1
|
Abstract
Chemicals are measured regularly in air, food, the environment, and the workplace. Biomonitoring of chemicals in biological fluids is a tool to determine the individual exposure. Blood protein adducts of xenobiotics are a marker of both exposure and the biologically effective dose. Urinary metabolites and blood metabolites are short term exposure markers. Stable hemoglobin adducts are exposure markers of up to 120 days. Blood protein adducts are formed with many xenobiotics at different sites of the blood proteins. Newer methods apply the techniques developed in the field of proteomics. Larger adducted peptides with 20 amino acids are used for quantitation. Unfortunately, at present the methods do not reach the limits of detection obtained with the methods looking at single amino acid adducts or at chemically cleaved adducts. Therefore, to progress in the field new approaches are needed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Padilla CR, Spiker CM, Beltran TA, Berry-Cabán CS, Choi YS. Normative formaldehyde-hemoglobin adduct levels among the US Population: Analysis of the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clin Biochem 2020; 86:61-64. [PMID: 32905809 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Formaldehyde (FA) is currently classified as a known carcinogen. In addition to being a ubiquitous compound with many common exogenous exposure sources, it is also part of multiple metabolic pathways and present in every living cell. The objectives of this study were to determine normative levels of FA as measured by FA-Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts in the United States (US) and to determine if FA-Hb levels differ based on a variety of demographic factors. METHODS Data collected between 2013 and 2016 by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were assessed from 4521 participants representing approximately 244 million individuals living in the US. General linear models were used to examine associations between FA-Hb adducts and sample characteristics. FA-Hb levels were summarized using geometric mean concentrations (GMC) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The overall GMC was 131.10 nmol/g Hb (95% CI 129.39-132.83). Analyses revealed no evidence to support associations between FA-Hb levels and age, gender, income, or nicotine use. Among adults, non-Hispanic Black race was associated with lower FA-Hb levels compared to all other race/ethnicity groups, P < 0.01. CONCLUSION The study provides the first normative values for FA in adults and children. These data could be a tool to assess the body's response to acute and chronic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Padilla
- Department of Research, Womack Army Medical Center, 2817 Reilly Rd, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA; Geneva Foundation, USA.
| | - Christine M Spiker
- Department of Family Medicine, Womack Army Medical Center, 2817 Reilly Rd, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
| | - Thomas A Beltran
- Department of Research, Womack Army Medical Center, 2817 Reilly Rd, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
| | - Cristóbal S Berry-Cabán
- Department of Research, Womack Army Medical Center, 2817 Reilly Rd, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
| | - Y Sammy Choi
- Department of Research and Department of Medicine, Womack Army Medical Center, 2817 Reilly Rd, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meltretter J, Wüst J, Dittrich D, Lach J, Ludwig J, Eichler J, Pischetsrieder M. Untargeted Proteomics-Based Profiling for the Identification of Novel Processing-Induced Protein Modifications in Milk. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:805-818. [PMID: 31902209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic post-translational protein modifications (nePTMs) affect the nutritional, physiological, and technological properties of proteins in food and in vivo. In contrast to the usual targeted analyses, the present study determined nePTMs in processed milk in a truly untargeted proteomic approach. Thus, it was possible to determine to which extent known nePTM structures explain protein modifications in processed milk and to detect and identify novel products. The method combined ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with bioinformatic data analysis by the software XCMS. The nePTMs detected by untargeted profiling of a β-lactoglobulin-lactose model were incorporated in a sensitive scheduled multiple reaction monitoring method to analyze these modifications in milk samples and to monitor their reaction kinetics during thermal treatment. Additionally, we identified the structures of unknown modifications. Lactosylation, carboxymethylation, formylation of lysine and N-terminus, glycation of arginine, oxidation of methionine, tryptophan, and cysteine, oxidative deamination of N-terminus, and deamidation of asparagine and glutamine were the most important reactions of β-lactoglobulin during milk processing. The isomerization of aspartic acid was observed for the first time in milk products, and N-terminal 4-imidazolidinone was identified as a novel nePTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Meltretter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Johannes Wüst
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Daniel Dittrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Johannes Lach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jonas Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang M, Ospina M, Tse C, Toth S, Caudill SP, Vesper HW. Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method To Determine Formaldehyde Hemoglobin Adducts in Humans as Biomarker for Formaldehyde Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1592-1598. [PMID: 28662331 PMCID: PMC5652314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is an environmental chemical classified as a human carcinogen. It is highly reactive and can bind covalently with hemoglobin (Hb) to produce Hb adducts. Measurement of these Hb adducts provides valuable information about exposure to this chemical. We developed a robust, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for quantifying FA-Hb adducts in red blood cells. The method measures the FA-VHLTPEEK peptide after trypic digestion. The peptide is a FA adduct at the N-terminus of the beta chain of human Hb. Method mean (±SD) accuracy, determined by recovery in quality control and blank material was 103.2% ± 8.11. The mean among-day and within-day coefficients of variation determined at three concentration levels (%CV) were 9.2% (range: 7.2-10.2%) and 4.9% (range 3.1-7.3%), respectively. The limit of detection was 3.4 nmol/g Hb. This method was applied to the analysis of 135 human blood samples, and FA-VHLTPEEK was detected in all study samples. FA-VHLTPEEK concentrations were not significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. This work is the first validated UPLC-MS/MS method in which a FA peptide derived from a FA-Hb adduct could be used to monitor exposure to FA in population studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30345, United States
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Chui Tse
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Stephen Toth
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Samuel P. Caudill
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Hubert W. Vesper
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Regazzoni LG, Grigoryan H, Ji Z, Chen X, Daniels SI, Huang D, Sanchez S, Tang N, Sillé FCM, Iavarone AT, Williams ER, Zhang L, Rappaport SM. Using lysine adducts of human serum albumin to investigate the disposition of exogenous formaldehyde in human blood. Toxicol Lett 2017; 268:26-35. [PMID: 28104429 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a human carcinogen that readily binds to nucleophiles, including proteins and DNA. To investigate whether exogenous formaldehyde produces adducts in extracellular fluids, we characterized modifications to human serum albumin (HSA) following incubation of whole blood, plasma, and saliva with formaldehyde at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100μM. The only HSA locus that showed the presence of formaldehyde modifications was Lys199. A N(6)-Lys adduct with added mass of 12Da, representing a putative intramolecular crosslink, was detected in biological fluids that had been incubated with formaldehyde but not in control fluids. An adduct representing N(6)-Lys formylation was detected in all fluids, but levels did not increase above control values over the tested range of formaldehyde concentrations. An adduct representing N(6)-Lys199 acetylation was also measured in all samples. We then applied the assay to repeated samples of human plasma from 6 nonsmoking volunteer subjects (from Berkeley, CA), and single samples of serum from 15 workers exposed to airborne formaldehyde at about 1.5ppm in a production facility and 15 control workers from Tianjin, China. Although all human plasma/serum samples contained basal levels of the products of N(6)-Lys formylation and acetylation, the putative crosslink product was not detected. Since the putative crosslink was observed in plasma incubated with formaldehyde at 1μM, this suggests that the endogenous concentration of formaldehyde in serum was much lower than reported in the literature. Furthermore, concentrations of the formyl adduct were not higher in workers exposed to formaldehyde at about 1.5ppm than in controls. Follow-up in vitro experiments with gaseous formaldehyde at 1.4ppm detected the putative crosslink in plasma but not whole blood. This combination of results suggests that N(6) formylation occurs within cells with subsequent release of adducted HSA to the systemic circulation. Comparing across human samples, levels of N(6)-Lys199 formyl adducts were present at similar concentrations in subjects from California and China (about 1mmol/mol HSA), but N(6)-Lys199 acetyl adducts were present at higher concentrations in Chinese subjects (0.34 vs. 0.13mmol/mol HSA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Regazzoni
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hasmik Grigoryan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Zhiying Ji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sarah I Daniels
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Deyin Huang
- Institute of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Bohai Chemical Industry Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Sylvia Sanchez
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Naijun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fenna C M Sillé
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Anthony T Iavarone
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Evan R Williams
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Stephen M Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
An LC/ESI-SRM/MS method to screen chemically modified hemoglobin: simultaneous analysis for oxidized, nitrated, lipidated, and glycated sites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5379-92. [PMID: 27236314 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are continuously exposed to various reactive chemical species (reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, endogenous/exogenous aldehydes/epoxides, etc.) due to physiological and chemical stresses, resulting in various chemical modifications such as oxidation, nitration, glycation/glycoxidation, lipidation/lipoxidation, and adduct formation with drugs/chemicals. Abundant proteins with a long half-life, such as hemoglobin (Hb, t 1/2 63 days, ∼150 mg/mL), are believed to be major targets of reactive chemical species that reflect biological events. Chemical modifications on Hb have been investigated mainly by mechanistic in vitro experiments or in vivo/clinical experiments focused on single target modifications. Here, we describe an optimized LC/ESI-SRM/MS method to screen oxidized, nitrated, lipidated, and glycated sites on Hb. In vivo preliminary results suggest that this method can detect simultaneously the presence of oxidation (+16 Da) of α-Met(32), α-Met(76), β-Met(55), and β-Trp(15) and adducts of malondialdehyde (+54 Da) and glycation (+162 Da) of β-Val(1) in a blood sample from a healthy volunteer. Graphical Abstract Screening chemical modifications on hemoglobin.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tulpule K, Hohnholt MC, Dringen R. Formaldehyde metabolism and formaldehyde-induced stimulation of lactate production and glutathione export in cultured neurons. J Neurochem 2013; 125:260-72. [PMID: 23356791 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is endogenously produced in the human body and brain levels of this compound are elevated in neurodegenerative conditions. Although the toxic potential of an excess of formaldehyde has been studied, little is known on the molecular mechanisms underlying its neurotoxicity as well as on the ability of neurons to metabolize formaldehyde. To address these topics, we have used cerebellar granule neuron cultures as model system. These cultures express mRNAs of various enzymes that are involved in formaldehyde metabolism and were remarkably resistant toward acute formaldehyde toxicity. Cerebellar granule neurons metabolized formaldehyde with a rate of around 200 nmol/(h × mg) which was accompanied by significant increases in the cellular and extracellular concentrations of formate. In addition, formaldehyde application significantly increased glucose consumption, almost doubled the rate of lactate release from viable neurons and strongly accelerated the export of the antioxidant glutathione. The latter process was completely prevented by inhibition of the known glutathione exporter multidrug resistance protein 1. These data indicate that cerebellar granule neurons are capable of metabolizing formaldehyde and that the neuronal glycolysis and glutathione export are severely affected by the presence of formaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|