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Muyizere T, Mukiza J. Progress on the development of a metal salt-assisted ionization source for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2803-2819. [PMID: 35848110 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometric analysis of polymers has been addressed as a challenging research topic due to poor ionization and complicated analysis using conventional mass spectrometry. The ionization source has demonstrated a promising future in rapid mass spectrometric analysis. Soft ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are the most ionization sources appeared to be a powerful tools for polymer characterization when combined with MS. However, they always need metal salts to be introduced during the ionization protocol for polymers due to the crucial role played by their ions (cations and anions). The current review focuses on the progress in the development of metal ion-assisted-ionization sources for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. Different ionization systems are comprehensively reviewed. The application of metal ion-assisted ESI, nanoESI, PSI, and MALDI-MS for polymer sample analyses is systematically discussed. The future research trends and challenges in this cutting-edge research field are summarized. It also aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of metal salts as a platform for ionization systems for the mass spectrometric characterization of polymers and offers the current challenges and perspectives on the promising future to improve analytical performance in this field. Finally, this mini-review provides a comprehensive handbook to researchers from different research backgrounds wishing to work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, 100190 Beijing, China.
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Kigali 1948, Rwanda.
- School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, P. O. BOX 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda
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The properties of the polyethylene glycol complex PEG(Na+)(Cu+) on the copper electrodeposited layer by Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. The new insights. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Muyizere T, Zheng Y, Liu H, Zhao J, Li J, Lu X, Austin DE, Zhang Z. Metal salt assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the soft ionization of GAP polymers in negative ion mode. Analyst 2019; 145:34-45. [PMID: 31755893 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycidyl azide polymers (GAP) are one of the most important energetic polymers, but it is still a challenge to elucidate their structures using mass spectrometry due to their fragility upon ionization. Herein we developed a soft metal salt assisted electrospray ionization (MSAESI) to characterize directly GAP polymers using mass spectrometry. This technique combines paper spray ionization and the complexing effect of anions from metal salts with GAP in the negative ion mode to softly ionize GAP polymers prior to mass spectrometry analysis. The effects of experimental parameters (e.g., ion mode, applied voltage, and type and concentration of metal salts) have been investigated in detail. In contrast to the positive ion mode, a softer ionization was observed for GAP polymers when the negative ion mode was applied. The radius and average charge of cations and anions in metal salts were found to play crucial roles in determining the performance of the MSAESI analysis of GAP. For a given charge number, a smaller radius of cations favored the soft ionization of GAP polymers (e.g., Na+ > K+ > Rb+), whereas a larger radius of anions led to a preferred performance (e.g., F- < Cl- < Br- < I-) due to variation in dissolution ability. For anions with multiple charges, the ones with fewer charges gave a more favorable ionization to the GAP sample because of their better complexing to GAP molecules than those with more charges in the structure of anions (e.g., NO3- > SO42- > PO43-). According to the experimental observation and evidence from mass spectrometry, we proposed the plausible electrospray mechanisms of MSAESI for GAP analysis with the involvement of metal salts. Moreover, the developed protocol has been applied successfully to the analysis of various GAP samples, and works for other types of sources such as nanoelectrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China.
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Rodrigues MAA, Mendes DC, Ramamurthy V, Da Silva JP. ESI-MS of Cucurbituril Complexes Under Negative Polarity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2508-2514. [PMID: 28756543 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful tool to study host-guest supramolecular interactions. ESI-MS can be used for detailed gas-phase reactivity studies, to clarify the structure, or simply to verify the formation of complexes. Depending on the structure of the host and of the guest, negative and/or positive ESI are used. Here we report the unexpected formation of host-guest complexes between cucurbit[n]urils (n = 7, 8, CB[n]) and amine, styryl pyridine, and styryl pyridine dimer cations, under negative ESI. Non-complexed CB[n] form double charged halide (Br-, Cl-, F-) adducts. Under negative ESI, halide ions interact with CB[n] outer surface hydrogen atoms. One to one host-guest complexes (1:1) of CB[n] with positive charged guests were also observed as single and double charged ions under negative ESI. The positive charge of guests is neutralized by ion-pairing with halide anions. Depending on the number of positive charges guests retain in the gas phase, one or two additional halide ions are required for neutralization. Complexes 1:2 of CB[8] with styryl pyridines retain two halide ions in the gas phase, one per guest. Styryl pyridine dimers form 1:1 complexes possessing a single extra halide ion and therefore a single positive charge. Negative ESI is sensitive to small structural differences between complexes, distinguishing between 1:2 complexes of styryl pyridine-CB[8] and corresponding 1:1 complexes with the dimer. Negative ESI gives simpler spectra than positive ESI and allows the determination of guest charge state of CB[n] complexes in the gas phase. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A A Rodrigues
- Meditbio, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Débora C Mendes
- Meditbio, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - José P Da Silva
- Meditbio, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Steinkoenig J, Cecchini MM, Reale S, Goldmann AS, Barner-Kowollik C. Supercharging Synthetic Polymers: Mass Spectrometric Access to Nonpolar Synthetic Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steinkoenig
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., QLD
4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martina M. Cecchini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Samantha Reale
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., QLD
4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., QLD
4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Zobnina VG, Chagovets VV, Boryak OA, Kosevich MV. A mass spectrometric study and computer modeling of noncovalent interactions of cytosine with polyethylene glycol oligomers. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boryak OA, Kosevich MV, Chagovets VV, Zobnina VG, Orlov VV, Shelkovsky VS, Stepanian SG. Mass-spectrometric study of the formation of silver nanoclusters in polyether media: 2. Fast atom bombardment and modeling. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934812130035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shokri A, Schmidt J, Wang XB, Kass SR. Characterization of a Saturated and Flexible Aliphatic Polyol Anion Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16944-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3075456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shokri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Jacob Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
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Zobnina VG, Kosevich MV, Chagovets VV, Boryak OA, Vékey K, Gömöry Á, Kulyk AN. Interactions of oligomers of organic polyethers with histidine amino acid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:532-540. [PMID: 22302493 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Knowledge on noncovalent intermolecular interactions of organic polyethers with amino acids is essential to gain a better understanding on how polymers assemble in organic nanoparticles which are promising for drug delivery and cryoprotection. The main objective of the present study was to determine how polyethers assemble around ionizable amino acids such as histidine. METHODS Electrospray mass spectrometry was applied to probe the interactions in model systems consisting of polyethylene glycol PEG-400 or oxyethylated glycerol OEG-5 and amino acid histidine hydrochloride. Molecular dynamics simulation was utilized to visualize the structure of complexes of polyether oligomers with histidine in different charge states. RESULTS Stable gas-phase clusters composed of polyether oligomers (PEG(n), OEG(n)) with protonated histidine--PEG(n)•His•H(+), OEG(n)•His•H(+), OEG(n)•OEG(m)•His•H(+) and chlorine counterion--PEG(n)•Cl(-), OEG(n)•Cl(-), were observed under electrospray conditions. Molecular dynamics simulation of representative polyether-histidine complexes revealed the stabilization of oligomers by multiple hydrogen and coordination bonds whereby charged groups are wrapped by the polymeric chains. CONCLUSIONS The self-organization of polyether chains around the protonated imidazole group of histidine was revealed. This finding should be considered when modelling a pegylated protein structure and polyether-based organic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina G Zobnina
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lenin Avenue 47, Kharkov, 61103, Ukraine
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