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Deng S, Wang Y, Huang X, Zhou Y, Wang T, Chen X, Xiong L, Wu W, Xia B. Automated online solid-phase extraction-tandem mass spectrometry detection for simultaneous analysis of acidic and alkaline catecholamines and their metabolites in human urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116292. [PMID: 38865926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation of catecholamines (CAs) is implicated in various human diseases. Simultaneously analyzing these acidic and alkaline CAs and their metabolites poses a significant challenge for clinical detection. This study introduces an efficient method employing automated online solid-phase extraction coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (aoSPE-MS/MS). The method employs weak cation exchange (WCX) and mixed-mode anion exchange (MAX) adsorbents to fabricate an on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, along with an automated injection and multi-valve switching capabilities. The setup allows for automated extraction and analysis of urine samples in 15 minutes while retaining a wide range of acidic and basic CAs and their metabolites. The applicability of this method was demonstrated by optimising the adsorbent dosage volume, extraction solvent, and extraction rate. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) for the 8 CAs and their metabolites were determined using the aoSPE-MS/MS approach, with ranges of 0.0625 ∼ 62.5 ng/mL and 0.125 ∼ 125 ng/mL, respectively. Additionally, assessments were made on the linearity, accuracy, and precision within and between batches, as well as matrix and ionic effects, and spiked recoveries. The study discovered that the aoSPE-MS/MS technique simplifies operation, increases efficiency, saves time, and has low detection and quantification limits when detecting a wide range of acid and alkaline CAs and their metabolites in urine. The study successfully demonstrated the high-throughput and automated detection of the 8 CAs and their metabolites with varying acidity and alkalinity in human urine samples. This method is expected to be a potential powerful tool for clinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyan Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tianxun Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan 628000, China
| | - Xiquan Chen
- The First People's Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan 628000, China
| | - Lan Xiong
- The First People's Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan 628000, China
| | - Wenlin Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Kodikara C, Netticadan T, Bandara N, Wijekoon C, Sura S. A new UHPLC-HRMS metabolomics approach for the rapid and comprehensive analysis of phenolic compounds in blueberry, raspberry, blackberry, cranberry and cherry fruits. Food Chem 2024; 445:138778. [PMID: 38394909 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are considered an important group of bioactive molecules that are present in abundant quantities in fruits such as berries and cherries; hence, the analysis and quantification of these compounds are of significant interest to the scientific community. The current study aimed to develop a novel analytical method using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) for the rapid, comprehensive and simultaneous analysis of 66 phenolic compounds optimized for the selected five types of fruits commercially available in Canada. Bioactive compounds that could potentially be metabolite markers for each berry were identified. Various phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in all five selected fruits. Notably, blackberries were rich in anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside (368.4 ± 6 µg/g), while blueberries were rich in peonidin-3-glucoside (1083 ± 9 µg/g). In addition, raspberries and cherries contained significant amounts of cyanidin-3-rutinoside, at 3156 ± 36 µg/g and 301.3 ± 2 µg/g, respectively, while cranberries contained the highest concentrations of petunidin at 829.7 ± 3 µg/g. The newly developed and validated UHPLC-HRMS method proved helpful in comprehensively analyzing phenolic compounds in blueberry, raspberry, cranberry, blackberry and cherry. Identifying and quantifying bioactives can lead to applications in neutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries by using phenolic-rich berry extracts in functional foods, supplements, or pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamali Kodikara
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3C 1B2, Canada; Department of Food & Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3C 1B2, Canada
| | - Nandika Bandara
- Department of Food & Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Champa Wijekoon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3C 1B2, Canada; Department of Food & Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Srinivas Sura
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada.
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3
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Bates MN, Helm AE, Barkholtz HM. Screening for Forensically Relevant Drugs Using Data-Independent High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:571-579. [PMID: 38575522 PMCID: PMC11022238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Forensic and clinical laboratories are expected to provide a rapid screening of samples for a wide range of analytes; however, the ever-changing landscape of illicit substances makes analysis complicated. There is a great need for untargeted methods that can aid these laboratories in broad-scope drug screening. Liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has become a popular technique for untargeted screening and presumptive identification of drugs of abuse due to its superior sensitivity and detection capabilities in complex matrices. An untargeted extraction and data acquisition method was evaluated for the broad screening of high-priority drugs of abuse in whole blood. A total of 35 forensically relevant target analytes were identified and extracted at biologically relevant low and high (10× low) concentrations from whole blood using supported liquid extraction. Data-independent acquisition was accomplished using ultraperformance liquid chromatography and a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results were acceptable for screening assays, with limits of detection at or below the recommended low-concentration cutoffs for most analytes. Analyte ionization varied from 30.1 to 267.6% (average: 110.5%) at low concentrations and from 8.6 to 383.5% (average: 93.6%) at high concentrations. Extraction recovery ranged from 8.5 to 330.5% (average: 105.3%) at low concentrations and from 9.4 to 127.5% (average: 82.7%) at high concentrations. This variability was also captured as precision, ranging from 4.7 to 135.2% (average: 36.5%) at low concentrations and from 0.9 to 59.0% (average: 21.7%) at high concentrations. The method described in this work is efficient and effective for qualitative forensic toxicology screening, as demonstrated by analysis of 166 authentic suspected impaired driver and postmortem specimens. That said, it is critical that laboratories establishing untargeted LC-HRMS screening assays be aware of the strengths and limitations across diverse drug categories and chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia N. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Forensic
Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
| | - Abby E. Helm
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Heather M. Barkholtz
- Forensic
Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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4
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Frankenfeld F, Wagmann L, Jacobs CM, Meyer MR. Quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse and cognitive enhancers in influent wastewater by means of two chromatographic methods. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38012832 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sewage-based epidemiology using influent wastewater is used to estimate the consumption trends of (illicit) drugs over a short or long period of time in a subpopulation. The current study aimed to develop two separate methods for the quantitative analysis of selected drugs of abuse (DOA) and cognitive enhancers in influent wastewater using reversed-phase (RP) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). The performance of RP and HILIC column was evaluated. A simple solid phase extraction was used for sample preparation. Short runtimes of 10 and 15 min on the RP and the HILIC column, respectively, allowed sufficient throughput. A six-point calibration was used for quantification with calibration ranges between 10 and 100 ng/L for all analytes except for benzoylecgonine (BZE, 30-300 ng/L). Method validation was performed according to ICH guideline M10. Analytes such as amphetamine (AMPH), BZE, cocaethylene (CE), cocaine (COC), ethyl sulfate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, methylphenidate (MPH), and ritalinic acid (RA) were included in method development and validation. Two different column types were necessary for sufficient chromatographic resolution. The analytical setup allowed detection of all other analytes at concentration levels between 1 ng/L for methylphenidate to 10 ng/L for amphetamine. A method for the detection and quantification of DOA, cognitive enhancers, and their biomarkers in wastewater was successfully developed and validated. Moreover, six proof-of-concept samples were analyzed in which AMPH, BZE, COC, MDMA, MPH, and RA were identified and further quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Frankenfeld
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cathy M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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5
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Jiang R, Rempel DL, Gross ML. MALDI Peptide Mapping for Fast Analysis in Protein Footprinting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 490:117080. [PMID: 38465269 PMCID: PMC10923600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Although protein footprinting results are commonly obtained by ESI-based LC-MS/MS, a more rapid-turnaround alternative approach is desirable to expand the scope of protein footprinting and facilitate routine analysis such as monitoring protein high order structure in quality control or checking epitope maps. Considering that MALDI is a faster procedure that can be easily adapted for high-throughput analysis, we explore here the feasibility of developing a MALDI-based analysis "portfolio" of bottom-up peptide mass mapping for footprinting. The approach was applied to several model proteins that were submitted to two footprinting strategies, FPOP and GEE labeling, and their performance was evaluated. We found adequate coverage that can be improved with automatic off-line separation and spotting, demonstrating the capability to footprint accurately protein conformational change, showing that MALDI may be useful for selected applications in protein footprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Don L Rempel
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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6
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Wang Z, Shang HB, Cui M, Ma B, Li D, Jin D, Dong M. Use of tandem carbon microfiber columns for on-line fractionation strategy of reducing ion suppression effects in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463641. [PMID: 36403517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As we all know, the complexity and diversity of complex sample are confronting with challenge of high-sensitive mass spectrometry analysis, especially direct mass spectrometry. The work proposed a two-dimensional carbon microfiber fractionation (2DμCFs) system for the reduction of ion suppression effects in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The 2DμCFs system can on-line fractionated the complex sample into strong-polar, medium-polar and weak-polar fractions for sequential MS analysis. Direct analysis brings about the strong ion suppression effect up to 85%, but the fractionated analysis of 2DμCFs system can distinctly reduce the ion suppression effect to less than 43%, even close to none. And the fractionated analysis not only decrease the number of analytes of direct analysis, but also narrows down the polarity range of analytes within the droplets of ESI, contributing to the homogeneous distribution to reduce the ion suppression effect. As an example, the 2DμCFs system coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied for fractionated analysis of Radix Puerariae extract in 4.5 min. Compared with direct MS/MS, the 2DμCFs-MS/MS shows the lower ion suppression and the more ionic species (m/z). In addition, and most of ionic species detected by the 2DμCFs-MS/MS, are the same as those by HPLC MS/MS. Furthermore, the 2DμCFs-MS/MS exhibit the good analysis repeatability of real sample with the RSDs less than 10.32% (intra-day), 7.12% (inter-day) and 14.28% (inter-batch of CFs and ACFs). The carbon fibers (CFs) and active carbon fibers (ACFs) columns, as the key parts, are conducive to achieve on-line fractionation of compounds based on the difference of polarity. The 2DμCFs system has the merits of on-line, speediness, low-pressure and recycle. More importantly, such fast and high-throughput method is advantageous for comprehensive screening of complex samples in drug, clinical, environment and plant.
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7
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Assessing caffeine levels in soft beverages available in Istanbul, Turkey: An LC-MS/MS application in food toxicology. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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8
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A rapid and robust method for amino acid quantification using a simple N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivatization and liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5549-5559. [PMID: 35338375 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics studies employ reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) to separate analytes prior to MS detection. Highly polar metabolites, such as amino acids (AAs), are poorly retained by RPLC, making quantitation of these key species challenging across the broad concentration ranges typically observed in biological specimens, such as cell extracts. To improve the detection and quantitation of AAs in microglial cell extracts, the implementation of a 4-dimethylaminobenzoylamido acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (DBAA-NHS) derivatization agent was explored for its ability to improve both analyte retention and detection limits in RPLC-MS. In addition to the introduction of the DBAA-NHS labeling reagent, a uniformly (U) 13C-labeled yeast extract was also introduced during the sample preparation workflow as an internal standard (IS) to eliminate artifacts and to enable targeted quantitation of AAs, as well as untargeted amine submetabolome profiling. To improve method sensitivity and selectivity, multiplexed drift-tube ion mobility (IM) was integrated into the LC-MS workflow, facilitating the separation of isomeric metabolites, and improving the structural identification of unknown metabolites. Implementation of the U-13C-labeled yeast extract during the multiplexed LC-IM-MS analysis enabled the quantitation of 19 of the 20 common AAs, supporting a linear dynamic range spanning up to three orders of magnitude in concentration for microglial cell extracts, in addition to reducing the required cell count for reliable quantitation from 10 to 5 million cells per sample.
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9
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Li A, Wang F, Tao L, Ma C, Bi L, Song M, Jiang G. Rapid and simultaneous determination of multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their metabolites in human serum and urine samples. Talanta 2022; 248:123639. [PMID: 35661003 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols, parabens, and their metabolites are a group of chemical compounds with a wide range of polarities but similar chemical structures, which presents a challenge for the simultaneous determination of these compounds in complex biological samples. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of free bisphenol A (BPA), conjugated BPA, bisphenols, and parabens analogs was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) tandem liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). We compared the effects of different types of SPE cartridges, diluents, and LLE solvents on the analyte recovery. Utilizing the direct and indirect determination methods (enzyme hydrolysis), we confirmed the accuracy of the direct method for measuring BPA glucuronide and BPA disulfate. The method enabled the analysis of 24 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in one injection through UHPLC-MSMS measurements, with satisfactory recovery (mean: 91.8-98.6% for urine, 80.2%-96.8% for serum) and precision (RSD <15%). The LOD and LOQ values were 0.003 and 0.01 ng/mL for serum, and 0.002 and 0.006 ng/mL for urine samples, respectively. For real sample analysis, the median concentration of analytes in serum and urine samples ranged from 0.04 ng/mL (BPS) to 56.4 ng/mL (4-HB) and 0.11 ng/mL (BPA) to 136 ng/mL (4-HB), respectively. This method provides a new strategy to simultaneously identify compounds with a wide range of polarities from complicated biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Le Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Methods of Detection, Identification, and Quantitation. Forensic Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819286-3.00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Nasiri A, Jahani R, Mokhtari S, Yazdanpanah H, Daraei B, Faizi M, Kobarfard F. Overview, consequences, and strategies for overcoming matrix effects in LC-MS analysis: a critical review. Analyst 2021; 146:6049-6063. [PMID: 34546235 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique is widely applied to routine analysis in many matrices. Despite the enormous application of LC/MS, this technique is subjected to drawbacks called matrix effects (MEs) that could lead to ion suppression or ion enhancement. This phenomenon can exert a deleterious impact on the ionization efficacy of an analyte and subsequently on the important method performance parameters. LC-MS susceptibility to MEs is the main challenge of this technique in the analysis of complex matrices such as biological and food samples. Nowadays, the assessment, estimation, and overcoming of the MEs before developing a method is mandatory in any analysis. Two main approaches including the post-column infusion and post-extraction spike are proposed to determine the degree of MEs. Different strategies can be adopted to reduce or eliminate MEs depending on the complexity of the matrix. This could be done by improving extraction and clean-up methods, changing the type of ionization employed, optimization of liquid chromatography conditions, and using corrective calibration methods. This review article will provide an overview of the MEs as the Achilles heel of the LC-MS technique, the causes of ME occurrence, their consequences, and systemic approaches towards overcoming MEs during LC-MS-based multi-analyte procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nasiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jahani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaya Mokhtari
- Central Research Laboratories, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Central Research Laboratories, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Scholz C, Cabalzar J, Kraemer T, Baumgartner MR. A Comprehensive Multi-Analyte Method for Hair Analysis: Substance-Specific Quantification Ranges and Tool for Task-Oriented Data Evaluation. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:701-712. [PMID: 32986078 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify a large number of analytes including opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, z-drugs, antidepressants and neuroleptics within a single sample workup followed by a single analytical measurement. Expected drug concentrations in hair are strongly substance dependent. Therefore, three different calibration ranges were implemented: 0.5 to 600 pg/mg (group 1), 10 to 12,000 pg/mg (group 2) and 50 to 60,000 pg/mg (group 3). In order to avoid saturation effects, different strategies were applied for selected transitions including the use of parent mass ions containing one or two 13C-isotopes and detuning of the declustering potential and/or collision energy. Drugs were extracted from pulverized hair by a two-step extraction protocol and measured by liquid chromatrography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC--MS-MS) using Scheduled MRM™ Algorithm Pro. In total, 275 MRM transitions including 43 deuterated standards were measured. The method has been fully validated according to international guidelines. A MultiQuant™ software based tool for task-oriented data evaluation was established, which allows extracting selected information from the measured data sets. The matrix effects and recoveries were within the allowed ranges for the majority of the analytes. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were for ∼72% of the analytes in the low-pg/mg range (0.5-5 pg/mg) and for ∼24% of the analytes between 10 and 50 pg/mg. These LLOQs considered cut-offs by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT), if recommended. The herein established multi-analyte approach meets the specific requirements of forensic hair testing and can be used for the rapid and robust measurement of a wide range of psychoactive substances. The analyte-specific wide concentration ranges open up a wide field of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scholz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Cabalzar
- AB Sciex Switzerland GmbH, SCIEX, CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland
| | - T Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Wagmann L, Vollmer AC, Lauder L, Mahfoud F, Meyer MR. Assessing Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication by Means of Dose-Dependent Reference Plasma Concentration Ranges and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:1495. [PMID: 33803489 PMCID: PMC7967203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy is a well-recognized problem and can be assessed by mass spectrometry-based analyses of body fluids. However, contrary statements exist whether drug quantification in blood or qualitative screening in urine is more suitable. The present pilot study aimed to further elucidate the power of blood plasma drug concentrations for adherence monitoring by developing and validating a quantification procedure for nine antihypertensive drugs (amlodipine, bisoprolol, candesartan, canrenone, carvedilol, metoprolol, olmesartan, torasemide, and valsartan) in blood plasma using liquid-liquid extraction and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry analysis. The procedure should then be used for an adherence assessment and compared with the results of an established qualitative urine screening. Selectivity, carryover, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, dilution integrity, and stability were successfully validated, except for amlodipine. The applicability was demonstrated by analyzing 19 plasma samples containing 28 antihypertensive drugs and comparing the measured concentrations with calculated dose-dependent reference plasma concentration ranges. The interpretation of plasma concentrations was found to be more sophisticated and time-consuming than that of urine screening results, and adherence could not be assessed in two cases (10%) due to measured plasma concentrations below the lower limit of quantification. However, 14 out of 19 subjects were classified as adherent (75%) and three as nonadherent (15%), in contrast to 19 (100%) that were claimed to be adherent based on the results of the qualitative urine screening. Nevertheless, further data is needed to estimate whether plasma quantification is superior in terms of assessing adherence to antihypertensive medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.W.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Aline C. Vollmer
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.W.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Lucas Lauder
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (F.M.)
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.W.); (A.C.V.)
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14
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Degreef M, Vits L, Berry EM, Maudens KEK, van Nuijs ALN. Quantification of 54 Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs, Including 20 Designer Ones, in Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:141-153. [PMID: 32507898 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of sleep and anxiety disorders, as well as epileptic seizures and alcohol withdrawal because of their broad therapeutic index and low cost. Due to their central nervous system depressant effects they are also often implicated in traffic accidents and drug-related intoxications. With an increasing number of designer benzodiazepines used in a recreational setting, there is a need for analytical methods to be able to quantify both the prescribed and designer benzodiazepines. A liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of 34 prescribed and 20 designer benzodiazepines in plasma. Different sample preparation strategies, including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and mini-QuEChERS, were tested. The best recoveries for all compounds of interest were obtained with a liquid-liquid extraction using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether and 500 μL plasma. The method was fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines for all compounds, except pivoxazepam, which is included for qualitative purposes only. In-sample stability issues were observed for cloxazolam, both at ambient temperature and during long-term storage at -20°C. Due to the large number of compounds included, the simple and time-efficient sample preparation and the relatively inexpensive instrumentation used, the presented method can be readily implemented in both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Degreef
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lore Vits
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eleanor M Berry
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Andries A, Rozenski J, Vermeersch P, Mekahli D, Van Schepdael A. Recent progress in the LC-MS/MS analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:402-428. [PMID: 33280143 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a dynamic and balanced equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and the in-house antioxidant defense mechanisms is characteristic for a healthy body. During oxidative stress (OS), this balance is switched to increased production of ROS and RNS, exceeding the capacity of physiological antioxidant systems. This can cause damage to biological molecules, leading to loss of function and even cell death. Nowadays, there is increasing scientific and clinical interest in OS and the associated parameters to measure the degree of OS in biofluids. An increasing number of reports using LC-MS/MS methods for the analysis of OS biomarkers can be found. Since bioanalysis is usually complicated by matrix effects, various types of cleanup procedures are used to effectively separate the biomarkers from the matrix. This is an essential part of the analysis to prepare a reproducible and homogenous solution suitable for injection onto the column. The present review gives a summary of the chromatographic methods used for the determination of OS biomarkers in both urine and plasma, serum, and whole blood samples. The first part mainly describes the biological background of the different OS biomarkers, while the second part reports examples of chromatographic methods for the analysis of different metabolites connected with OS in biofluids, covering a period from 2015 till early 2020. The selected examples mainly include LC-MS/MS methods for isoprostanes, oxidized proteins, oxidized lipoproteins, and DNA/RNA biomarkers. The last part explains the clinical relevance of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmin Andries
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- KU Leuven - Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD group, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Manier SK, Schwermer F, Wagmann L, Eckstein N, Meyer MR. Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based In Vitro Toxicometabolomics of the Synthetic Cathinones 4-MPD and 4-MEAP in Pooled Human Liver Microsomes. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010003. [PMID: 33374857 PMCID: PMC7824391 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones belong to the most often seized new psychoactive substances on an international level. This study investigated the toxicometabolomics, particularly the in vitro metabolism of 2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-pentanone (4-MPD) and 2-(ethylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-pentanone (4-MEAP) in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) using untargeted metabolomics techniques. Incubations were performed with the substrates in concentrations ranging from 0, 12.5, and 25 µM. Analysis was done by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS/MS) in full scan only and the obtained data was evaluated using XCMS Online and MetaboAnalyst. Significant features were putatively identified using a separate parallel reaction monitoring method. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test for prefiltering significant features and subsequent hierarchical clustering, as well as principal component analysis (PCA). Hierarchical clustering or PCA showed a distinct clustering of all concentrations with most of the features z-scores rising with the concentration of the investigated substances. Identification of significant features left many of them unidentified but revealed metabolites of both 4-MPD and 4-MEAP. Both substances formed carboxylic acids, were hydroxylated at the alkyl chain, and formed metabolites after combined hydroxylation and reduction of the cathinone oxo group. 4-MPD additionally formed a dihydroxy metabolite and a hydroxylamine. 4-MEAP was additionally found reduced at the cathinone oxo group, N-dealkylated, and formed an oxo metabolite. These findings are the first to describe the metabolic pathways of 4-MPD and to extend our knowledge about the metabolism of 4-MEAP. Findings, particularly the MS data of the metabolites, are essential for setting up metabolite-based toxicological (urine) screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha K. Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (S.K.M.); (F.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Florian Schwermer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (S.K.M.); (F.S.); (L.W.)
- Applied Pharmacy, Campus Pirmasens, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany;
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (S.K.M.); (F.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Niels Eckstein
- Applied Pharmacy, Campus Pirmasens, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany;
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (S.K.M.); (F.S.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-16-2643
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17
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Goyon A, Masui C, Sirois LE, Han C, Yehl P, Gosselin F, Zhang K. Achiral-Chiral Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Platform to Support Automated High-Throughput Experimentation in the Field of Drug Development. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15187-15193. [PMID: 33142065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Automated high-throughput experimentation (HTE) is a powerful tool for scientists to explore and optimize chemical transformations by simultaneously screening yield, stereoselectivity, and impurity profiles. To analyze the HTE samples, high-throughput analysis (HTA) platforms must be fast, accurate, generic, and specific at the same time. A large amount of high-quality data is critical for the success of machine learning models in the era of big data. Conventional chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) HTE methods are hampered by compound co-eluting, possible ion suppression, and limited chiral column lifetime in the presence of crude reaction mixtures or complex sample matrices. To overcome these limitations, a generic and fast achiral-chiral heart-cutting two-dimensional (2D)-LC method has been developed to determine both the yield and stereoselectivity of chemical transformations within a 10 min run time. Successful implementation of the 2D-LC HTA platform in a routine drug development environment was achieved for real-world project support, with the analysis so far of over 2000 reaction mixtures prepared in the 96-well plate format. Excellent performance of the method was demonstrated by relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 0.83% for the 1D and 2D retention times, and determination coefficients higher than 0.99. The presented HTA 2D-LC platform has had a significant impact on drug development by analyzing the HTE samples rapidly with unambiguous peak tracking and providing a robust approach for accurately generating a large amount of high-quality data in a short time.
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18
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Hartner NT, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Piendl SK, Zimmermann S, Belder D. On-Line Coupling of Chip-Electrochromatography and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15129-15136. [PMID: 33143411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the first hyphenation of chip-electrochromatography (ChEC) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This approach combines the separation power of two electrokinetically driven separation techniques, the first in liquid phase and the second in gas phase, with a label-free detection of the analytes. For achieving this, a microfluidic glass chip incorporating a monolithic separation column, a nanofluidic liquid junction for providing post-column electrical contact, and a monolithically integrated electrospray emitter was developed. This device was successfully coupled to a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS with shifted potentials. After proof-of-concept studies in which a mixture of five model compounds was analyzed in less than 80 s, this first ChEC-IMS system was applied to a more complex sample, the analysis of herbicides spiked in the wine matrix. The use of ChEC before IMS detection not only facilitated the peak allocation and increased the peak capacity but also enabled analyte quantification. As both, ChEC and IMS work at ambient conditions and are driven by high voltages, no bulky pumping systems are needed, neither for the hydrodynamic pumping of the mobile phase as in high-performance liquid chromatography nor for generating a vacuum system as in mass spectrometry. Accordingly, the approach has great potential as a portable analytical system for field analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Hellhake S, Meckelmann SW, Empl MT, Rentmeister K, Wißdorf W, Steinberg P, Schmitz OJ, Benter T, Schebb NH. Non-targeted and targeted analysis of oxylipins in combination with charge-switch derivatization by ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5743-5757. [PMID: 32699965 PMCID: PMC7413910 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids and other oxylipins play an important role in mediating inflammation as well as other biological processes. For the investigation of their biological role(s), comprehensive analytical methods are necessary, which are able to provide reliable identification and quantification of these compounds in biological matrices. Using charge-switch derivatization with AMPP (N-(4-aminomethylphenyl)pyridinium chloride) in combination with liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IM-QTOF-MS), we developed a non-target approach to analyze oxylipins in plasma, serum, and cells. The developed workflow makes use of an ion mobility resolved fragmentation to pinpoint derivatized molecules based on the cleavage of AMPP, which yields two specific fragment ions. This allows a reliable identification of known and unknown eicosanoids and other oxylipins. We characterized the workflow using 52 different oxylipins and investigated their fragmentation patterns and ion mobilities. Limits of detection ranged between 0.2 and 10.0 nM (1.0-50 pg on column), which is comparable with other state-of-the-art methods using LC triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS. Moreover, we applied this strategy to analyze oxylipins in different biologically relevant matrices, as cultured cells, human plasma, and serum. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hellhake
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Applied Analytical Chemistry & Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael T Empl
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Rentmeister
- Applied Analytical Chemistry & Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Walter Wißdorf
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry & Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
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20
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Wang S, Liu AP, Li N. An 18O-Labeling Assisted LC-MS Method for Accurate Quantitation of Unprocessed C-Terminal Lysine in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1587-1592. [PMID: 32515589 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unprocessed C-terminal lysine (C-term Lys) is one of the most common causes for the formation of basic variants in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Although the C-term Lys variants are routinely quantified by a LC-MS-based peptide mapping method using the relative MS responses from both C-terminal peptides (with and without Lys), this approach often leads to overestimation of Lys-containing peptide due to the intrinsic difference in ionization efficiency. Herein, we report an 18O-labeling assisted LC-MS method, which takes advantage of the carboxypeptidase B-catalyzed Lys removal and 18O-labeling to achieve improved accuracy of C-term Lys quantitation. The fidelity of this method was first demonstrated using synthetic peptide mixture standards that mimic a wide range of C-term Lys levels. Finally, the newly developed method was applied in a case study where C-term Lys variants in mAb samples manufactured from different processes were accurately quantified and compared. This new method provides a valuable solution for studies where accurate C-term Lys levels are needed to assist decision-making and root-cause investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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21
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Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B. A novel approach for fast and simple determination pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbs by ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction method coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 187:113351. [PMID: 32388321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites witch can contaminate food, especially herbs. Due to the fact that alkaloids have a strong adverse effect on human health, it is necessary to use sensitive and selective detection methods. In present study a modified method based on LC-MS/MS was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of thirty pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their corresponding N-oxides (PANOs) in herbs samples. Sample extraction was based on ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction and clean-up using graphene. Method validation showed that the proposed method hold good recoveries (61-128 %) for PAs/PANOs with RSD <15 %. Limits of quantification has been set at 1 μg kg-1 level for all targeted alkaloids. The optimized method yielded a small matrix effect (-20-20 %) for most PAs/PANOs. The uncertainty associated with the analytical method was not higher than 38 %. The method is operationally simple, time-saving, and can be applied to the analysis of real herb samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
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22
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Fu X, Qin Y, Xia B, Wang Y, Shi P, Zhou Y. High-sensitivity detection of therapeutic drugs in complex biofluids using a packed ballpoint-electrospray ionization technique. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2711-2720. [PMID: 32140733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive C18 packed ballpoint-electrospray ionization (PBP-ESI) technique was developed for biofluid analysis. In this technique, the configuration of a commercial ballpoint consisting of a hollow chamber, an intermediate socket, and a metal ball was fully exploited. The rear-end hollow chamber was used for loading C18 adsorbent and sample, and the front metal ball served as a spray emitter for online ionization. The good electrical conductivity of the metal body allowed high voltage to be conveniently applied to the ballpoint without inserting the electrode into the solution for electrical connection. Urine sample was directly analyzed with the C18 packed ballpoint; plasma and whole blood samples were premixed with C18 adsorbent before being packed into the ballpoint for detection. As a result of the sample cleanup by C18 adsorbent, the salt matrix in the urine sample as well as the phospholipid and protein matrices in plasma and whole blood samples was significantly reduced. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) for urine, plasma, and whole blood samples reached the subnanogram-per-milliliter level. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Fu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongping Qin
- GCP Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peiyu Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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23
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Arndt D, Wachsmuth C, Buchholz C, Bentley M. A complex matrix characterization approach, applied to cigarette smoke, that integrates multiple analytical methods and compound identification strategies for non-targeted liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8571. [PMID: 31479554 PMCID: PMC7050541 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE For the characterization of the chemical composition of complex matrices such as tobacco smoke, containing more than 6000 constituents, several analytical approaches have to be combined to increase compound coverage across the chemical space. Furthermore, the identification of unknown molecules requiring the implementation of additional confirmatory tools in the absence of reference standards, such as tandem mass spectrometry spectra comparisons and in silico prediction of mass spectra, is a major bottleneck. METHODS We applied a combination of four chromatographic/ionization techniques (reversed-phase (RP) - heated electrospray ionization (HESI) in both positive (+) and negative (-) modes, RP - atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive mode, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) - HESI positive) using a Thermo Q Exactive™ liquid chromatography/high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC/HRAM-MS) platform for the analysis of 3R4F-derived smoke. Compound identification was performed by using mass spectral libraries and in silico predicted fragments from multiple integrated databases. RESULTS A total of 331 compounds with semi-quantitative estimates ≥100 ng per cigarette were identified, which were distributed within the known chemical space of tobacco smoke. The integration of multiple LC/HRAM-MS-based chromatographic/ionization approaches combined with complementary compound identification strategies was key for maximizing the number of amenable compounds and for strengthening the level of identification confidence. A total of 50 novel compounds were identified as being present in tobacco smoke. In the absence of reference MS2 spectra, in silico MS2 spectra prediction gave a good indication for compound class and was used as an additional confirmatory tool for our integrated non-targeted screening (NTS) approach. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a powerful chemical characterization approach that has been successfully applied for the identification of novel compounds in cigarette smoke. We believe that this innovative approach has general applicability and a huge potential benefit for the analysis of any complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arndt
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.A.Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH‐2000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Christian Wachsmuth
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.A.Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH‐2000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Buchholz
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.A.Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH‐2000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Mark Bentley
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.A.Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH‐2000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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Maurer HH. Pitfalls in drug testing by hyphenated low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:172-179. [PMID: 31804756 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews various pitfalls observed during developing, validation, application, and interpretation of drug testing approaches using GC-MS and low- and high-resolution LC-MS. They include sampling and storage of body samples, sample adulteration and contamination, analyte stability, sample preparation without or with cleavage of conjugates, extraction, derivatization, internal standardization, false negative and positive results by GC-MS or LC-MS screening and/or confirmation procedures including artifact formation, ion suppression or enhancement by electrospray ionization, and finally pitfalls in data interpretation. Conclusions and prospects close the Tutorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
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25
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Wu Z, Bagarolo GI, Thoröe-Boveleth S, Jankowski J. "Lipidomics": Mass spectrometric and chemometric analyses of lipids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:294-307. [PMID: 32553782 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are ubiquitous in the human organism and play essential roles as components of cell membranes and hormones, for energy storage or as mediators of cell signaling pathways. As crucial mediators of the human metabolism, lipids are also involved in metabolic diseases, cardiovascular and renal diseases, cancer and/or hepatological and neurological disorders. With rapidly growing evidence supporting the impact of lipids on both the genesis and progression of these diseases as well as patient wellbeing, the characterization of the human lipidome has gained high interest and importance in life sciences and clinical diagnostics within the last 15 years. This is mostly due to technically advanced molecular identification and quantification methods, mainly based on mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has become one of the most powerful tools for the identification of lipids. New lipidic mediators or biomarkers of diseases can be analysed by state-of-the art mass spectrometry techniques supported by sophisticated bioinformatics and biostatistics. The lipidomic approach has developed dramatically in the realm of life sciences and clinical diagnostics due to the available mass spectrometric methods and in particular due to the adaptation of biostatistical methods in recent years. Therefore, the current knowledge of lipid extraction methods, mass-spectrometric approaches, biostatistical data analysis, including workflows for the interpretation of lipidomic high-throughput data, are reviewed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Wu
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Giulia Ilaria Bagarolo
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Thoröe-Boveleth
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Daniel D, Lopes FS, do Lago CL. A sensitive multiresidue method for the determination of pesticides in marijuana by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:231-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Staeheli SN, Veloso VP, Bovens M, Bissig C, Kraemer T, Poetzsch M. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening method using information‐dependent acquisition of enhanced product ion mass spectra for synthetic cannabinoids including metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1369-1376. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Staeheli
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Veronica P. Veloso
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Poetzsch
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
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28
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Budamgunta H, Maes E, Willems H, Menschaert G, Schildermans K, Kumar AA, Boonen K, Baggerman G. Multiple solvent elution, a method to counter the effects of coelution and ion suppression in LC-MS analysis in bottom up proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:256-264. [PMID: 31238262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
On average a human cell type expresses around 10,000 different protein coding genes synthesizing all the different molecular forms of the protein product (proteoforms) found in a cell. In a typical shotgun bottom up proteomic approach, the proteins are enzymatically cleaved, producing several 100,000 s of different peptides that are analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). One of the major consequences of this high sample complexity is that coelution of peptides cannot be avoided. Moreover, low abundant peptides are difficult to identify as they have a lower chance of being selected for fragmentation due to ion-suppression effects and the semi-stochastic nature of the precursor selection in data-dependent shotgun proteomic analysis where peptides are selected for fragmentation analysis one-by-one as they elute from the column. In the current study we explore a simple novel approach that has the potential to counter some of the effect of coelution of peptides and improves the number of peptide identifications in a bottom-up proteomic analysis. In this method, peptides from a HeLa cell digest were eluted from the reverse phase column using three different elution solvents (acetonitrile, methanol and acetone) in three replicate reversed phase LC-MS/MS shotgun proteomic analysis. Results were compared with three technical replicates using the same solvent, which is common practice in proteomic analysis. In total, we see an increase of up to 10% in unique protein and up to 30% in unique peptide identifications from the combined analysis using different elution solvents when compared to the combined identifications from the three replicates of the same solvent. In addition, the overlap of unique peptide identifications common in all three LC-MS analyses in our approach is only 23% compared to 50% in the replicates using the same solvent. The method presented here thus provides an easy to implement method to significantly reduce the effects of coelution and ion suppression of peptides and improve protein coverage in shotgun proteomics. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011908.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyne Maes
- Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Ltd., 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674, New Zealand
| | - Hanny Willems
- Unit Environmental Risk & Health, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - Gerben Menschaert
- BioBix Lab, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bio-informatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kurt Boonen
- Centre for Proteomics, UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Unit Environmental Risk & Health, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics, UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Unit Environmental Risk & Health, VITO, Mol, Belgium.
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29
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Development of an IPRP-LC-MS/MS method to determine the fate of intracellular thiamine in cancer cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:247-255. [PMID: 31238261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying cancer cell survival is critical toward advancing drug discovery efforts in this field. Supplemental vitamins have been proposed to play a role in cancer cell metabolism because the increased supply of nutrients is thought to provide cofactors supporting the higher metabolic rate of cancer cells. Particularly, the role of thiamine (vitamin B1) in many biochemical pathways that supports cancer cell metabolism has been investigated. Consequently, the analysis of thiamine and its derivatives in a manner that reflects its dynamic response to genetic modification and pathophysiological stimuli is essential. In this work, we developed a mass spectrometry based-analytical method to track metabolites derived from stable isotope tracers for a better understanding of the metabolic fate of thiamine in cancer cells. This method used ion-pair reversed phase liquid chromatography to simultaneously quantify underivatized thiamine, thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in cells. Hexylamine was used as an ion-pairing agent. The method was successfully validated for accuracy, precision and selectivity in accordance with U.S. FDA guidance. Furthermore, the method was then applied for the determination of thiamine and its derivatives with stable isotope labeling to explore the metabolic fate of intracellular thiamine in cancer cells. The finding shows that thiamine is rapidly converted to TPP however, the TPP does not return to thiamine. It appears that TPP may be utilized for other purposes rather than simply being an enzyme cofactor, suggesting unexplored roles for thiamine in cancer.
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30
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Alhusban AA, Tarawneh OA, Dawabsheh SO, Alhusban AA, Abumhareb FW. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and selective simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones level in human aqueous humor. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 97:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Richter LHJ, Jacobs CM, Mahfoud F, Kindermann I, Böhm M, Meyer MR. Development and application of a LC-HRMS/MS method for analyzing antihypertensive drugs in oral fluid for monitoring drug adherence. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:69-79. [PMID: 31103169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonadherence to antihypertensive drugs therapy is known to be a serious issue in hypertension treatment. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) was shown to allow the assessment of such nonadherence in blood and urine sample. However, their sampling may represent a logistical challenge and are often not favored by the patients. We questioned whether oral fluid (OF) might be an easier accessible alternative matrix for adherence monitoring of cardiovascular drugs (CD). A qualitative method for adherence monitoring of 78 commonly prescribed cardiovascular drugs in OF using LC high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS/MS) was therefore developed, validated, and used to study the presence of antihypertensive medication in OF. Selectivity, ion suppression and enhancement due coeluting analytes, carry over, limits of detection (LOD), limits of identification (LOI), recovery (RE), matrix effects (ME), and process efficiency (PE) were investigated. For demonstrating applicability, over 50 OF samples were investigated and data were compared to findings in blood and urine. Selectivity in OF was given for all compounds via their MS2 spectra and no total suppression of signals could be observed. Determined LOI in OF for ten analytes was higher than the given therapeutic plasma concentration. Furthermore, RE, ME, and PE were in acceptable ranges for more than 65% of the compounds. In total, 208 prescriptions of CD to 57 patients were analyzed and demonstrated the suitability of for adherence monitoring in principle. OF was comparable to plasma regarding the drug categories and the frequencies of hits, except for acidic compounds but more hits could be found in urine samples. A analytical method using OF as analytical matrix was successfully developed. Application showed that it might be a suitable alternative for adherence monitoring of selected drugs in the future, particularly those having no acidic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian H J Richter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cathy M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kindermann
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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32
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Mass Spectrometry for Research and Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring or Clinical and Forensic Toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:389-393. [PMID: 29750739 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews current applications of various hyphenated low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical/forensic toxicology in both research and practice. They cover gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, or paper spray ionization coupled to quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight, or Orbitrap mass analyzers.
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33
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Validation of a simple, fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressant drugs or their metabolites in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:243-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Caspar AT, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Blood plasma level determination using an automated LC-MS n screening system and electronically stored calibrations exemplified for 22 drugs and two active metabolites often requested in emergency toxicology. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:102-111. [PMID: 30011134 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative methods preferably by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are needed to support the (differential) diagnosis of acute poisonings in emergency toxicology. One option is a commercially available qualitative screening solution based on LC-MSn (Bruker Daltonik Toxtyper™, TT). Identified and toxicologically relevant compounds should be quantified to assess severity of poisonings. The aim of the present study was to test the TT system for quantification simultaneous with the screening process in blood plasma exemplified for 22 relevant drugs and two active metabolites. A standard liquid-liquid extraction was used for sample work-up followed by 1:5 dilution of the final extracts. They were analyzed using the TT system consisting of a Bruker amaZon speed ion trap and a Thermo Fisher Dionex Ultimate 3000 LC system. Plasma levels were assessed using full-scan data and an electronically stored five-point calibration. The calibration model was linear for the studied ranges and could be used for at least two months. The method was validated according to international guidelines. The acceptance criteria recommended for emergency toxicology for accuracy and precision were fulfilled for all tested compounds, but bromazepam, lorazepam, oxycodone, and prothipendyl could reliably be determined only above the therapeutic range. In conclusion, the presented procedure allowed the combination of a comprehensive LC-MSn screening with fast automated assessment of plasma levels for emergency toxicology of tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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35
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Cutillas V, Galera MM, Rajski Ł, Fernández-Alba AR. Evaluation of supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for pesticide residues in food. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1545:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Rudolph W, Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Klein C, Barnewitz D, Peters FT. Development and validation of an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry quantification method for hypoglycin A and methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid carnitine in horse serum in cases of atypical myopathy. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:814-820. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Rudolph
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Daniela Remane
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | | | - Carmen Klein
- Veterinary Clinic of the fzmb GmbH; Bad Langensalza Germany
| | - Dirk Barnewitz
- Veterinary Clinic of the fzmb GmbH; Bad Langensalza Germany
| | - Frank T. Peters
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
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37
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Michely JA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Paper Spray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Comprehensive Urine Drug Testing in Comparison to Liquid Chromatography-Coupled Techniques after Urine Precipitation or Dried Urine Spot Workup. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11779-11786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical
Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar D-66421, Germany
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical
Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar D-66421, Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical
Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar D-66421, Germany
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38
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A High-throughput HPLC-MS/MS Assay for the Detection, Quantification and Simultaneous Structural Confirmation of 136 Drugs and Metabolites in Human Urine. Ther Drug Monit 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Wagmann L, Maurer HH, Meyer MR. An easy and fast adenosine 5'-diphosphate quantification procedure based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the in vitro adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity of the human breast cancer resistance protein ABCG2. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:123-130. [PMID: 28951049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions with the human breast cancer resistance protein (hBCRP) significantly influence the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug and can even lead to drug-drug interactions. As efflux pump from the ABC superfamily, hBCRP utilized energy gained by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis for the transmembrane movement of its substrates, while adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate were released. The ADP liberation can be used to detect interactions with the hBCRP ATPase. An ADP quantification method based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS) was developed and successfully validated in accordance to the criteria of the guideline on bioanalytical method validation by the European Medicines Agency. ATP and adenosine 5'-monophosphate were qualitatively included to prevent interferences. Furthermore, a setup consisting of six sample sets was evolved that allowed detection of hBCRP substrate or inhibitor properties of the test compound. The hBCRP substrate sulfasalazine and the hBCRP inhibitor orthovanadate were used as controls. To prove the applicability of the procedure, the effect of amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir on the hBCRP ATPase activity was tested. Nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir were identified as hBCRP ATPase inhibitors and none of the five HIV protease inhibitors turned out to be an hBCRP substrate. These findings were in line with a pervious publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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40
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Kaczyński P. Large-scale multi-class herbicides analysis in oilseeds by rapid one-step QuEChERS-based extraction and cleanup method using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 230:411-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Clean-up and matrix effect in LC-MS/MS analysis of food of plant origin for high polar herbicides. Food Chem 2017; 230:524-531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Michely JA, Maurer HH. A multi-analyte approach to help in assessing the severity of acute poisonings - Development and validation of a fast LC-MS/MS quantification approach for 45 drugs and their relevant metabolites with one-point calibration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:164-176. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
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43
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Matrix effect management in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry: the internal standard normalized matrix effect. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1093-1105. [PMID: 28737421 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LC-MS is becoming a standard for many applications, thanks to high sensitivity and selectivity; nevertheless, some issues are still present, particularly due to matrix effect (ME). Considering this, the use of optimal internal standards (ISs, usually stable-isotope labeled) is important, but not always possible because of cost or availability. Therefore, a deep investigation of the inter-lot variability of the ME and of the correcting power of the chosen IS (isotope-labeled or not) is mandatory. While the adoption of isotopically labeled ISs considered as a 'gold standard' to mitigate ME impact on analytical results, there is not consensus about the standard technique to evaluate it during method validation. In this paper, currently available techniques to evaluate, reduce or counterbalance ME are presented and discussed. Finally, these techniques were summarized in a flowchart for a robust management of ME, particularly considering the concept of 'internal standard normalized ME'.
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44
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Meckelmann SW, Hellhake S, Steuck M, Krohn M, Schebb NH. Comparison of derivatization/ionization techniques for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of oxylipins. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 130:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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In vitro monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of alpha-methyltryptamine analog new psychoactive substances for assessing possible toxic risks. Toxicol Lett 2017; 272:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Tsukazaki Y, Senda N, Kubo K, Yamada S, Kugoh H, Kazuki Y, Oshimura M. Development of a High-Sensitivity Quantitation Method for Arginine Vasopressin by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and Comparison with Quantitative Values by Radioimmunoassay. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:153-9. [PMID: 26860558 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels serve as a clinically relevant marker of diabetes and related syndromes. We developed a highly sensitive method for measuring human plasma AVP using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. AVP was extracted from human plasma using a weak-cation solid-phase extraction plate, and separated on a wide-bore octadecyl reverse-phase column. AVP was quantified in ion-transition experiments utilizing a product ion (m/z 328.3) derived from its parent ion (m/z 542.8). The sensitivity was enhanced using 0.02% dichloromethane as a mobile-phase additive. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.200 pmol/L. The extraction recovery ranged from 70.2 ± 7.2 to 73.3 ± 6.2% (mean ± SD), and the matrix effect ranged from 1.1 - 1.9%. Quality-testing samples revealed interday/intraday accuracy and precision ranging over 0.9 - 3% and -0.3 - 2%, respectively, which included the endogenous baseline. Our results correlated well with radioimmunoassay results using 22 human volunteer plasma samples.
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Zhang F, Sun L, Gao SH, Chen WS, Chai YF. LC-MS/MS analysis and pharmacokinetic study on five bioactive constituents of Tanreqing injection in rats. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:769-775. [PMID: 28236406 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tanreqing injection (TRQ), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula, is commonly used to treat respiratory diseases. In the present study, a rapid, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to simultaneously determinate the plasma contents of 5 major constituents of TRQ, including chlorogenic acid (CHA), caffeic acid (CFA), baicalin (BA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in rats after intravenous administration of TRQ. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (3.5 μm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm), with acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1. The calibration curves were linear over the ranges of 27.0-13 333.0 ng·mL-1 for CFA, 30.0-14 933.0 ng·mL-1 for CHA, 50.0-50 333.0 ng·mL-1 for BA, 550.0-55 000.0 ng·mL-1 for UDCA, and 480.0-48 000.0 ng·mL-1 for CDCA, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviations, RSDs) were from 3.11% to 14.08%. The extraction recoveries were greater than 71% and accuracy (relative recovery) was from 89% to 137% for all analytes, except endogenous bile acids. This validated method was successfully applied to the first pharmacokinetic study of CFA, CHA, BA, UDCA and CDCA in rat plasma after intravenous administration of TRQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmacy, The 98th Hospital of PLA, HuZhou 313000, China
| | - Shou-Hong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Yi-Feng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Drug analysis represents a large field in different disciplines. Plasma is commonly considered to be the biosample of choice for that purpose. However, concentrations often do not represent the levels present within deeper compartments and therefore cannot sufficiently explain efficacy or toxicology of drugs. MALDI-MS in drug analysis is of great interest for high-throughput quantification and particularly spatially resolved tissue imaging. The current perspective article will deal with challenges and opportunities of MALDI-MS drug analysis in different biological samples. A particular focus will be on hair samples. Recent applications were included, reviewed for their instrumental setup and sample preparation and pros and cons as well as future perspectives are critically discussed.
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Valen A, Leere Øiestad ÅM, Strand DH, Skari R, Berg T. Determination of 21 drugs in oral fluid using fully automated supported liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:808-823. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Valen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Dag Helge Strand
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Ragnhild Skari
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Thomas Berg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
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