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Application of individual response factors for accurate quantitation of alkylated PAH homologs in complex environmental samples using gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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2
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Su X, Sutarlie L, Loh XJ. Sensors, Biosensors, and Analytical Technologies for Aquaculture Water Quality. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:8272705. [PMID: 32149280 PMCID: PMC7048950 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8272705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In aquaculture industry, fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants are cultivated in fresh, salt, or brackish waters. The increasing demand of aquatic products has stimulated the rapid growth of aquaculture industries. How to effectively monitor and control water quality is one of the key concerns for aquaculture industry to ensure high productivity and high quality. There are four major categories of water quality concerns that affect aquaculture cultivations, namely, (1) physical parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity, (2) organic contaminants, (3) biochemical hazards, e.g., cyanotoxins, and (4) biological contaminants, i.e., pathogens. While the physical parameters are affected by climate changes, the latter three are considered as environmental factors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of sensors, biosensors, and analytical technologies available for monitoring aquaculture water quality. They include low-cost commercial sensors and sensor network setups for physical parameters. They also include chromatography, mass spectrometry, biochemistry, and molecular methods (e.g., immunoassays and polymerase chain reaction assays), culture-based method, and biophysical technologies (e.g., biosensors and nanosensors) for environmental contamination factors. According to the different levels of sophistication of various analytical techniques and the information they can provide (either fine fingerprint, highly accurate quantification, semiquantification, qualitative detection, or fast screening), we will comment on how they may be used as complementary tools, as well as their potential and gaps toward current demand of real-time, online, and/or onsite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way. Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Laura Sutarlie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way. Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way. Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634
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3
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Cha E, Jeong ES, Han SB, Cha S, Son J, Kim S, Oh HB, Lee J. Ionization of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Electrospray Ionization Coupled with Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4203-4211. [PMID: 29461802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as nonpolar compounds were ionized to protonated molecular ions [M + H]+ without radical cations and simultaneously analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The ionization profile, dissociation, and sensitivity were first investigated to understand the significant behavior of gas-phase PAHs under ESI. The formation of protonated molecular ions of PAHs was distinguished according to the analyte phase and ESI spray solvents. The protonated PAHs exhibited characteristic dissociations, such as H-loss, H2-loss, and acetylene-loss, via competition of internal energy. In addition, GC/ESI-MS/MS resulted in relatively lower concentration levels (better sensitivity) for the limits-of-detection (LODs) of PAHs than liquid chromatography (LC)/ESI-MS/MS, and it seems to result from the characteristic ionization mechanism of the gas-phase analyte under ESI. Furthermore, the LODs of gas-phase PAHs depended on molecular weight and proton affinity (PA). Consequently, we demonstrated the relationship among the analyte phases, sensitivities, and structural characteristics (molecular weight and PA) under ESI. The gas-phase PAHs provided enhanced protonation efficiency and sensitivity using GC/ESI-MS/MS, as their molecular weight and PA increased. Based on these results, we offered important information regarding the behavior of gas-phase analytes under ESI. Therefore, the present GC/ESI-MS/MS method has potential as an alternative method for simultaneous analysis of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Cha
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Eun Sook Jeong
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974 , Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry , Hankuk University of Foreign Studies , 81 Oedae-ro , Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeongi-do 17035 , Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehakro , Buk-gu, Daegu 41566 , Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Sogang University , 35 Baekbeom-ro , Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107 , Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
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4
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Cachada A, Coelho C, Gavina A, Dias AC, Patinha C, Reis AP, da Silva EF, Duarte AC, Pereira R. Availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to earthworms in urban soils and its implications for risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:196-203. [PMID: 29035791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a global problem, and in urban soils they can be found at potentially hazard levels. Nevertheless, the real risks that these contaminants pose to the environment are not well known, since the bioavailability of PAHs in urban soils has been poorly studied. Therefore, the bioavailability of PAHs in some selected urban soils from Lisbon (Portugal) was evaluated. Moreover, the applicability of a first screening phase based on total contents of PAHs was assessed. Results show that bioavailability of PAHs is reduced (low levels in earthworms, low accumulation percentages, and low biota-to-soil accumulation factors values), especially in more contaminated soils. The aging of these compounds explains this low availability, and confirms the generally accepted assumption that accumulation of PAHs in urban areas is mostly related with a long-term deposition of contaminated particles. The comparison of measured PAHs concentrations in earthworm tissues with the ones predicted based on theoretical models, reinforce that risks based on total levels are overestimated, but it can be a good initial approach for urban soils. This study also highlights the need of more reliable ecotoxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cachada
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - C Coelho
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Gavina
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A C Dias
- Department of Geosciences & GEOBIOTEC, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Patinha
- Department of Geosciences & GEOBIOTEC, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A P Reis
- Department of Geosciences & GEOBIOTEC, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Geosciences & GEOBIOTEC, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Multi-class determination of undesirables in aquaculture samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Talanta 2017; 172:109-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Contaminants in aquaculture: Overview of analytical techniques for their determination. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Fernández-González R, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1383-405. [PMID: 24915328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- a Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology , University of Vigo , Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense , Spain
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Zelinkova Z, Wenzl T. The Occurrence of 16 EPA PAHs in Food - A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015; 35:248-284. [PMID: 26681897 PMCID: PMC4673601 DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.918550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been extensively studied in countries all over the world. PAHs generally occur in complex mixtures which may consist of hundreds of compounds. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed in the 1970 to monitor a set of 16 PAHs which are frequently found in environmental samples. This article reviews the suitability of the 16 EPA PAHs for the assessment of potential health threats to humans stemming from the exposure to PAHs by food ingestion. It presents details on analysis methods, the occurrence of PAHs in food, regulatory aspects, and related risk management approaches. In addition, consideration is given to newer evaluations of the toxicity of PAHs and the requirements for risk assessment and management stemming from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zelinkova
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Food Bioscience Unit , Geel , Belgium
| | - Thomas Wenzl
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Food Bioscience Unit , Geel , Belgium
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Giri A, Khummueng W, Mercier F, Kondjoyan N, Tournayre P, Meurillon M, Ratel J, Engel E. Relevance of two-dimensional gas chromatography and high resolution olfactometry for the parallel determination of heat-induced toxicants and odorants in cooked food. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:217-26. [PMID: 25728653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of the dual impact of heating treatments on food safety and aroma is a major issue for the food sector. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the relevance of multidimensional GC techniques, olfactometry and mass spectrometry for the parallel determination of process-induced toxicants and odorants in food starting with cooked meat as a food model. PAHs were analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry after extraction by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE-GC × GC-TOF/MS). Odour-active compounds were determined by dynamic headspace-GC hyphenated with eight booth olfactometry and mass spectrometry (DH-GC-MS/8O) and DH-heart-cutting multidimensional GC hyphenated with olfactometry and mass spectrometry (DH-GC-GC-MS/O). For PAH determination, the GC × GC conditions consisted of a combination of a primary non-polar BPX-5 column and a secondary polar BPX-50 column, and a modulation period of 5s. In terms of linearity (R(2) ranging from 0.985 to 0.997), recovery rate (84-111%) and limit of detection (5-65 ng/kg of cooked meat), the ASE-GC × GC-TOF/MS method was found consistent with the multiresidue determination of 16 PAHs including benzo[a]pyrene in cooked meat. For aroma compounds, DH-GC-MS/8O and DH-GC-MS/O revealed 53 major meat odour-active compounds. A customized heart-cutting GC-GC-MS/O enabled the coeluting odour zones with high odour-activity to be resolved and revealed 15 additional odour-active compounds. Finally, these developments of multidimensional approaches were used to investigate the balance between 16 PAHs and 68 odour-active compounds generated with different cooking techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Frédéric Mercier
- INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Pascal Tournayre
- INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Maïa Meurillon
- INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Jérémy Ratel
- INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Erwan Engel
- INRA UR370 QuaPA, MASS Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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10
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John GF, Yin F, Mulabagal V, Hayworth JS, Clement TP. Development and application of an analytical method using gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for characterizing alkylated chrysenes in crude oil samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:948-956. [PMID: 24623700 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent advances in analytical techniques have led to the development of gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry methods that allow the identification of target analytes in complex environmental samples. We have employed this technology to develop a method for characterizing alkylated chrysenes, which are environmental toxins that are resistant to weathering. METHODS An Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled to an Agilent 7000B triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used. The mass spectral fragmentation of seven commercially available alkylated chrysene standards was studied under full-scan and product-ion scan conditions. The calibration curves used were in the linear range with r(2) values greater than 0.99. The recovery and limit of detection of target analytes in the samples were in the range of 80-120% and 0.11-1.09 ng/mL, respectively. RESULTS The information inferred from full-scan and product-ion scan data was combined with literature data to develop a GC/MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of C1 -, C2 -, C3 -, and C4 -chrysene homologues. The method was employed to characterize MC252 crude oil which was released during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident. The results showed that the chrysene concentrations estimated by the proposed method were well within the range of previously reported values. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is useful for analyzing chrysene and its alkylated homologues in crude oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F John
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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11
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Nácher-Mestre J, Serrano R, Portolés T, Berntssen MHG, Pérez-Sánchez J, Hernández F. Screening of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in feeds and fish tissues by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2165-74. [PMID: 24559176 DOI: 10.1021/jf405366n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a wide-scope screening for detection and identification of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in feeds and fish tissues. QuEChERS sample treatment was applied, using freezing as an additional cleanup. Analysis was carried out by gas chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-(APCI) QTOF MS). The qualitative validation was performed for over 133 representative pesticides and 24 PAHs at 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg. Subsequent application of the screening method to aquaculture samples made it possible to detect several compounds from the target list, such as chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, and ethoxyquin, among others. Light PAHs (≤4 rings) were found in both animal and vegetable samples. The reliable identification of the compounds was supported by accurate mass measurements and the presence of at least two representative m/z ions in the spectrum together with the retention time of the peak, in agreement with the reference standard. Additionally, the search was widened to include other pesticides for which standards were not available, thanks to the expected presence of the protonated molecule and/or molecular ion in the APCI spectra. This could allow the detection and tentative identification of other pesticides different from those included in the validated target list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Nácher-Mestre
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I , Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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12
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Wide-scope analysis of veterinary drug and pesticide residues in animal feed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6543-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta 2012; 105:292-305. [PMID: 23598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. Thus the analysis of such compounds has always been of great importance. The aim of the present review, is not only to give an overview of the most recent sample preparation and analytical approaches (such as pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.), but also to introduce such a topic to researchers who want to approach it for the first time; therefore, the most significant references related to general aspects, such as formation, toxicity, risk assessment, occurrence in food, are reported and briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2A, Udine 33100, Italy.
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14
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Serrano R, Portolés T, Blanes MA, Hernández F, Navarro JC, Varó I, Amat F. Characterization of the organic contamination pattern of a hyper-saline ecosystem by rapid screening using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:161-8. [PMID: 22789816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) has been applied to evaluate organic pollution in a hyper-saline aquatic environment. Firstly, a target screening was made for a list of 150 GC-amenable organic micro-contaminants, including PAHs, octyl/nonyl phenols, PCBs, PBDEs, and a notable number of pesticides, such us insecticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus, carbamates and pyrethroids), herbicides (triazines and chloroacetanilides), fungicides and several transformation products. This methodology was applied to brine samples, with a salt content from 112 g/L to saturation, and to samples from Artemia populations (crustacean Anostraca) collected during 1 year from three sampling stations in saltworks bodies sited in the Ebro river delta. Around 50 target contaminants, belong to chemical families included in the list of priority substances within the framework on European water policy. Additionally, a non-target analysis was performed in both types of samples with the objective of investigating the presence of other non-selected organic compounds taking advantage of the potential of GC-TOF MS (high sensitivity in full-spectrum acquisition mode, accurate mass measurements) for searching unknowns. Organophosphorus pesticides were the contaminants more frequently detected in brine samples. Other compounds usually present in urban and industrial wastewaters, like caffeine, methylparaben, butylated-hydroxytoluene and N-butylbenzenesulfonamide were also detected in brines. The herbicide simazine and the insecticide chlorpyrifos were among the contaminants detected in Artemia samples. Results of this work reveal a potential threat to vulnerable populations inhabiting the hyper-saline ecosystem. The valuable contribution of GC-TOF MS in environmental analysis, allowing the rapid screening of a large number of organic contaminants, is also demonstrated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roque Serrano
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA). Avda Sos Baynat, s/n. University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Beyer J, Jonsson G, Porte C, Krahn MM, Ariese F. Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:224-44. [PMID: 21787655 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile can serve as a tool for assessing environmental PAH exposure in fish. Biliary PAH metabolite levels can be measured using several analytical methods, including simple fluorescence assays (fixed fluorescence detection or synchronous fluorescence spectrometry); high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after deconjugation, extraction and derivatization of the bile sample, and finally by advanced liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) methods. The method alternatives are highly different both with regard to their analytical performance towards different PAH metabolite structures as well as in general technical demands and their suitability for different monitoring strategies. In the present review, the state-of-the-art for these different analytical methods is presented and the advantages and limitations of each approach as well as aspects related to analytical quality control and inter-laboratory comparability of data and availability of certified reference materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- IRIS - International Research Institute of Stavanger, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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17
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Plaza-Bolaños P, Frenich AG, Vidal JLM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and beverages. Analytical methods and trends. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6303-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Nácher-Mestre J, Serrano R, Benedito-Palos L, Navarro JC, López FJ, Kaushik S, Pérez-Sánchez J. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) exposed to long term feeding trials with different experimental diets. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:137-146. [PMID: 20037783 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 EPA list) were determined in oils, fish feed, and fillets from gilthead sea bream fed through a full production cycle (14 months) with feed containing different proportions of fish oil replaced by vegetable oils, followed by a finishing phase with fish oil. At the beginning of the study, fish presented 46.6 microg/kg fresh weight of the sum of PAHs in fillet and a benzo[a]pyrene equivalent value of 9.1 microg/kg fresh weight. These levels decreased after 330 days of rearing to values around 2 microg/kg. Although the concentration increased again during the finishing phase, they remained low. These low concentrations of PAHs could be the result of a dilution process associated with fish growth and with the detoxification pathways, both favored by the low levels of PAHs present in the feeds and the lack of any other potential source of contamination during the whole rearing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Nácher-Mestre
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
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19
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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in complex fatty matrices from aquaculture activities. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 664:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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LI A, UCHIMURA T, TSUKATANI H, IMASAKA T. Trace Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Based on Nanosecond Multiphoton Ionization. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:841-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adan LI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yanshan University
| | - Tomohiro UCHIMURA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | | | - Totaro IMASAKA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- Division of Translational Research, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
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