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Khan A, Singh P, Chaudhary A, Haque R, Singh P, Mishra AK, Sarkar A, Srivastava A. Induction of Iron Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines by Siderophore of Aspergillus nidulans Towards Promising Anticancer Effect. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3594-3607. [PMID: 34705190 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and needs efficient and feasible approach of treatment. Present study focuses on exploring the anticancer activity of a secondary metabolite called siderophore of Aspergillus nidulans against hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. These small peptides are produced by microorganisms including fungi for scavenging iron from its surroundings. Fungi including Aspergillus spp. are known to produce siderophores under iron-limited conditions. Siderophores have high affinity towards iron and are classified into various types. In the present study, siderophore isolated and purified from fungal cultures was confirmed to be of hydroxamate type by chrome azurol sulfonate and Atkin's assay. HPLC analysis confirmed purity while LC-ESI-MS revealed that the siderophore is triacetyl fusigen. Cancerous cells, HepG2, grown under siderophore treatment showed inhibition in growth and proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Reduction in viability and metabolic activity was evident upon treatment as seen in trypan blue, MTT and WST assay. Fluorescent staining using PI and DAPI confirmed the same while DCFDA staining revealed increased reactive oxygen species production which might have led to cell death and deterioration. Such increase in ROS has been correlated with iron accumulation by assessing intracellular iron level through ICP-MS. To assess the effect of siderophore treatment on normal cells, WRL-68, same assays were carried out but the effect was mostly non-significant up to 48 h. Thus, present work suggests that an optimum dose of siderophore purified from A. nidulans culture might prove a useful anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Khan
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Pratika Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Archana Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India.
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Armin R, Zühlke S, Grunewaldt-Stöcker G, Mahnkopp-Dirks F, Kusari S. Production of Siderophores by an Apple Root-Associated Streptomyces ciscaucasicus Strain GS2 Using Chemical and Biological OSMAC Approaches. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123517. [PMID: 34207697 PMCID: PMC8228313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple Replant Disease (ARD) is a significant problem in apple orchards that causes root tissue damage, stunted plant growth, and decline in fruit quality, size, and overall yield. Dysbiosis of apple root-associated microbiome and selective richness of Streptomyces species in the rhizosphere typically concurs root impairment associated with ARD. However, possible roles of Streptomyces secondary metabolites within these observations remain unstudied. Therefore, we employed the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMSn) to evaluate the chemical ecology of an apple root-associated Streptomycesciscaucasicus strain GS2, temporally over 14 days. The chemical OSMAC approach comprised cultivation media alterations using six different media compositions, which led to the biosynthesis of the iron-chelated siderophores, ferrioxamines. The biological OSMAC approach was concomitantly applied by dual-culture cultivation for microorganismal interactions with an endophytic Streptomyces pulveraceus strain ES16 and the pathogen Cylindrocarpon olidum. This led to the modulation of ferrioxamines produced and further triggered biosynthesis of the unchelated siderophores, desferrioxamines. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using HRMSn and by comparison with the literature. We evaluated the dynamics of siderophore production under the combined influence of chemical and biological OSMAC triggers, temporally over 3, 7, and 14 days, to discern the strain’s siderophore-mediated chemical ecology. We discuss our results based on the plausible chemical implications of S. ciscaucasicus strain GS2 in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Armin
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CMS), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (R.A.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sebastian Zühlke
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CMS), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (R.A.); (S.Z.)
| | - Gisela Grunewaldt-Stöcker
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Phytomedicine, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Felix Mahnkopp-Dirks
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CMS), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (R.A.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-231-755-4086
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3
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Egbers PH, Harder T, Koch BP, Tebben J. Siderophore purification with titanium dioxide nanoparticle solid phase extraction. Analyst 2020; 145:7303-7311. [PMID: 32901634 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are metal chelators produced by microorganisms to facilitate binding and uptake of iron. The isolation and characterization of siderophores are impeded by typically low siderophore yields and the complexity of siderophore-containing extracts generated with traditional purification methods. We investigated titanium dioxide nanoparticle solid-phase extraction (TiO2 NP SPE) as a technique to selectively concentrate and purify siderophores from complex matrices for subsequent LC-MS detection and identification. TiO2 NP SPE showed a high binding capacity (15.7 ± 0.2 μmol mg-1 TiO2) for the model siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and proved robust to pH changes and the presence of EDTA. These are significant advances in comparison to immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The TiO2 NP SPE was highly selective and recovered 77.6 ± 6.2% of DFOB spiked to a compositionally complex bacterial culture supernatant. The simple clean-up procedure removed the majority of contaminants and allowed direct detection of siderophores from the LC-MS base peak chromatogram. The 'untargeted' purification and analysis of an untreated supernatant of iron-deprived bacterial culture allowed for the direct identification of two known and three novel ferrioxamines. Thus, TiO2 NP SPE in combination with LC-MS offers great potential as a discovery platform for the purification and subsequent quantification or identification of novel siderophores of microbial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp H Egbers
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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4
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Kosyakovsky J, Witthuhn BA, Svitak AL, Frey WH, Hanson LR, Fine JM. Quantifying Intranasally Administered Deferoxamine in Rat Brain Tissue with Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4571-4578. [PMID: 31573798 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deferoxamine, a metal chelator, has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and both subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Intranasal deferoxamine (IN DFO) has also shown promise as a potential treatment for multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. However, there have been no attempts to thoroughly understand the dynamics and pharmacokinetics of IN DFO. We developed a new high-performance liquid-chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS2) method to quantify the combined total levels of DFO, ferrioxamine (FO; DFO bound to iron), and aluminoxamine (AO; aluminum-bound DFO) in brain tissue using a custom-synthesized deuterated analogue (DFO-d7, Medical Isotopes Inc., Pelham NH) as an internal standard. We applied our method toward understanding the pharmacokinetics of IN DFO delivery to the brain and blood of rats from 15 min to 4 h after delivery. We found that IN delivery successfully targets DFO to the brain to achieve concentrations of 0.5-15 μM in various brain regions within 15 min, and decreasing though still detectable after 4 h. Systemic exposure was minimized as assessed by concentration in blood serum. Serum concentrations were 0.02 μM at 15 min and no more than 0.1 μM at later time points. Compared to blood serum, brain region-specific drug exposure (as measured by area under the curve) ranged from slightly under 10 times exposure in the hippocampus to almost 200 times exposure in the olfactory bulb with IN DFO delivery. These findings represent a major step toward future method development, pharmacokinetic studies, and clinical trials for this promising therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kosyakovsky
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - Bruce A. Witthuhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Aleta L. Svitak
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - William H. Frey
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - Leah R. Hanson
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - Jared M. Fine
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
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A. Boya P. C, Christian MH, Fernández-Marín H, Gutiérrez M. Fungus-Growing Ant's Microbial Interaction of Streptomyces sp. and Escovopsis sp. through Molecular Networking and MALDI Imaging. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1901400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes associated with fungus-growing ants represent a poorly explored source of natural products. In this study, we used mass spectrometry-based dereplication techniques for identifying a set of secondary metabolites produced during the microbial interaction between Streptomyces sp. (CB0028) and Escovopsis sp. (CBAcro424). Both microorganisms were isolated from the nest of the fungus-growing ant Acromyrmex echinatior. Through MALDI imaging and MS/MS molecular networking, we annotated the siderophores: desferrioxamine B (1), ferrioxamine B (2), ferrioxamine E (3) and the N-formylated peptide SCO-2138/SLI-2138 (4). MALDI imaging experiments suggest that siderophores occurred during the microbial interactions in the fungus-growing ants – microbes symbioses. This is the first report on the production of compounds 1-4 by bacteria associated with fungus-growing ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher A. Boya P.
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Nagarjuna Nagar-522 510, India
| | - Martin H. Christian
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Nagarjuna Nagar-522 510, India
| | - Hermógenes Fernández-Marín
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de
Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT
AIP), Panamá, Apartado 0843-01103
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de
Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT
AIP), Panamá, Apartado 0843-01103
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6
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Boiteau RM, Fansler SJ, Farris Y, Shaw JB, Koppenaal DW, Pasa-Tolic L, Jansson JK. Siderophore profiling of co-habitating soil bacteria by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2019; 11:166-175. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcareous soil microbes complete for scarce iron by synthesizing diverse suites of siderophores detectable by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene M. Boiteau
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
- College of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences
| | - Sarah J. Fansler
- Biological Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Yuliya Farris
- College of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences
- Oregon State University
- Corvallis
- USA
| | - Jared B. Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - David W. Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Ljiljana Pasa-Tolic
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Janet K. Jansson
- Biological Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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7
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Mo KF, Dai Z, Wunschel DS. Production and Characterization of Desmalonichrome Relative Binding Affinity for Uranyl Ions in Relation to Other Siderophores. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1492-1499. [PMID: 27232848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are iron (Fe)-binding secondary metabolites that have been investigated for their uranium-binding properties. Previous work has focused on characterizing hydroxamate types of siderophores, such as desferrioxamine B, for their uranyl (UO2)-binding affinity. Carboxylate forms of these metabolites hold potential to be more efficient chelators of UO2, yet they have not been widely studied. Desmalonichrome is a carboxylate siderophore that is not commercially available and so was obtained from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum cultivated under Fe-depleted conditions. The relative affinity for UO2 binding of desmalonichrome was investigated using a competitive analysis of binding affinities between UO2 acetate and different concentrations of Fe(III) chloride using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition to desmalonichrome, three other siderophores, including two hydroxamates (desferrioxamine B and desferrichrome) and one carboxylate (desferrichrome A), were studied to understand their relative affinities for the UO2(2+) ion at two pH values. The binding affinities of hydroxamate siderophores to UO2(2+) ions were observed to decrease with increasing Fe(III)Cl3 concentration at the lower pH. On the other hand, decreasing the pH has a smaller impact on the binding affinities between carboxylate siderophores and the UO2(2+) ion. Desmalonichrome in particular was shown to have the greatest relative affinity for UO2 at all pH and Fe(III) concentrations examined. These results suggest that acidic functional groups in the ligands are important for strong chelation with UO2 at lower pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-For Mo
- Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences and ‡Chemical and Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences and ‡Chemical and Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David S Wunschel
- Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences and ‡Chemical and Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Sidebottom AM, Karty JA, Carlson EE. Accurate mass MS/MS/MS analysis of siderophores ferrioxamine B and E1 by collision-induced dissociation electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1899-1902. [PMID: 26323615 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are bacterially secreted, small molecule iron chelators that facilitate the binding of insoluble iron (III) for reuptake and use in various biological processes. These compounds are classified by their iron (III) binding geometry, as dictated by subunit composition and include groups such as the trihydroxamates (hexadentate ligand) and catecholates (bidentate). Small modifications to the core structure such as acetylation, lipid tail addition, or cyclization, make facile characterization of new siderophores difficult by molecular ion detection alone (MS(1)). We have expanded upon previous fragmentation-directed studies using electrospray ionization collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MS/MS/MS) and identified diagnostic MS(3) features from the trihydroxamate siderophore class for ferrioxamine B and E1 by accurate mass. Diagnostic features for MS(3) include C-C, C-N, amide, and oxime cleavage events with proposed losses of water and -CO from the iron (III) coordination sites. These insights will facilitate the discovery of novel trihydroxamate siderophores from complex sample matrices. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan A Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47403, USA
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47403, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47403, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Determination of Siderophores in Seawater by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Solid Phase Extraction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Olofsson MA, Bylund D. Analysis of hydroxamate siderophores in soil solution using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry with on-line sample preconcentration. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3305-12. [PMID: 26179786 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method was developed to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze 13 hydroxamate siderophores (ferrichrome, ferrirubin, ferrirhodin, ferrichrysin, ferricrocin, ferrioxamine B, D1 , E and G, neocoprogen I and II, coprogen and triacetylfusarinine C). Samples were preconcentrated on-line by a switch-valve setup prior to analyte separation on a Kinetex C18 column. Gradient elution was performed using a mixture of an ammonium formate buffer and acetonitrile. Total analysis time including column conditioning was 20.5 min. Analytes were fragmented by applying collision-induced dissociation, enabling structural identification by tandem mass spectrometry. Limit of detection values for the selected ion monitoring method ranged from 71 pM to 1.5 nM with corresponding values of two to nine times higher for the multiple reaction monitoring method. The liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method resulted in a robust and sensitive quantification of hydroxamate siderophores as indicated by retention time stability, linearity, sensitivity, precision and recovery. The analytical error of the methods, assessed through random-order, duplicate analysis of soil samples extracted with a mixture of 10 mM phosphate buffer and methanol, appears negligible in relation to between-sample variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelen A Olofsson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Dan Bylund
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
Microbes produce a huge array of secondary metabolites endowed with important ecological functions. These molecules, which can be catalogued as natural products, have long been exploited in medical fields as antibiotics, anticancer and anti-infective agents. Recent years have seen considerable advances in elucidating natural-product biosynthesis and many drugs used today are natural products or natural-product derivatives. The major contribution to recent knowledge came from application of genomics to secondary metabolism and was facilitated by all relevant genes being organised in a contiguous DNA segment known as gene cluster. Clustering of genes regulating biosynthesis in bacteria is virtually universal. Modular gene clusters can be mixed and matched during evolution to generate structural diversity in natural products. Biosynthesis of many natural products requires the participation of complex molecular machines known as polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Discovery of new evolutionary links between the polyketide synthase and fatty acid synthase pathways may help to understand the selective advantages that led to evolution of secondary-metabolite biosynthesis within bacteria. Secondary metabolites confer selective advantages, either as antibiotics or by providing a chemical language that allows communication among species, with other organisms and their environment. Herewith, we discuss these aspects focusing on the most clinically relevant bioactive molecules, the thiotemplated modular systems that include polyketide synthases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and fatty acid synthases. We begin by describing the evolutionary and physiological role of marine natural products, their structural/functional features, mechanisms of action and biosynthesis, then turn to genomic and metagenomic approaches, highlighting how the growing body of information on microbial natural products can be used to address fundamental problems in environmental evolution and biotechnology.
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Boiteau RM, Repeta DJ. An extended siderophore suite from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 revealed by LC-ICPMS-ESIMS. Metallomics 2015; 7:877-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00005j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New members of the synechobactin siderophore suite with variable hydroxamate chain length were discovered using an LCMS based pipeline for the sensitive characterization of iron complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene M. Boiteau
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Woods Hole, USA
- Department of Earth
- Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
| | - Daniel J. Repeta
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Woods Hole, USA
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13
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Sidebottom AM, Johnson AR, Karty JA, Trader DJ, Carlson EE. Integrated metabolomics approach facilitates discovery of an unpredicted natural product suite from Streptomyces coelicolor M145. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2009-16. [PMID: 23777274 DOI: 10.1021/cb4002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products exhibit a broad range of biological properties and have been a crucial source of therapeutic agents and novel scaffolds. Although bacterial secondary metabolomes are widely explored, they remain incompletely cataloged by current isolation and characterization strategies. To identify metabolites residing in unexplored chemical space, we have developed an integrated discovery approach that combines bacterial growth perturbation, accurate mass spectrometry, comparative mass spectra data analysis, and fragmentation spectra clustering for the identification of low-abundant, novel compounds from complex biological matrices. In this investigation, we analyzed the secreted metabolome of the extensively studied Actinomycete, Streptomyces coelicolor M145, and discovered a low-abundant suite of 15 trihydroxamate, amphiphilic siderophores. Compounds in this class have primarily been observed in marine microorganisms making their detection in the soil-dwelling S. coelicolor M145 significant. At least 10 of these ferrioxamine-based molecules are not known to be produced by any organism, and none have previously been detected from S. coelicolor M145. In addition, we confirmed the production of ferrioxamine D1, a relatively hydrophilic family member that has not been shown to be biosynthesized by this organism. The identified molecules are part of only a small list of secondary metabolites that have been discovered since sequencing of S. coelicolor M145 revealed that it possessed numerous putative secondary metabolite-producing gene clusters with no known metabolites. Thus, the identified siderophores represent the unexplored metabolic potential of both well-studied and new organisms that could be uncovered with our sensitive and robust approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Sidebottom
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Karty
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Darci J. Trader
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erin E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Isotope-assisted screening for iron-containing metabolites reveals a high degree of diversity among known and unknown siderophores produced by Trichoderma spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:18-31. [PMID: 23064341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02339-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to low iron availability under environmental conditions, many microorganisms excrete iron-chelating agents (siderophores) to cover their iron demands. A novel screening approach for the detection of siderophores using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was developed to study the production of extracellular siderophores of 10 wild-type Trichoderma strains. For annotation of siderophores, an in-house library comprising 422 known microbial siderophores was established. After 96 h of cultivation, 18 different iron chelators were detected. Four of those (dimerum acid, fusigen, coprogen, and ferricrocin) were identified by measuring authentic standards. cis-Fusarinine, fusarinine A and B, and des-diserylglycylferrirhodin were annotated based on high-accuracy mass spectral analysis. In total, at least 10 novel iron-containing metabolites of the hydroxamate type were found. On average Trichoderma spp. produced 12 to 14 siderophores, with 6 common to all species tested. The highest number (15) of siderophores was detected for the most common environmental opportunistic and strongly fungicidic species, Trichoderma harzianum, which, however, did not have any unique compounds. The tropical species T. reesei had the most distinctive pattern, producing one unique siderophore (cis-fusarinine) and three others that were present only in T. harzianum and not in other species. The diversity of siderophores did not directly correlate with the antifungal potential of the species tested. Our data suggest that the high diversity of siderophores produced by Trichoderma spp. might be the result of further modifications of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) products and not due to diverse NRPS-encoding genes.
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Koulman A, Lee TV, Fraser K, Johnson L, Arcus V, Lott JS, Rasmussen S, Lane G. Identification of extracellular siderophores and a related peptide from the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae in culture and endophyte-infected Lolium perenne. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 75:128-39. [PMID: 22196939 PMCID: PMC3311397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) have been identified in fungi of Epichloë/Neotyphodium species, endophytes of Pooid grasses, including sidN, putatively encoding a ferrichrome siderophore-synthesizing NRPS. Targeted gene replacement and complementation of sidN in Epichloë festucae has established that extracellular siderophore epichloënin A is the major product of the SidN enzyme complex (Johnson et al., 2007a). We report here high resolution mass spectrometric fragmentation experiments and NMR analysis of an isolated fraction establishing that epichloënin A is a siderophore of the ferrichrome family, comprising a cyclic sequence of four glycines, a glutamine and three N(δ)-trans-anhydromevalonyl-N(δ)-hydroxyornithine (AMHO) moieties. Epichloënin A is unusual among ferrichrome siderophores in comprising an octapeptide rather than hexapeptide sequence, and in incorporating a glutamine residue. During this investigation we have established that desferrichrome siderophores with pendant trans-AMHO groups can be distinguished from those with pendant cis-AMHO groups by the characteristic neutral loss of an hydroxyornithine moiety in the MS/MS spectrum. A minor component, epichloënin B, has been characterized as the triglycine variant by mass spectrometry. A peptide characterized by mass spectrometry as the putative deoxygenation product, epichloëamide has been detected together with ferriepichloënin A in guttation fluid from ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants infected with wild-type E. festucae, but not in plants infected with the ΔsidN mutant strain, and also detected at trace levels in wild-type E. festucae fungal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Koulman
- Lipid Profiling and Signaling Group, MRC HNR, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. Verne Lee
- AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Linda Johnson
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Vickery Arcus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J. Shaun Lott
- AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Susanne Rasmussen
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey Lane
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Address: AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. Tel.: +64 6 356 8019; fax: +64 6 351 8032.
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Gledhill M, Buck KN. The organic complexation of iron in the marine environment: a review. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:69. [PMID: 22403574 PMCID: PMC3289268 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for marine organisms, and it is now well established that low Fe availability controls phytoplankton productivity, community structure, and ecosystem functioning in vast regions of the global ocean. The biogeochemical cycle of Fe involves complex interactions between lithogenic inputs (atmospheric, continental, or hydrothermal), dissolution, precipitation, scavenging, biological uptake, remineralization, and sedimentation processes. Each of these aspects of Fe biogeochemical cycling is likely influenced by organic Fe-binding ligands, which complex more than 99% of dissolved Fe. In this review we consider recent advances in our knowledge of Fe complexation in the marine environment and their implications for the biogeochemistry of Fe in the ocean. We also highlight the importance of constraining the dissolved Fe concentration value used in interpreting voltammetric titration data for the determination of Fe speciation. Within the published Fe speciation data, there appear to be important temporal and spatial variations in Fe-binding ligand concentrations and their conditional stability constants in the marine environment. Excess ligand concentrations, particularly in the truly soluble size fraction, seem to be consistently higher in the upper water column, and especially in Fe-limited, but productive, waters. Evidence is accumulating for an association of Fe with both small, well-defined ligands, such as siderophores, as well as with larger, macromolecular complexes like humic substances, exopolymeric substances, and transparent exopolymers. The diverse size spectrum and chemical nature of Fe ligand complexes corresponds to a change in kinetic inertness which will have a consequent impact on biological availability. However, much work is still to be done in coupling voltammetry, mass spectrometry techniques, and process studies to better characterize the nature and cycling of Fe-binding ligands in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Gledhill
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre - Southampton, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
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McMillan DGG, Velasquez I, Nunn BL, Goodlett DR, Hunter KA, Lamont I, Sander SG, Cook GM. Acquisition of iron by alkaliphilic bacillus species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6955-61. [PMID: 20802068 PMCID: PMC2953014 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01393-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical and molecular mechanisms used by alkaliphilic bacteria to acquire iron are unknown. We demonstrate that alkaliphilic (pH > 9) Bacillus species are sensitive to artificial iron (Fe³+) chelators and produce iron-chelating molecules. These alkaliphilic siderophores contain catechol and hydroxamate moieties, and their synthesis is stimulated by manganese(II) salts and suppressed by FeCl₃ addition. Purification and mass spectrometric characterization of the siderophore produced by Caldalkalibacillus thermarum failed to identify any matches to previously observed fragmentation spectra of known siderophores, suggesting a novel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - Imelda Velasquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - Brook L. Nunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - Keith A. Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - Iain Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - Sylvia G. Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
| | - Gregory M. Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand, Medicinal Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Box 358610, Seattle, Washington 98115
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The siderophore ferricrocin produced by specific foliar endophytic fungi in vitro. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:248-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mawji E, Gledhill M, Milton JA, Tarran GA, Ussher S, Thompson A, Wolff GA, Worsfold PJ, Achterberg EP. Hydroxamate siderophores: occurrence and importance in the Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8675-80. [PMID: 19192780 DOI: 10.1021/es801884r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are chelates produced by bacteria as part of a highly specific iron uptake mechanism. They are thought to be important in the bacterial acquisition of iron in seawater and to influence iron biogeochemistry in the ocean. We have identified and quantified two types of siderophores in seawater samples collected from the Atlantic Ocean. These siderophores were identified as hydroxamate siderophores, both ferrioxamine species representative of the more soluble marine siderophores characterized to date. Ferrioxamine G was widely distributed in surface waters throughout the Atlantic Ocean, while ferrioxamine E had a more varied distribution. Total concentrations of the two siderophores were between 3 and 20 pM in the euphotic zone. If these compounds are fully complexed in seawater, they represent approximately 0.2-4.6% of the <0.2 microm iron pool. Our data confirm that siderophore-mediated iron acquisition is important for marine heterotrophic bacteria and indicate that siderophores play an important role in the oceanic biogeochemical cycling of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Mawji
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
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