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Choucair I, Shang E, Tran MN, Cassella-McLane G, El-Khoury JM. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) for rapid urine opioid detection in a clinical setting. Clin Chim Acta 2025; 564:119939. [PMID: 39197698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current laboratory methods for opioid detection involve an initial screening with immunoassays which offers efficient but non-specific results and a subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmation which offers accurate results but requires extensive sample preparation and turnaround time. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) tandem mass spectrometry is evaluated as an alternative approach for accurate opioid detection with efficient sample preparation and turnaround time. MATERIALS AND METHODS DART-MS/MS was optimized by testing the method with varying temperatures, operation modes, extraction methods, hydrolysis times, and vortex times. The method was evaluated for 12 opioids by testing the analytical measurement range, percent carryover, precision studies, stability, and method-to-method comparison with LC-MS/MS. RESULTS DART-MS/MS shows high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, naloxone, buprenorphine, norfentanyl, and fentanyl in urine samples. However, its performance was suboptimal for norbuprenorphine, morphine and oxycodone. CONCLUSION In this proof-of-concept study, DART-MS/MS is evaluated for its rapid quantitative definitive testing of opioids drugs in urine. Further research is needed to expand its application to other areas of drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Choucair
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Minh Nguyet Tran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joe M El-Khoury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Almeida CVP, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF, Ruivo J. Application of a bar adsorptive microextraction based methodology for doping control of alkylamine stimulants in urine matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124006. [PMID: 38246007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To comply with 'World Anti-Doping Agency' (WADA) guidelines, doping control laboratories must continuously adjust their analytical procedures. Therefore, sample preparation continues to play a critical step in modern analytical strategies, namely by replacing the tedious, time and solvent consuming commonly employed (e.g. liquid-liquid extraction). The present contribution proposes, for the first time in doping control, bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) as an alternative analytical technique for the qualitative determination of six alkyl amine stimulants (AAs; 1,3-dimethylbutylamine, 1,4-dimethylpentylamine, heptaminol, isometheptene, octodrine and tuaminoheptane) in urine matrices followed by derivatization prior to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, operating in the selected ion monitoring mode acquisition (GC-MS(SIM)). After selecting the most selective coating phase, i.e., a mixed-mode reversed phase/strong anion exchange sorbent (P2), assays performed under optimized experimental conditions [microextraction - BAμE(P2), 1 h (1,000 rpm), pH 11, 10 % NaCl; back-extraction - methanol (150 μL), 30 min, under sonication], allowed remarkable recoveries ranging from 48.7 % (heptaminol, 200 ng/mL) to 83.1 % (1,4-dimethylpentylamine, 200 ng/mL). The validation assessment assays of the proposed methodology showed suitable limits of identification (5.0-35.0 ng/mL), appropriate linear dynamic ranges (5.0-200.0 ng/mL) and good determination coefficients (r2 > 0.9937), as well as excellent selectivity, robustness, accuracy and precision. To check whether the methodology is fit-for-purpose, four previously analysed proficiency urine samples were successfully tested, in which were unequivocally detected and identified some of the target AAs. The present methodology showed to be a remarkable alternative in comparison to other dedicated analytical approaches to screen AAs in urine matrices, since it is cost-effective, user- and eco-friendly, requiring low volume of urine sample (1 mL). The great potential of this analytical technology in doping control lies in a very effective microextraction combined with the minimization of potential interferents, presenting itself as an added value to be applied to other types of substances and complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V P Almeida
- Laboratório de Análises de Dopagem, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge IP, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz (Estádio Universitário), 1600-190 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - N R Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - J M F Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - J Ruivo
- Laboratório de Análises de Dopagem, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge IP, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz (Estádio Universitário), 1600-190 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Zandonai T, Botrè F, Abate MG, Peiró AM, Mündel T. Should We be Concerned with Nicotine in Sport? Analysis from 60,802 Doping Control Tests in Italy. Sports Med 2023; 53:1273-1279. [PMID: 36826714 PMCID: PMC9951140 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine is a psychostimulant drug with purported use in sports environments, though the use of nicotine among athletes has not been studied extensively. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the nicotine positivity rate in 60,802 anti-doping urine samples from 2012 to 2020. METHODS Urine samples obtained in-competition at different national and international sports events held in Italy during the period 2012-2020 were analysed. All samples were from anonymous athletes that were collected and analysed at the WADA-accredited antidoping laboratory in Rome, Italy. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, with a cut-off concentration for nicotine of > 50 ng/mL. Results were stratified by year, sport and sex. RESULTS An overall mean of 22.7% of the samples (n = 13,804; males: n = 11,099; females: n = 2705) showed nicotine intake, with male samples also displaying higher positivity rates than female (24.1% vs 18.5%). Sample positivity was higher during 2012-2014 (25-33%) than 2015-2020 (15-20%). Samples from team sports displayed a higher positivity rate than those from individual sports (31.4 vs 14.1%). CONCLUSIONS The current data demonstrates that one in five samples from a range of 90 sports test positive for nicotine in-competition. There is a lower positivity rate in endurance versus power/strength athletes and higher positivity rate in team versus individual sports, probably accounted for by differences in physiological and psychological demands and the desire for socialisation. WADA, international and national sports federations should consider these findings with concern, proactively investigate this phenomenon and act in order to protect the health and welfare of its athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zandonai
- Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Crta. Nacional, N-332. S/N, Sant Joan, 03550, Alicante, Spain. .,Neuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED), Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain. .,Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Botrè
- grid.498572.50000 0001 0395 9784Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204REDs, Research and Expertise on Anti-Doping Sciences, ISSUL Institute des Sciences du Sport, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Gabriella Abate
- grid.498572.50000 0001 0395 9784Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana María Peiró
- grid.513062.30000 0004 8516 8274Neuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED), Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain ,Pain Unit, Department of Health of Alicante-General Hospital, Alicante, Spain ,grid.106023.60000 0004 1770 977XClinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health of Alicante, General Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Toby Mündel
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ,grid.411793.90000 0004 1936 9318Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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Tramadol and Cycling: Is It the End of a "Painful" Relationship? An Insight From 60,802 Doping-Control Samples From 2012 to 2020. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:95-98. [PMID: 36470254 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of tramadol use among athletes from 2012 to 2020. METHODS All urine samples were collected from national and international in-competition doping-control tests that took place in Italy between 2012 and 2020. The analysis of the samples was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry with electronic ionization and acquisition in selected ion monitoring. The cutoff tramadol concentration was >50 ng/mL. RESULTS Of the 60,802 in-competition urine samples we analyzed, 1.2% (n = 759) showed tramadol intake, with 84.2% (n = 637) of these coming from cyclists and 15.8% (n = 122) from other sports. In cycling, a strong and significant negative correlation was found (r = -.738; P = .003), showing a decrease of tramadol use compared with the other sports. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in tramadol prevalence in cycling in the last years may be due to (1) the deterrent action of antidoping regulations and (2) the fact that tramadol may not have any actual ergogenic effect on performance.
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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Cunha RL, Lopes WA, Pereira PAP. Determination of free (unconjugated) amphetamine-type stimulants in urine samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (DLLME-GC-MS). Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pacifici R, Pichini S, Palmi I, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Smoking habits of italian athletes undergoing anti-doping control. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:133-5. [PMID: 26290451 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pacifici
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palmi
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Roma, Italy
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Dong Y, Yan K, Ma Y, Wang S, He G, Deng J, Yang Z. A Sensitive Dilute-and-Shoot Approach for the Simultaneous Screening of 71 Stimulants and 7 Metabolites in Human Urine by LC–MS-MS with Dynamic MRM. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1528-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Domínguez-Romero JC, García-Reyes JF, Lara-Ortega FJ, Molina-Díaz A. Screening and confirmation capabilities of liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of 200 multiclass sport drugs in urine. Talanta 2015; 134:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lu M, Li Q, Lai Y, Zhang L, Qiu B, Chen G, Cai Z. Determination of stimulants and narcotics as well as their in vitro metabolites by online CE-ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:472-8. [PMID: 21254133 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive CE-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous analysis of seven stimulants and narcotics (amphetamine, ephedrine, methadone, pethidine, tetracaine, codeine and heroin) was developed. The CE-ESI-MS experimental conditions were optimized as follows: 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate with pH 9.0 as running buffer, the separation voltage of 22 kV and the sheath liquid of isopropanol/water (1:1 v/v) containing 7.5 mmol/L acetic acid with 3.0 μL/min flow rate. Under the optimized conditions, the stimulants and narcotics were well separated within 4.6 min using a 70-cm length fused-silica capillary (50 μm id). The detection limits (S/N=3) of the CE-ESI-MS analysis were in the range of 0.40-1.0 ng/mL. Method repeatability of intra-day and inter-day was satisfactory. The recoveries obtained from the analysis of spiked urine samples were between 84.1 and 108%. The developed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of methadone, pethidine and codeine and their in vitro metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Fast GC-MS method for the simultaneous screening of THC-COOH, cocaine, opiates and analogues including buprenorphine and fentanyl, and their metabolites in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1623-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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