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Riazi Bonab H, Abbas Matin A, Heidari H, Ciraqov F. Magnetic Rubber@ magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide as nanostructured sorbent; application in determination of estrogenic hormones and bisphenol A. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464129. [PMID: 37354774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method was developed for the enrichment of trace amounts of estrone (E1), 17-β-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous samples using the Rubber-Fe3O4@SiO2@Mg-Al Layered double hydroxide followed by determination by HPLC. The proposed sorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Vibrating-sample magnetometer, Thermal gravimetric analysis, N2 adsorption/desorption Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda pore size analysis and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH, ionic strength, extraction temperature and time, desorption solvent and time were optimized. The limit of detection and quantification were obtained as 0.33, 1 µg L-1 for the E1 and E2 and BPA, respectively. Also, linear range of the method were 1-150, 1-100 and 1-150 µg L-1for E1, E2, and BPA, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD%) for the repeatability of extraction on one sorbent were obtained as 2.98, 1.31 and 3.50%, also, sorbent to sorbent repeatability were investigated and RSD% values were obtained as 7.58, 8.35 and 8.12% for E1, E2 and BPA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Riazi Bonab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Matin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Famil Ciraqov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Development of Analytical Procedure for the Determination of 17β-Testosterone, 11-Ketotestosterone and 17β-Estradiol in the Sea Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Gonads. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones, such as 17β-testosterone, 11-ketotestorenone and 17β-estradiol, play an essential role not only in reproductive function but also are potential biomarkers of numerous additional functions in teleost fish. The presence of endocrine disruptor compounds in aquatic ecosystems has raised concern about their effect on hormone levels in fish target organs. Since hormones are present in very low concentrations in biological material, their determination still remains a challenge. A new analytical procedure has been developed to determine 17β-testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and 17β-estradiol in the sea trout female and male gonads by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system equipped with an ESI source operating in both positive and negative mode. Chromatographic separation of analytes was accomplished in Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm) column under isocratic elution conditions. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, methanol and water (20:50:30/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Analytes were extracted from the gonad matrix with ethyl acetate, and co-extractives impurities were successfully removed by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method. The procedure was validated with good sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Limits of quantifications were from 0.15 to 0.75 ng/g, linearity was obtained with correlation coefficient R > 0.99, accuracy was from 94.0 to 109.5%, precision expressed as RSD ranged from 1.7 to 27.2% (repeatability) and from 2.2 to 37.1% (reproducibility). Finally, the method was applied to determining 17β-testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and 17β-estradiol in real samples of the female and male sea trout gonads, 8 and 22 samples, respectively.
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Chen HC, Lee PD, Chang YZ. Development of a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of commonly abused drugs in Asia in a micro-segment of a single hair using microwave-assisted extraction and dansyl chloride derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dang VD. Simultaneous Measurement of Sex Steroid Hormones in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Plasma by Application of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:7-14. [PMID: 33078192 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are potential biomarkers of reproductive function in teleost fish, but their measurement continues to rely on antibody-based assays. The objective of this study was to optimize a robust and simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measurement of eight steroid hormones (cortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, estradiol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol, estrone, estriol, progesterone and testosterone) in fish plasma. The extraction was followed by liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether and time scheduled multi-reaction monitoring (sMRM) was used for quantitation of steroids. Validation of method performance using charcoal-stripped human plasma showed extraction recoveries for eight steroids ranged from 85.5 to 108.2% with matrix effects > 80%. The limits of quantitation were 0.01 pg/μL for testosterone, 0.05 pg/μL for cortisol and progesterone, 0.1 pg/μL for 11-ketotestosterone, estradiol and estrone, 0.125 pg/μL for estriol and 0.25 pg/μL for 17α-ethynyl estradiol. The proposed method was applied to plasma samples of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) collected from contaminated (Lake Apopka) and reference sites (Wildcate Lake) in Florida. Concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, estradiol and estrone were significantly different in female fish, but plasma concentration of cortisol was only statistically different in male fish between two sites (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates the application of a robust LC-MS/MS analysis for a range of sex steroid hormones representative of endocrine function in a top predator, largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet D Dang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Blackwell BR, Ankley GT. Simultaneous determination of a suite of endogenous steroids by LC-APPI-MS: Application to the identification of endocrine disruptors in aquatic toxicology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1163:122513. [PMID: 33440276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can alter steroid hormone production in vertebrates, sometimes leading to adverse reproductive or developmental effects. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods are the gold standard for analyte confirmation and quantification in biological matrices, but radioimmunoassays (RIAs) are most commonly used for measurement of select steroid hormones in aquatic toxicology studies. Existing methods for steroid quantification often employ derivatization, limiting the range of steroids that can be simultaneously measured in a single process. In the current study, a method for the simultaneous measurement of thirteen endogenous steroids in small sample volumes without derivatization using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APPI-MS/MS) was developed. Several physiologically important steroids, including 11-deoxycortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, 17α- and 17β-estradiol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone, 17,20β,21-trihydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, cortisol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone, were selected for the analysis. The method was validated for application to small volumes of fish plasma and fish holding water. Method detection limits using only 10 µL of plasma ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/mL. As a potential surrogate for plasma steroid measurements, fish holding water was analyzed to measure excreted steroids. Lower limits of quantification when using 0.25 L of water ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/L. The validated method was applied to two different experiments with small fish species exposed to an EDC known to affect steroid synthesis, fadrozole. Concentrations of the 13 steroids were measured in plasma or holding water from the studies. This work demonstrates the potential application of the developed method to measure endogenous steroids for identification of EDCs in aquatic toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Blackwell
- US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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Alaedini S, Amirahmadi M, Kobarfard F, Rastegar H, Nasirahmadi S, Shoeibi S. Survey of protein-based sport supplements for illegally added anabolic steroids methyltestosterone and 4-androstenedione by UPLC-MS/MS. Steroids 2021; 165:108758. [PMID: 33161054 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is some evidence that marketable supplements contain hormones not declared on the product label. The presence of these androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in sports supplements can be considered an adulteration and affect the health of consumers, who are predominantly athletes. This study aimed to measure anabolic hormones (methyltestosterone and 4-androstenedione) in sport supplements. Ultra Performance Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode was employed under the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) ion program. To overcome matrix effects and quantify the selected analyte, the calibration curve was made using Matrix Match method. The LOQ and LOD were 1 ng/g and 0.3 ng/g for both analytes. The recovery of 4-androstenedione and methyltestosterone was in the range of 86.87-107.35 and 77.31-113.98, respectively. In terms of reproducibility, CV % for 4-androstenedione and methyltestosterone ranged from 6.56 to 16.87% and 1.45-15.12%, respectively. 4-androstenedione was found in 11 samples including 9 whey as 1.578 ± 0.154 ng/g and 2 whey albumin samples with an amount of 1.134 ng/g and 1.474 ng/g. Consequently, continuous controlling of sport supplements comprising intentionally or unintentionally added androgens could be important for health and discuss in the context of compliance with anti-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Alaedini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran; Food and Drug Control Laboratories References Center (FDLCRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Rastegar
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran; Food and Drug Control Laboratories References Center (FDLCRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran
| | - Sasan Nasirahmadi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratories References Center (FDLCRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran; Food and Drug Control Laboratories References Center (FDLCRC), Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Iran.
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Charapata P, Horstmann L, Jannasch A, Misarti N. A novel method to measure steroid hormone concentrations in walrus bone from archaeological, historical, and modern time periods using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1999-2023. [PMID: 30192037 PMCID: PMC6282614 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was validated and utilized to measure and analyze four steroid hormones related to stress and reproduction in individual samples from a novel tissue, Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens, herein walrus) bone. This method determines steroid hormone concentrations in the remote walrus population over millennia from archaeological (>200 bp), historical (200-20 bp), and modern (2014-2016) time periods. METHODS Lipids were extracted from walrus bone collected from these periods using methanol before LC/MS/MS analysis. Isotopically labeled internal standards for each target hormone were added to every sample. Analytical and physiological validations were performed. Additionally, a tissue comparison was done among paired walrus bone, serum, and blubber samples. A rapid resolution liquid chromatography system coupled to a QqQ mass spectrometer was used to analyze all samples after derivatization for progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol concentrations. Multiple reaction monitoring was used for MS analysis and data were acquired in positive electrospray ionization mode. RESULTS Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol were linear along their respective standard calibration curves based on their R2 values (all > 0.99). Accuracy ranged from 93-111% for all hormones. The recovery of extraction, recovery of hormones without matrix effect, was 92-101%. The overall process efficiency of our method for measuring hormones in walrus bone was 93-112%. Progesterone and testosterone concentrations were not affected by reproductive status among adult females and males, respectively. However, estradiol was different among pregnant and non-pregnant adult females. Overall, steroid hormones reflect a long-term reservoir in cortical bone. This method was also successfully applied to walrus bone as old as 3585 bp. CONCLUSIONS LC/MS/MS analysis of bone tissue (0.2-0.3 g) provides stress and reproductive data from elusive walruses that were alive thousands of years ago. Based on physiological validations, tissue comparison, and published literature, steroid hormone concentrations measured in walrus cortical bone could represent an accumulated average around a 10-20-year time span. By investigating how stress and reproductive physiology may have changed over the past ~3000 years based on bone steroid hormone concentrations, this method will help answer how physiologically resilient walruses are to climate change in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Charapata
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksPO Box 757220FairbanksAK99775USA
- Department of BiologyBaylor UniversityOne Bear PlaceWacoTX76706USA
| | - Lara Horstmann
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksPO Box 757220FairbanksAK99775USA
| | - Amber Jannasch
- Bindley Bioscience CenterPurdue University1203 W State St.West LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Nicole Misarti
- Water and Environmental Research CenterUniversity of Alaska FairbanksPO Box 755910FairbanksAK99775USA
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Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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McCulloch RD, Robb DB. Field-Free Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization–Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Steroids within Complex Biological Matrices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4169-4176. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. McCulloch
- University of British Columbia, Department
of Earth and Ocean Sciences, 2049-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Damon B. Robb
- University of British Columbia, Department
of Earth and Ocean Sciences, 2049-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Determination of cortisol in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) eggs by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1040:162-168. [PMID: 27984758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying cortisol concentrations in fish eggs is important to understand the effects of environmental conditions on maternal physiological condition and on egg provisioning and quality. Data are particularly relevant to studies of the ecology of threatened species such as lake sturgeon (Aciperser fulvescens) as well as assessments of larval physical and behavioral phenotypes, fish health and caviar quality in sturgeon aquaculture. This study focuses on development of bioanalytical methods for high sensitivity and robust determination of cortisol in sturgeon eggs. Sample preparation was optimized after investigating protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction techniques. Ethyl acetate was found to be the most efficient solvent (recovery parameter) and also provided the best sample clean up (matrix effect parameter). The method was determined to be linear for cortisol concentrations between 0.025 and 100ng/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.025 and 0.1ng/mL respectively. Intra- and inter-day performances of the method were validated at three concentrations (0.25; 10 and 100ng/mL). The method was applied to field-collected samples for the determination of endogenous cortisol in lake sturgeon eggs. Cortisol was detected in all egg samples and statistical analysis showed significant differences between fertilized and non-fertilized eggs.
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Wong ASY, Leung GNW, Leung DKK, Wan TSM. Doping control analysis of anabolic steroids in equine urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1320-1327. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| | - Gary N. W. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| | - David K. K. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
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Analysis of 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol in biological and environmental matrices — A review. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bussy U, Li K, Li W. Application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in quantitative bioanalyses of organic molecules in aquatic environment and organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9459-79. [PMID: 26996906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of metabolites or contaminants (or both) in various tissues of aquatic organisms and in the aquatic environment have received increasing attention in the last few years. This review discusses the findings relevant to such procedures published between 2005 and 2015. The aim is to evaluate the advantages, restrictions, and performances of the procedures from sample preparation to mass spectrometry measurement. To support these discussions, a general knowledge on LC-MS/MS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Wirbisky SE, Weber GJ, Sepúlveda MS, Lin TL, Jannasch AS, Freeman JL. An embryonic atrazine exposure results in reproductive dysfunction in adult zebrafish and morphological alterations in their offspring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21337. [PMID: 26891955 PMCID: PMC4759560 DOI: 10.1038/srep21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbicide atrazine, a suspected endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), frequently contaminates potable water supplies. Studies suggest alterations in the neuroendocrine system along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, most studies address either developmental, pubertal, or adulthood exposures, with few investigations regarding a developmental origins hypothesis. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3, or 30 parts per billion (ppb) atrazine through embryogenesis and then allowed to mature with no additional chemical exposure. Reproductive function, histopathology, hormone levels, offspring morphology, and the ovarian transcriptome were assessed. Embryonic atrazine exposure resulted in a significant increase in progesterone levels in the 3 and 30 ppb groups. A significant decrease in spawning and a significant increase in follicular atresia in the 30 ppb group were observed. In offspring, a decrease in the head length to body ratio in the 30 ppb group, along with a significant increase in head width to body ratio in the 0.3 and 3 ppb groups occurred. Transcriptomic alterations involved genes associated with endocrine system development and function, tissue development, and behavior. This study provides evidence to support atrazine as an EDC causing reproductive dysfunction and molecular alterations in adults exposed only during embryogenesis and morphological alterations in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tsang-Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amber S Jannasch
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Pernica M, Poloucká P, Seifertová M, Šimek Z. Determination of alkylphenols in water samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1417:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Stoddard KI, Huggett DB. Wastewater Effluent Hydrocodone Concentrations as an Indicator of Drug Disposal Program Success. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:139-144. [PMID: 26067702 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug disposal programs have been seen as a remedy to the concern of environmental contamination resulting from pharmaceutical disposal down the toilet or sink; however a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature and publicly available information on these programs indicates limited research has been conducted to validate the effectiveness of these programs at reducing pharmaceuticals in the environment. The purpose of this research was to determine if drug disposal programs could actually reduce pharmaceutical residues in the environment. The concentration of hydrocodone in wastewater effluent released from a wastewater treatment plant in Denton, Texas was monitored before and after a take back program called Denton Drug Disposal Day (D4). Data collected and analyzed suggests D4 events were successful in contributing to a reduction of pharmaceutical loading to the environment; however there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that D4 events were exclusively responsible for these improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Stoddard
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2132, USA,
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Bertin J, Dury AY, Ke Y, Ouellet J, Labrie F. Accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry simultaneous assay of seven steroids in monkey brain. Steroids 2015; 98:37-48. [PMID: 25697058 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following its secretion mainly by the adrenal glands, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) acts primarily in the cells/tissues which express the enzymes catalyzing its intracellular conversion into sex steroids by the mechanisms of intracrinology. Although reliable assays of endogenous serum steroids are now available using mass spectrometry (MS)-based technology, sample preparation from tissue matrices remains a challenge. This is especially the case with high lipid-containing tissues such as the brain. With the combination of a UPLC system with a sensitive tandem MS, it is now possible to measure endogenous unconjugated steroids in monkey brain tissue. METHODS A Shimadzu UPLC LC-30AD system coupled to a tandem MS AB Sciex Qtrap 6500 system was used. RESULTS The lower limits of quantifications are achieved at 250 pg/mL for DHEA, 200 pg/mL for 5-androstenediol (5-diol), 12 pg/mL for androstenedione (4-dione), 50 pg/mL for testosterone (Testo), 10 pg/mL for dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4 pg/mL for estrone (E1) and 1 pg/mL for estradiol (E2). The linearity and accuracy of quality controls (QCs) and endogenous quality controls (EndoQCs) are according to the guidelines of the regulatory agencies for all seven compounds. CONCLUSION We describe a highly sensitive, specific and robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous measurement of seven unconjugated steroids in monkey brain tissue. The single and small amount of sample required using a relatively simple preparation method should be useful for steroid assays in various peripheral tissues and thus help analysis of the role of locally-made sex steroids in the regulation of specific physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Alain Y Dury
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Johanne Ouellet
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
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Vijayabhaskar V, Srivastava P, Rajagopal S. Breaking the sensitivity limitations of cytochrome P450 oxidation product: dansyl chloride derivatisation of 4-OH mephenytoin, a CYP2C19 metabolite and its application to in vitro CYP inhibition assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 989:27-36. [PMID: 25797720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid selective and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of derivatised cytochrome P450-2C19 oxidation product (dansyl-4-OH mephenytoin) and its underivatised form (4-OH mephenytoin). Samples were anaysed on C18 column (Waters Xbridge, 50 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm particle size) with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. A gradient method with a short run time of 2.5 min and 3.5 min was developed for the analysis of dansyl-4-OH mephenytoin and 4-OH mephenytoin, respectively. The standard curve was linear (r(2)=0.9972 for 4-OH mephenytoin; r(2)=0.9946 for dansyl-4-OH mephenytoin) over the concentration range of 0.16 to 40 ng/mL for both derivatised and underivatised forms. The CV (%) and relative error (RE) for inter and intraassay at three QC levels for dansyl-4-OH mephenytoin was 0.97-5.85% and -9.80 to 2.51%, respectively. Whereas, for 4-OH mephenytoin the CV (%) and RE (%) at three QC levels was 0.82-3.47% and -6.69 to -0.01%, respectively. The developed method was validated for various parameters such as linearity, precision & accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, autosampler stability and was proved to be consistent across three QC levels with overall CV (%) less than 15. Dansylation helped in increasing the sensitivity of hydroxy mephenytoin by 100-200 fold. Given the simplicity involved in derivatisation process, we believe that this novel methodology will change the current approaches used for the enhancing the detection sensitivity of 4-OH mephenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vijayabhaskar
- DMPK Laboratory (Biology Division), GVK BIO, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, Telangana, India.
| | - Pratima Srivastava
- DMPK Laboratory (Biology Division), GVK BIO, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, Telangana, India
| | - Sriram Rajagopal
- DMPK Laboratory (Biology Division), GVK BIO, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, Telangana, India
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19
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Toral MI, Nacaratte F, Nova F. Determination of Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol from an Intrauterine Contraceptive Ring by Extraction and Derivative Spectrophotometry. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.968930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Ke Y, Bertin J, Gonthier R, Simard JN, Labrie F. A sensitive, simple and robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of seven androgen- and estrogen-related steroids in postmenopausal serum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:523-34. [PMID: 25158021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroids were first analyzed by immunoassay-based methods followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS or GC-MS/MS) with derivatization techniques since steroids are neutral and do not ionize at a high level using the electrospray ionization technique. We now report a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of seven steroidal compounds, i.e., estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), testosterone (Testo), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol (5-diol), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (4-dione). The system used is a UPLC-MS/MS (Qtrap 6500) system. With this method, the sample preparation is the combination of liquid-liquid extraction and a simple selective derivatization for only E1 and E2. This assay method is simple and practically eliminates potential contamination. Low quantification limits of 1pg/mL, 4pg/mL, 50pg/mL, 10pg/mL, 100pg/mL, 500pg/mL and 100pg/mL have been found, respectively for the steroids mentioned above. Without derivatization, DHT sensitivity can be as low as 4pg/mL with S/N≥5. A full validation has been performed for the seven compounds in compliance with GLP and FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method development and validation. Recovery of all seven compounds in unstripped serum is similar to that in stripped serum: 72.1-84.7% for E2, 83.6-94.5% for E1, 88.2-90.3% for Testo, 82.0-90.6% for DHT, 84.9-92.0% for 5-diol, 88.1-93.8% for DHEA and 86.2-90.3% for 4-dione, respectively. A good linearity is obtained with R>0.99 for each compound within its calibration range. Accuracies of all levels of QC are within the range of 15% for all seven compounds. The between day variation coefficients are 6.1-8.9% for the low limits of quantification of all seven compounds with 0.7-6.1% for higher levels of QCs for all seven compounds. All results of other test parameters similarly meet the acceptance criteria of EndoCeutics SOPs and FDA guidelines. By comparison of GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS data for six derivatized and nonderivatized free steroids, the present data show the crucial importance to use validated assays according to the FDA guidelines to increase specificity, precision and reliability of the absolute values associated with MS/MS-based assays. This method has already been applied to series of samples from clinical trials and is ready for wide clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bertin
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Renaud Gonthier
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Jean-Nicolas Simard
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Laboratory, 1405 Parc Technologique Blvd, Suite 250, Quebec City, QC G1P 4P5, Canada.
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21
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Evaluation of potential endocrine activity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using in vitro assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1018-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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LeBaron MJ, Coady KK, O'Connor JC, Nabb DL, Markell LK, Snajdr S, Sue Marty M. Key Learnings from Performance of the U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) Tier 1 In Vitro Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:23-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. LeBaron
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan
| | - Katie K. Coady
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan
| | - John C. O'Connor
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
| | - Diane L. Nabb
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
| | - Lauren K. Markell
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
| | - Suzanne Snajdr
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
| | - M. Sue Marty
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting The Dow Chemical Company Midland Michigan
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23
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Coady KK, Lehman CM, Currie RJ, Marino TA. Challenges and Approaches to Conducting and Interpreting the Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay and the Fish Short‐Term Reproduction Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 101:80-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Escrig-Doménech A, Simó-Alfonso E, Herrero-Martínez J, Ramis-Ramos G. Derivatization of hydroxyl functional groups for liquid chromatography and capillary electroseparation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Bichon E, Béasse A, Prevost S, Christien S, Courant F, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Improvement of estradiol esters monitoring in bovine hair by dansylation and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis in multiple reaction monitoring and precursor ion scan modes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:819-827. [PMID: 22368062 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The control of forbidden anabolic practices in cattle in the European Union has become challenging since endogenous compounds such as estradiol derivatives can potentially be used as growth promoters. Due to the great difficulty in establishing a reference threshold value for endogenous steroids, the direct detection of steroid esters in hair is an efficient strategy for the detection of 'natural' steroid abuse in cattle. METHODS The present study aimed to develop and validate according to the current European standards a specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analytical strategy to monitor estrogen esters in bovine hair. The analysis was performed by positive ion electrospray ionisation (ESI+) after dansylation. Two acquisition modes were then assessed: single reaction monitoring and precursor ion scanning. RESULTS The results showed that the introduction of a dansylation step strongly improves the sensitivity of the detection of estradiol-17-esters by LC/(ESI+)-MS/MS. The CCα values are in the range 1-10 ng g(-1) after optimisation, except for estradiol decanoate for which the derivatisation is not efficient. In addition, this LC/MS/MS approach makes it possible to carry out a precursor ion scan to screen for the presence of these estradiol 17-esters in hair samples. CONCLUSIONS Based on the specific product ions, i.e. m/z 255 in native conditions or m/z 171 after dansylation, this strategy has the advantage of detecting any (un)known estradiol ester and of giving access to the [M + H](+) ion of the suspected ester through only a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bichon
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307, Nantes, France.
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26
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Wong CH, Leung DK, Tang FP, Wong JK, Yu NH, Wan TS. Rapid screening of anabolic steroids in horse urine with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after chemical derivatisation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:257-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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The coming of age of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in the endocrinology laboratory. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Simultaneous determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:851-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Zhang F, Rick DL, Kan LH, Perala AW, Geter DR, LeBaron MJ, Bartels MJ. Simultaneous quantitation of testosterone and estradiol in human cell line (H295R) by liquid chromatography/positive atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3123-3130. [PMID: 21953968 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The possible interaction of environmental contaminants with the endocrine system has been an environmental concern since the early 1990s. To examine these interactions test guidelines have been introduced by regulatory agencies to screen for possible endocrine active compounds. One of these guidelines is the EPA's OPPTS 890.1550 [Steroidogenesis (Human Cell Line-H295R)]. This guideline requires the quantification of two major biomarkers (testosterone and estradiol) in various biological test systems. Traditional quantitation methodologies such as Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) have been used to quantify low levels of steroids. However, those methodologies have drawbacks such as the radioactive safety, antibody availability, separate assay for each biomarker, and lack of selectivity. In the current study, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/positive atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry method (LC/APPI-MS/MS) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of testosterone and estradiol in the H295R cell line. Briefly, the media from cultured cells was extracted with dichloromethane (CH(2)Cl(2)) containing internal standards of both testosterone-d(3) and estradiol-(13)C(3); then, the extracted organic layer was concentrated down to dryness. The final residue was derivatized with dansyl chloride solution, and directly analyzed by LC/APPI-MS/MS. The calibration curves, with concentration ranging from 10 to 2500 pg/mL, were linear with coefficient >0.99. The lower limits of quantitation for both testosterone and estradiol were 10 pg/mL. This method was successfully validated to support requirements of the current EPA Steroidogenesis guideline. This type of method may also provide value for rapid and precise measurements of these two hormones in other in vitro or in vivo test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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30
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Hala D, Overturf M, Petersen L, Huggett D. Quantification of 2-hydrazinopyridine derivatized steroid hormones in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) blood plasma using LC-ESI+/MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:591-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Castro-Perez J, Previs SF, McLaren DG, Shah V, Herath K, Bhat G, Johns DG, Wang SP, Mitnaul L, Jensen K, Vreeken R, Hankemeier T, Roddy TP, Hubbard BK. In vivo D2O labeling to quantify static and dynamic changes in cholesterol and cholesterol esters by high resolution LC/MS. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:159-69. [PMID: 20884843 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d009787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High resolution LC/MS-MS and LC/APPI-MS methods have been established for the quantitation of flux in the turnover of cholesterol and cholesterol ester. Attention was directed toward quantifying the monoisotopic mass (M0) and that of the singly deuterated labeled (M+1) isotope. A good degree of isotopic dynamic range has been achieved by LC/MS-MS ranging from 3-4 orders of magnitude. Correlation between the linearity of GC/MS and LC atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)-MS are complimentary (r² = 0.9409). To prove the viability of this particular approach, male C57Bl/6 mice on either a high carbohydrate (HC) or a high fat (HF) diet were treated with ²H₂O for 96 h. Gene expression analysis showed an increase in the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd1) in the HC diet up to 69-fold (P < 0.0008) compared with the HF diet. This result was supported by the quantitative flux measurement of the isotopic incorporation of ²H into the respective cholesterol and cholesterol ester (CE) pools. We concluded that it is possible to readily obtain static and dynamic measurement of cholesterol and CEs in vivo by coupling novel LC/MS methods with stable isotope-based protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Castro-Perez
- Atherosclerosis Exploratory Biomarkers Group, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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32
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Tang Z, Guengerich FP. Dansylation of unactivated alcohols for improved mass spectral sensitivity and application to analysis of cytochrome P450 oxidation products in tissue extracts. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7706-12. [PMID: 20795636 PMCID: PMC2941762 DOI: 10.1021/ac1015497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical derivatization is useful for improving the ionization characteristics of poorly or nonionizable analytes in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Dansyl chloride has been widely used as a derivatizing reagent for fluorescence detection and for facilitating the MS detection of phenols and amines, but not for general alcohols. A new dansylation method for improving the mass spectral sensitivity of unactivated alcohols was developed. The dansylated derivative was formed after incubation of the test compound cholesterol and excess dansyl chloride in CH(2)Cl(2) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP) plus N,N-diisopropylethylamine at 65 °C for 1 h, with an overall yield of 96%. The versatility of dansylation was investigated by utilizing representative lipid compounds (containing different numbers of hydroxy groups) for dansylation. All dansylated derivatives of the selected compounds were detected by LC-MS/MS in the electrospray ionization (ESI) positive ion mode. Validation of the method was established in terms of the sensitivity, stability, and repeatability of dansylation. The method was then applied to characterizing the P450 7A1 oxidation product (dansylated 7α-hydroxycholesterol) in human liver extracts using an LC-MS metabolomics/isotopic labeling approach (Tang, Z.; Guengerich, F. P. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 3071-3078). The dansylated derivative of the product was identified, with the signal increased by 10(3)-fold compared with a previous method (derivatization with succinic anhydride and ESI negative ion MS). Quantitation of testosterone in human liver extracts was also done as an example of the application of the dansylation method. Thus, dansylation is a potential method of modifying many alcohols for detection by fluorescence and LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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Lih FB, Titus MA, Mohler JL, Tomer KB. Atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry of androgens in prostate cancer. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6000-7. [PMID: 20560527 PMCID: PMC2928567 DOI: 10.1021/ac100460x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is the most common treatment option for advanced prostate cancer. Almost all prostate cancers recur during androgen deprivation therapy, and new evidence suggests that androgen receptor activation persists despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Quantitation of tissue levels of androgens is critical to understanding the mechanism of recurrence of prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy. A liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for quantitation of tissue levels of androgens. Quantitation of the saturated keto-steroids dihydrotestosterone and 5-alpha-androstanedione required detection of a novel parent ion, [M + 15](+). The nature of this parent ion was explored, and the method was applied to prostate tissue and cell culture with comparison to results achieved using electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Bjørn Lih
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2233, USA
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