20411582 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monensin is an anticoccidial drug that has been used as an additive in medicated feed. The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has included monensin in the national surveillance schemes for residues in foodstuff. In this study, two simple, selective and rapid methods were developed to determine monensin content in animal feed and milk. The methods enabled the detection of monensin residues as low as 1 ppb. Moreover, the two methods were used as models to compare two common liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) platforms; an LC linear ion trap (LC/LIT) and an LC triple quadrupole (LC/QqQ). The two instrument platforms were evaluated for their matrix effect dependence, precision and accuracy. The LC/QqQ presented a lower limit of detection and limit of quantitation (LOD and LOQ) and showed less matrix dependence as compared to the LC/LIT. The LC/QqQ instrument also demonstrated a better intermediate precision. For example, the intermediate precision standard deviation calculated for 27 analyses across three days was 4% and 11% for LC/QqQ and LC/LIT, respectively. Overall, the LC/QqQ represents a better choice for analysis of monensin with respect to LOD, LOQ, matrix interference and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Y Dai
- Office of the Texas State Chemist and the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Development of fast screening methods for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in milk by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2777-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Yeung HS, Lee WO, Wong YT. Screening of closantel and rafoxanide in animal muscles by HPLC with fluorescence detection and confirmation using MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:206-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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De Brabander H, Noppe H, Verheyden K, Vanden Bussche J, Wille K, Okerman L, Vanhaecke L, Reybroeck W, Ooghe S, Croubels S. Residue analysis: Future trends from a historical perspective. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7964-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Kinsella B, O’Mahony J, Malone E, Moloney M, Cantwell H, Furey A, Danaher M. Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7977-8015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Zheng MM, Ruan GD, Feng YQ. Evaluating polymer monolith in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for reliable quantification and confirmation of quinolone antibacterials in edible animal food. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7510-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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SAN MARTIN B, CORNEJO J, LAPIERRE L, IRAGÜEN D, PÉREZ F, HIDALGO H, ANDRE F. Withdrawal time of four pharmaceutical formulations of enrofloxacin in poultry according to different maximum residues limits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 33:246-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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An overview of sample preparation procedures for LC-MS multiclass antibiotic determination in environmental and food samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:921-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Wang J. Analysis of macrolide antibiotics, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, in food, biological and environmental matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:50-92. [PMID: 18785191 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides are a group of antibiotics that have been widely used in human medical and veterinary practices. Analysis of macrolides and related compounds in food, biological, and environmental matrices continue to be the focus of scientists for the reasons of food safety, pharmacokinetic studies, and environmental concerns. This article presents an overview on the primary biological properties of macrolides and their associated analytical issues, including extraction, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), method validation, and measurement uncertainty. The main techniques that have been used to extract macrolides from various matrices are solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. Conventional liquid chromatography (LC) with C18 columns plays a dominant role for the determination of macrolides, whereas ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) along with sub-2 microm particle C18 columns reduces run time and improves sensitivity. Mass spectrometry (MS), serving as a universal detection technique, has replaced ultraviolet (UV), fluorometric, and electrochemical detection for multi-macrolide analysis. The triple-quadrupole (QqQ), quadrupole ion trap (QIT), triple-quadrupole linear ion trap, time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometers are current choices for the determination of macrolides, including quantification, confirmation, identification of their degradation products or metabolites, and structural elucidation. LC or UPLC coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode (LC/MS/MS) is the first choice for quantification. UPLC-TOF or UPLC-QqTOF has been recognized as an emerging technique for accurate mass measurement and unequivocal identification of macrolides and their related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, 3650-36th Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2L 2L1.
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Rapid determination of five antibiotic residues in swine wastewater by online solid-phase extraction–high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1367-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Aguilera-Luiz M, Vidal JLM, Romero-González R, Frenich AG. Multi-residue determination of veterinary drugs in milk by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Turnipseed SB, Andersen WC, Karbiwnyk CM, Madson MR, Miller KE. Multi-class, multi-residue liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry screening and confirmation methods for drug residues in milk. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1467-1480. [PMID: 18412094 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and optimization of a multi-residue veterinary drug screening method for whole milk. The drug residues of regulatory interest in milk include beta-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. Milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile and the samples were then subjected to a clean-up procedure using a bonded solid-phase extraction cartridge and a molecular weight cut-off filter. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) triple quadrupole electrospray methods were developed to monitor for the drugs in milk. Since established tolerance levels are set for most of these drugs in milk, the initial screening procedure was semi-quantitative, where samples were compared to the response of a positive control. The positive control, consisting of an extract from a portion of milk fortified with the drugs at half their allowed levels, was used to set the laboratory's minimum response criteria for unknown samples. Confirmatory analyses, with additional ion transitions for each residue, were performed on the same extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
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39
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Reig M, Toldrá F. Veterinary drug residues in meat: Concerns and rapid methods for detection. Meat Sci 2008; 78:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Turnipseed SB, Andersen WC. Chapter 10 Veterinary Drug Residues. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Segura PA, Gagnon C, Sauvé S. A fully automated on-line preconcentration and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of anti-infectives in wastewaters. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 604:147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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43
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Andreu V, Blasco C, Picó Y. Analytical strategies to determine quinolone residues in food and the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:407-418. [PMID: 17326037 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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45
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Lolo M, Pedreira S, Vázquez BI, Franco CM, Cepeda A, Fente CA. Cryogenic grinding pre-treatment improves extraction efficiency of fluoroquinolones for HPLC-MS/MS determination in animal tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1933-7. [PMID: 17277958 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficiency extraction of fluoroquinolones in chicken muscle was achieved by pulverizing it in a freezer mill before treatment with NaOH (10mM)/MeCN (1:1). The improvement of cryogenic grinding in the extraction was demonstrated for the same piece (whole leg) of four chickens treated with enrofloxacin in equal doses. A confirmatory method based on high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the extracts. The chromatographic separation was achieved in 5 min with a Synergi Fusion-RP 80A (50 x 2 mm, 4 microm) column filled with a hybrid polymer. The HPLC was coupled with a detector based in a quadrupole-linear ion trap Q-TRAP that allows a confirmatory detection according to the European legislation. The specificity of the method was assessed by testing a number of representative blank muscle samples (n = 10) to verify the absence of potential interfering compounds. The limits of detection and quantitation were 2 and 5 ng g(-1) of quinolones in muscle samples, respectively. The chromatographic method was demonstrated to be linear for the range studied (5-500 ng g(-1)) with the P value for lack-of-fit in the ANOVA table greater or equal to 0.10 (calibration coefficient 0.9998 and 0.9996 for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively). The mean intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 6, c = 50 ng g(-1)) was 6%; inter-day assay gave a RSD of 12%. The extraction and clean-up were carried out in one step with very satisfactory recovery data (between 65 and 101%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lolo
- Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Area de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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46
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TAGIRI-ENDO M, YANAGITA N. Simultaneous Determination of Residual Veterinary Drugs in Muscle by On-Line Solid Phase Extraction/High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misako TAGIRI-ENDO
- Institute of Public Health and Environment, Miyagi Prefectural Government
| | - Noriaki YANAGITA
- Institute of Public Health and Environment, Miyagi Prefectural Government
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