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Miao X, Dear GJ, Beaumont C, Vitulli G, Collins G, Gorycki PD, Harrell AW, Sakatis MZ. Cyanide Trapping of Iminium Ion Reactive Metabolites: Implications for Clinical Hepatotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:698-710. [PMID: 38619497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactive metabolite formation is a major mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Although reactive electrophiles can be soft or hard in nature, screening strategies have generally focused on the use of glutathione trapping assays to screen for soft electrophiles, with many data sets available to support their use. The use of a similar assay for hard electrophiles using cyanide as the trapping agent is far less common, and there is a lack of studies with sufficient supporting data. Using a set of 260 compounds with a defined hepatotoxicity status by the FDA, a comprehensive literature search yielded cyanide trapping data on an unbalanced set of 20 compounds that were all clinically hepatotoxic. Thus, a further set of 19 compounds was selected to generate cyanide trapping data, resulting in a more balanced data set of 39 compounds. Analysis of the data demonstrated that the cyanide trapping assay had high specificity (92%) and a positive predictive value (83%) such that hepatotoxic compounds would be confidently flagged. Structural analysis of the adducts formed revealed artifactual methylated cyanide adducts to also occur, highlighting the importance of full structural identification to confirm the nature of the adduct formed. The assay was demonstrated to add the most value for compounds containing typical structural alerts for hard electrophile formation: half of the severe hepatotoxins with these structural alerts formed cyanide adducts, while none of the severe hepatotoxins with no relevant structural alerts formed adducts. The assay conditions used included cytosolic enzymes (e.g., aldehyde oxidase) and an optimized cyanide concentration to minimize the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes by cyanide. Based on the demonstrated added value of this assay, it is to be initiated for use at GSK as part of the integrated hepatotoxicity strategy, with its performance being reviewed periodically as more data is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiusheng Miao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Gordon J Dear
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Claire Beaumont
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Giovanni Vitulli
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gary Collins
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Peter D Gorycki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Andrew W Harrell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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Yao H, Sherer EC, Lu M, Small J, Martin GE, Lam YH, Chen Q, Helmy R, Liu Y, Chen H. One-Step Regio- and Stereoselective Electrochemical Synthesis of Orexin Receptor Antagonist Oxidative Metabolites. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15011-15021. [PMID: 36322780 PMCID: PMC10512451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of drug metabolites, which often have complex structures, is an integral step in the evaluation of drug candidate metabolism, pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and safety profiles. Frequently, such synthetic endeavors entail arduous, multiple-step de novo synthetic routes. Herein, we present the one-step Shono-type electrochemical synthesis of milligrams of chiral α-hydroxyl amide metabolites of two orexin receptor antagonists, MK-8133 and MK-6096, as revealed by a small-scale (pico- to nano-mole level) reaction screening using a lab-built online electrochemistry (EC)/mass spectrometry (MS) (EC/MS) platform. The electrochemical oxidation of MK-8133 and MK-6096 was conducted in aqueous media and found to produce the corresponding α-piperidinols with exclusive regio- and stereoselectivity, as confirmed by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of products. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the exceptional regio- and stereoselectivity for this electrochemical oxidation are governed by more favorable energetics of the transition state, leading to the preferred secondary carbon radical α to the amide group and subsequent steric hindrance associated with the U-shaped conformation of the cation derived from the secondary α-carbon radical, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - James Small
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Gary E. Martin
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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3
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Croyal M, Temgoua RCT, Boujtita M. In-line formation and identification of toxic reductive metabolites of aristolochic acid using electrochemistry mass spectrometry coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2363-2370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Lege S, Eisenhofer A, Heras JEY, Zwiener C. Identification of transformation products of denatonium - Occurrence in wastewater treatment plants and surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:140-150. [PMID: 31176813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Denatonium, one of the bitterest substances known to man, was recently identified as wastewater borne micropollutant in surface waters. Therefore, photodegradation experiments and electrochemical degradation were performed to identify abiotic and putative biotic transformation products (TPs). Indirect rather than direct photodegradation proved to be important for denatonium removal by solar irradiation and produced seven TPs. Amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and N-dearylation were revealed as the main mechanisms. Anodic oxidation of denatonium was related to the formation of overall ten products and despite considerable different yields, all TPs from indirect photodegradation were mimicked electrochemically. Among them, lidocaine was the only TP detected after conventional wastewater treatment and in surface waters. The occurrence of lidocaine was however associated with its application as local anesthetic rather than to a degradation of denatonium. The absence of additional products suggests that denatonium degradation is negligible under environmental conditions, supporting the previously described persistent nature of this compound. Advanced water treatment techniques however have the potential to degrade denatonium. About 74% of the initial denatonium load was removed from wastewater during pilot-scale ozonation. The degradation of denatonium was accompanied here with the formation of at least two polar products, which are passing unchanged through a sand filter after ozonation. Both substances have completely unknown (toxicological) properties and this study seems to be the first report about their structures in general, as none of them was found in any of the large compound libraries (e.g. PubChem).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Lege
- University of Tübingen, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Eisenhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jorge Eduardo Yanez Heras
- University of Tübingen, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- University of Tübingen, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H. Rahman
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Salter R, Beshore DC, Colletti SL, Evans L, Gong Y, Helmy R, Liu Y, Maciolek CM, Martin G, Pajkovic N, Phipps R, Small J, Steele J, de Vries R, Williams H, Martin IJ. Microbial biotransformation – an important tool for the study of drug metabolism. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:877-886. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1512018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Salter
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yong Gong
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Cheri M. Maciolek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Gary Martin
- Department of Global Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Natasa Pajkovic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - James Small
- Department of Global Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald de Vries
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Iain J. Martin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Radical stabilization energies (RSEs) for a wide variety of nitrogen-centered radicals and their protonated counterparts have been calculated at G3(MP2)-RAD and G3B3 level. The calculated RSE values can be rationalized through the combined effects of resonance delocalization of the unpaired spin, electron donation through adjacent alkyl groups or lone pairs, and through inductive electron donation/electron withdrawal. The influence of ring strain effects as well as the synergistic combination of individual substituent effects (captodatively stabilized N-radicals) have also been explored. In symmetric N-radicals the substituents may also affect the relative ordering of electronic states. In most cases the π-type radical (unpaired spin distribution perpendicular to the plane of the N-radical) is found to be most stable. Closed shell precursors of biological and pharmaceutical relevance, for which neither experimental nor theoretical results on radical stabilities exist, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Hioe
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany.
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8
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Gul T, Bischoff R, Permentier HP. Electrosynthesis methods and approaches for the preparative production of metabolites from parent drugs. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Adduct formation of electrochemically generated reactive intermediates with biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Thobie-Gautier C, Boujtita M. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry to study reactive drug metabolites and CYP450 simulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Jurva U, Weidolf L. Electrochemical generation of drug metabolites with applications in drug discovery and development. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Li K, Li W. A quantitative assay for reductive metabolism of a pesticide in fish using electrochemistry coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4450-4457. [PMID: 25730707 DOI: 10.1021/es5057769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to use electrochemistry to generate a nitro reduction metabolite as a standard for a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative assay. This approach is further used to quantify 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) reductive metabolism. TFM is a widely used pesticide for the population control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an invasive species of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Three animal models, sea lamprey, lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were selected to evaluate TFM reductive metabolism because they have been known to show differential susceptibilities to TFM toxicity. Amino-TFM (aTFM; 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol) was the only reductive metabolite identified through liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of liver extracts incubated with TFM and was targeted for electrochemical synthesis. After synthesis and purification, aTFM was used to develop a quantitative assay of the reductive metabolism of TFM through liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of aTFM were measured from TFM-treated cellular fractions, including cytosolic, nuclear, membrane, and mitochondrial protein extracts. Sea lamprey extracts produced the highest concentrations (500 ng/mL) of aTFM. In addition, sea lamprey and sturgeon cytosolic extracts showed concentrations of aTFM substantially higher than those of rainbow trout. However, other fractions of lake sturgeon extracts tend to show aTFM concentrations similar to those of rainbow trout but not with sea lamprey. These data suggest that the level of reductive metabolism of TFM may be associated with the sensitivities of the animals to this particular pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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13
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Bussy U, Jurva U, Boisseau R, Andresen-Bergström M, Silvestre V, Galland N, Jacquemin D, Boujtita M. Unexpected benzimidazole ring formation from a quinoneimide species in the presence of ammonium acetate as supporting electrolyte used in the coupling of electrochemistry with mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:456-460. [PMID: 26349468 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrochemistry (EC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to study different phase-I reactions. Despite of the versatility of EC/MS, the effect of the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the formation of oxidation products has seldom been discussed during EC/MS experiments. Here, we present a comparison of two different supporting electrolytes and their effect on the identification of unstable intermediate oxidation species is discussed. METHODS The oxidation of acebutolol was performed with a coulometric cell in the presence of two supporting electrolytes namely ammonium acetate and lithium acetate. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) using a binary gradient (water/acetonitrile) with positive electrospray ionization was used to identify the oxidation products in the presence and absence of glutathione. Chemical structure elucidations of the oxidation products were performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and were also supported by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. RESULTS From the electrochemical study and HRMS measurements, we demonstrate that the quinoneimide species resulting from the oxidative hydrolyses of acebutolol gives a benzimidazole ring product in the presence of ammonium acetate. Through the example of the oxidation of acebutolol, a correlation between the supporting electrolyte nature and oxidation product formation was established. The obtained results were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. CONCLUSIONS We present here evidence of the side reactions induced by the presence of ammonia as supporting electrolyte during EC/MS measurements. Acebutolol was used as a model to postulate an uncommon and unexpected side reaction leading to benzimidazole ring formation. The findings may help to understand the identification of the intermediate species in the oxidative degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Renaud Boisseau
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Virginie Silvestre
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103, Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005, Cedex 5, France
| | - Mohammed Boujtita
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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14
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Oberacher H, Pitterl F, Erb R, Plattner S. Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:64-92. [PMID: 24338642 PMCID: PMC4286209 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) is a mature scientific discipline aimed to study the movement of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. EC covers techniques that use a measurement of potential, charge, or current to determine the concentration or the chemical reactivity of analytes. The electrical signal is directly converted into chemical information. For in-depth characterization of complex electrochemical reactions involving the formation of diverse intermediates, products and byproducts, EC is usually combined with other analytical techniques, and particularly the hyphenation of EC with mass spectrometry (MS) has found broad applicability. The analysis of gases and volatile intermediates and products formed at electrode surfaces is enabled by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). In DEMS an electrochemical cell is sampled with a membrane interface for electron ionization (EI)-MS. The chemical space amenable to EC/MS (i.e., bioorganic molecules including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs) was significantly increased by employing electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. In the simplest setup, the EC of the ESI process is used to analytical advantage. A limitation of this approach is, however, its inability to precisely control the electrochemical potential at the emitter electrode. Thus, particularly for studying mechanistic aspects of electrochemical processes, the hyphenation of discrete electrochemical cells with ESI-MS was found to be more appropriate. The analytical power of EC/ESI-MS can further be increased by integrating liquid chromatography (LC) as an additional dimension of separation. Chromatographic separation was found to be particularly useful to reduce the complexity of the sample submitted either to the EC cell or to ESI-MS. Thus, both EC/LC/ESI-MS and LC/EC/ESI-MS are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Erb
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Plattner
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
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15
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Arvand M, Ardaki MS, Zanjanchi MA. A new sensing platform based on electrospun copper oxide/ionic liquid nanocomposite for selective determination of risperidone. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02554k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper oxide nanoparticle/ionic liquid nanocomposite modified electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of risperidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Arvand
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory
- Faculty of Science
- University of Guilan
- Rasht
- Iran
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16
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Bussy U, Boujtita M. Advances in the Electrochemical Simulation of Oxidation Reactions Mediated by Cytochrome P450. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1652-68. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department
of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural
Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mohammed Boujtita
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
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17
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Thorsell A, Isin EM, Jurva U. Use of Electrochemical Oxidation and Model Peptides To Study Nucleophilic Biological Targets of Reactive Metabolites: The Case of Rimonabant. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1808-20. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500255r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Thorsell
- DMPK Design and Biotransformation, CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK Design and Biotransformation, CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- DMPK Design and Biotransformation, CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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18
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Li K, Li W. Phase I and phase II reductive metabolism simulation of nitro aromatic xenobiotics with electrochemistry coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7253-60. [PMID: 25234306 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry combined with (liquid chromatography) high resolution mass spectrometry was used to simulate the general reductive metabolism of three biologically important nitro aromatic molecules: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), niclosamide, and nilutamide. TFM is a pesticide used in the Laurential Great Lakes while niclosamide and nilutamide are used in cancer therapy. At first, a flow-through electrochemical cell was directly connected to a high resolution mass spectrometer to evaluate the ability of electrochemistry to produce the main reduction metabolites of nitro aromatic, nitroso, hydroxylamine, and amine functional groups. Electrochemical experiments were then carried out at a constant potential of -2.5 V before analysis of the reduction products by LC-HRMS, which confirmed the presence of the nitroso, hydroxylamine, and amine species as well as dimers. Dimer identification illustrates the reactivity of the nitroso species with amine and hydroxylamine species. To investigate xenobiotic metabolism, the reactivity of nitroso species to biomolecules was also examined. Binding of the nitroso metabolite to glutathione was demonstrated by the observation of adducts by LC-ESI(+)-HRMS and the characteristics of their MSMS fragmentation. In conclusion, electrochemistry produces the main reductive metabolites of nitro aromatics and supports the observation of nitroso reactivity through dimer or glutathione adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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19
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Liu Y, Kim E, White IM, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Information processing through a bio-based redox capacitor: signatures for redox-cycling. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 98:94-102. [PMID: 24769500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox-cycling compounds can significantly impact biological systems and can be responsible for activities that range from pathogen virulence and contaminant toxicities, to therapeutic drug mechanisms. Current methods to identify redox-cycling activities rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and employ enzymatic or chemical methods to detect ROS. Here, we couple the speed and sensitivity of electrochemistry with the molecular-electronic properties of a bio-based redox-capacitor to generate signatures of redox-cycling. The redox capacitor film is electrochemically-fabricated at the electrode surface and is composed of a polysaccharide hydrogel with grafted catechol moieties. This capacitor film is redox-active but non-conducting and can engage diffusible compounds in either oxidative or reductive redox-cycling. Using standard electrochemical mediators ferrocene dimethanol (Fc) and Ru(NH3)6Cl3 (Ru(3+)) as model redox-cyclers, we observed signal amplifications and rectifications that serve as signatures of redox-cycling. Three bio-relevant compounds were then probed for these signatures: (i) ascorbate, a redox-active compound that does not redox-cycle; (ii) pyocyanin, a virulence factor well-known for its reductive redox-cycling; and (iii) acetaminophen, an analgesic that oxidatively redox-cycles but also undergoes conjugation reactions. These studies demonstrate that the redox-capacitor can enlist the capabilities of electrochemistry to generate rapid and sensitive signatures of biologically-relevant chemical activities (i.e., redox-cycling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Bussy U, Giraudeau P, Tea I, Boujtita M. Understanding the degradation of electrochemically-generated reactive drug metabolites by quantitative NMR. Talanta 2013; 116:554-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bussy U, Delaforge M, El-Bekkali C, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Krempf M, Tea I, Galland N, Jacquemin D, Boujtita M. Acebutolol and alprenolol metabolism predictions: comparative study of electrochemical and cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6077-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Šakić D, Achrainer F, Vrček V, Zipse H. The chemical fate of paroxetine metabolites. Dehydration of radicals derived from 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4232-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Bussy U, Tea I, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Krempf M, Silvestre V, Galland N, Jacquemin D, Andresen-Bergström M, Jurva U, Boujtita M. Voltammetry coupled to mass spectrometry in the presence of isotope 18O labeled water for the prediction of oxidative transformation pathways of activated aromatic ethers: Acebutolol. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 762:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jahn S, Karst U. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry—Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:16-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Telgmann L, Faber H, Jahn S, Melles D, Simon H, Sperling M, Karst U. Identification and quantification of potential metabolites of Gd-based contrast agents by electrochemistry/separations/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bussy U, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Tea I, Krempf M, Silvestre V, Boujtita M. Electrochemical oxidation behavior of Acebutolol and identification of intermediate species by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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