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Zarkovic TM, Borden SA, Krogh ET, Gill CG. A passive membrane system for on-line mass spectrometry reagent addition. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9487. [PMID: 36739105 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Post-separation addition of chemical modifiers in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is widely used for improving ionization sensitivity and selectivity. This is typically accomplished using a post-column T-junction, which can result in sample dilution and imperfect mixing. We present a passive semi-permeable hollow fiber membrane approach for the addition of chemical modifiers that avoids these issues. METHODS Model compounds were directly infused by flow injection to an electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after passing through a polydimethylsiloxane hollow fiber membrane. Ionization enhancement reagents were introduced into the flowing stream by membrane permeation from aqueous solutions. Ionization enhancement from volatile acids and bases in positive and negative electrospray ionization was evaluated to assess the feasibility of this approach. RESULTS The membrane-based apparatus resulted in relative ionization enhancement factors of up to 14×, depending upon the analyte, reagent, and ionization mode used. Ionization enhancement signal stability is reasonable (relative standard deviation of 5-7%) for extended periods from the same reagent solution, and minimal analyte dilution is observed. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the chromatographic "trifluoroacetic acid fix" strategy is presented. CONCLUSIONS An on-line mass spectrometry ionization reagent addition method with potential post-chromatography reagent addition applications was developed using a hollow fiber polydimethylsiloxane membrane. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional methods requiring additional hardware such as pumps and T-junctions that can result in sample dilution and imperfect reagent mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taelor M Zarkovic
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Monaghan J, Steenis D, Vander Meulen IJ, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Online Membrane Sampling for the Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Oil Sands Process Affected Water-Derived Naphthenic Acids in Real-World Samples. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large volumes of oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) result from heavy oil extraction in Alberta, Canada. Currently, a toxic legacy of ca. 500 Mm3 is stored in tailings ponds under a zero-discharge policy. OSPW is a complex mixture of suspended and dissolved materials including a wide range of inorganic and organic contaminants. Classically defined naphthenic acids (NAs; CnH2n+ZO2) are one of the primary toxic fractions in OSPW and have therefore been the subject of considerable research interest. Most studies employ considerable sample cleanup followed by liquid chromatography and/or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the characterization of these complex mixtures. However, these strategies can be time- and cost-intensive, limiting the scope of research and adoption for regulatory purposes. Condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) is emerging as a “fit-for-purpose” approach for the analysis of NAs. This technique directly interfaces the mass spectrometer with an aqueous sample using a hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane, requiring only pH adjustment to convert NAs to a membrane-permeable form. Here, we examine the perm-selectivity of classical NAs (O2) relative to their more oxidized counterparts (O3–O7) and heteroatomic (N, S) species collectively termed naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). The investigation of 14 model compounds revealed that classically defined NAs are greater than 50-fold more membrane permeable than their oxidized/heteroatomic analogs. HRMS analysis of real OSPW extracts with and without membrane clean-up further supported selectivity towards the toxic O2 class of NAs, with >85% of the overall signal intensity attributable to O2 NAs in the membrane permeate despite as little as 34.7 ± 0.6% O2 NAs observed in the directly infused mixture. The information collected with HRMS is leveraged to refine our method for analysis of NAs at unit mass resolution. This new method is applied to 28 archived real-world samples containing NAs/NAFCs from constructed wetlands, OSPW, and environmental monitoring campaigns. Concentrations ranged from 0–25 mg/L O2 NAs and the results measured by CP-MIMS (unit mass) and SPE-HRMS (Orbitrap) showed good agreement (slope = 0.80; R2 = 0.76).
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3
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Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry: A Direct Alternative to Fully Exploit the Mass Spectrometry Potential in Environmental Sample Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct mass spectrometry technique used to monitor online chemical systems or quickly quantify trace levels of different groups of compounds in complex matrices without extensive sample preparation steps and chromatographic separation. MIMS utilizes a thin, semi-permeable, and selective membrane that directly connects the sample and the mass spectrometer. The analytes in the sample are pre-concentrated by the membrane depending on their physicochemical properties and directly transferred, using different acceptor phases (gas, liquid or vacuum) to the mass spectrometer. Condensed phase (CP) MIMS use a liquid as a medium, extending the range to new applications to less-volatile compounds that are challenging or unsuitable to gas-phase MIMS. It directly allows the rapid quantification of selected compounds in complex matrices, the online monitoring of chemical reactions (in real-time), as well as in situ measurements. CP-MIMS has expanded beyond the measurement of several organic compounds because of the use of different types of liquid acceptor phases, geometries, dimensions, and mass spectrometers. This review surveys advancements of CP-MIMS and its applications to several molecules and matrices over the past 15 years.
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4
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Agua AR, Stanton RS, Pirrung M, Gill CG, Krogh ET. A Direct Mass Spectrometry Method for the Rapid Analysis of Ubiquitous Tire-Derived Toxin N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N'-phenyl- p-phenylenediamine Quinone (6-PPDQ). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:1051-1056. [PMID: 38433861 PMCID: PMC10906944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative transformation product of a common tire preservative, identified as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ), has recently been found to contribute to "urban runoff mortality syndrome" in Coho salmon at nanogram per liter levels. Given the number of fish-bearing streams with multiple stormwater inputs, large-scale campaigns to identify 6-PPDQ sources and evaluate mitigation strategies will require sensitive, high-throughput analytical methods. We report the development and optimization of a direct sampling tandem mass spectrometry method for semiquantitative 6-PPDQ determinations using a thin polydimethylsiloxane membrane immersion probe. The method requires no sample cleanup steps or chromatographic separations, even in complex, heterogeneous samples. Quantitation is achieved by the method of standard additions, with a detection limit of 8 ng/L and a duty cycle of 15 min/sample. High-throughput screening provides semiquantitative concentrations with similar sensitivity and a full analytical duty cycle of 2.5 min/sample. Preliminary data and performance metrics are reported for 6-PPDQ present in representative environmental and stormwater samples. The method is readily adapted for real-time process monitoring, demonstrated by following the dissolution of 6-PPDQ from tire fragments and subsequent removal in response to added sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Alon R. Agua
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan S. Stanton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Pirrung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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6
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Monaghan J, Richards LC, Vandergrift GW, Hounjet LJ, Stoyanov SR, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct mass spectrometric analysis of naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters impacted by diluted bitumen and conventional crude oil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144206. [PMID: 33418326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil spills have well-documented, deleterious impacts on the hydrosphere. In addition to macroscopic effects on wildlife and waterscapes, several classes of petroleum derived compounds, such as naphthenic acids (NAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be released into the water and present aquatic contamination hazards. The concentrations of these contaminants may be affected by both oil type and water chemistry. We characterize the concentrations of NAs and PAHs in natural and constructed waters, spanning a range of pH and salinity, and directly compare the influence of diluted bitumen (DB) and conventional crude (CC) oil, using condensed-phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) as a direct sampling, on-line technique. The concentration and isomer class profiles of classical NAs in the aqueous phase were assessed using electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode as [M-H]- whereas PAH concentrations were monitored using liquid electron ionization (LEI) in positive-ion mode as [M+•]. NA concentrations (0.03-25 ppm) were highly pH-dependent, and an order of magnitude greater in water samples contaminated with DB than CC. Conversely, concentrations of naphthalene (10-130 ppb) and alkyl-naphthalenes (10-90 ppb) were three to four-fold higher in water samples exposed to CC. We demonstrate that naturally occurring dissolved organic matter does not bias results from the membrane sampling approach employed, and that DB and CC contaminated waters can be differentiated using principal component analysis of the NA isomer class distribution in both constructed and natural waters. Finally, we describe the first demonstration of the concurrent analysis of trace NAs and PAHs in the same water sample by controlling perm-selectivity at the membrane and the ionization mode of the mass spectrometer. The techniques employed here for trace analysis of petroleum derived compounds in water can be applied to rapid screening and real-time monitoring of contamination and remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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7
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Duncan KD, Richards LC, Monaghan J, Simair MC, Ajaero C, Peru KM, Friesen V, McMartin DW, Headley JV, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in constructed wetland samples by condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137063. [PMID: 32044488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of direct mass spectrometry techniques to the analysis of complex samples has a number of advantages including reduced sample handling, higher sample throughput, in situ process monitoring, and the potential for adaptation to on-site analysis. We report the application of a semi-permeable capillary hollow fibre membrane probe (immersed directly into an aqueous sample) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer by a continuously flowing methanol acceptor phase for the rapid analysis of naphthenic acids with unit mass resolution. The intensity of the naphthenic acid-associated peaks in the mass spectrum are normalized to an internal standard in the acceptor phase for quantitation and the relative abundance of the peaks in the mass spectrum are employed to monitor compositional changes in the naphthenic acid mixture using principle component analysis. We demonstrate the direct analysis of a synthetic oil sands process-affected water for classical naphthenic acids (CnH2n+zO2) as they are attenuated through constructed wetlands containing sedge (Carex aquatilis), cattail (Typha latifolia), or bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus). Quantitative results for on-line membrane sampling compare favourably to those obtained by solid-phase extraction high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, chemometric analysis of the mass spectra indicates a clear discrimination between naphthenic acid-influenced and natural background waters. Furthermore, the compositional changes within complex naphthenic acid mixtures track closely with the degree of attenuation. Overall, the technique is successful in following changes in both the concentration and composition of naphthenic acids from synthetic oil sands process-affected waters, with the potential for high throughput screening and environmental forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751230 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Monique C Simair
- Maven Water & Environment, 238-111 Research Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3R2, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 323 Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 321 Calhoun Drive, SC 29634, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Vanessa Friesen
- Contango Strategies Limited, 104-411 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4L8, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 323 Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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8
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Vandergrift GW, Lattanzio-Battle W, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry with In Situ Liquid Reagent Chemical Ionization in a Liquid Electron Ionization Source (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:908-916. [PMID: 32154722 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct mass spectrometry has grown significantly due to wide applicability, relative ease of use, and high sample throughput. However, many current direct mass spectrometry methods are largely based on ambient ionization techniques that can suffer from matrix effects and poor selectivity. A strategy that addresses these shortcomings is condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry-liquid electron ionization utilizing in situ liquid reagent chemical ionization (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI). In CP-MIMS measurements, a semipermeable hollow fiber polydimethylsiloxane membrane probe is directly immersed into a complex sample. Neutral, hydrophobic analytes permeating the membrane are entrained by a continuously flowing liquid acceptor phase (nL/min) to an LEI/CI source, where the liquid is nebulized, followed by analyte vaporization and ionization. This study marks the first intentional exploitation of the liquid CP-MIMS acceptor phase as an in situ means of providing liquid chemical ionization (CI) reagents for improved analyte sensitivity and selectivity (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI). Acetonitrile and diethyl ether were used as a combination acceptor phase/CI proton transfer reagent system for the direct analysis of dialkyl phthalates. Using isotopically labeled reagents, the gas phase ionization mechanism was found to involve reagent autoprotonation, followed by proton transfer to dialkyl phthalates. A demonstration of the applicability of CP-MIMS-LEI/CI for rapid and sensitive screening of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in house dust samples is presented. The detection limit in house dust (6 mg/kg) is comparable to that obtained by conventional analyses, but without time-consuming sample workup or chromatographic separation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - William Lattanzio-Battle
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada, V8P 5C2
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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9
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Gehm C, Streibel T, Ehlert S, Schulz-Bull D, Zimmermann R. Development and Optimization of an External-Membrane Introduction Photoionization Mass Spectrometer for the Fast Analysis of (Polycyclic)Aromatic Compounds in Environmental and Process Waters. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15547-15554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehm
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Photonion GmbH, Hagenower Strasse 73, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock−Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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10
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Termopoli V, Torrisi E, Famiglini G, Palma P, Zappia G, Cappiello A, Vandergrift GW, Zvekic M, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Mass Spectrometry Based Approach for Organic Synthesis Monitoring. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11916-11922. [PMID: 31403767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current mass spectrometry-based methodologies for synthetic organic reaction monitoring largely use electrospray ionization (ESI), or other related atmospheric pressure ionization-based approaches. Monitoring of complex, heterogeneous systems may be problematic because of sampling hardware limitations, and many relevant analytes (neutrals) exhibit poor ESI performance. An alternative monitoring strategy addressing this significant impasse is condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry using liquid electron ionization (CP-MIMS-LEI). In CP-MIMS, a semipermeable silicone membrane selects hydrophobic neutral analytes, rejecting particulates and charged chemical components. Analytes partition through the membrane, and are then transported to the LEI interface for sequential nebulization, vaporization, and ionization. CP-MIMS and LEI are both ideal for continuous monitoring applications of hydrophobic neutral molecules. We demonstrate quantitative reaction monitoring of harsh, complex reaction mixtures (alkaline, acidic, heterogeneous) in protic and aprotic organic solvents. Also presented are solvent-membrane compatibility investigations and, in situ quantitative monitoring of catalytic oxidation and alkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino 61029 , Italy
| | - Elena Torrisi
- Biomolecular Sciences Department , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino 61029 , Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino 61029 , Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino 61029 , Italy.,Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia V9R 5S5 , Canada
| | - Giovanni Zappia
- Biomolecular Sciences Department , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino 61029 , Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Urbino 61029 , Italy.,Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia V9R 5S5 , Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia V9R 5S5 , Canada.,Chemistry Department , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
| | - Misha Zvekic
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia V9R 5S5 , Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia V9R 5S5 , Canada.,Chemistry Department , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department , Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia V9R 5S5 , Canada.,Chemistry Department , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada.,Chemistry Department , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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11
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Wu C, Liu W, Jiang J, Wang Y, Hou K, Li H. An in-source helical membrane inlet single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer for automatic monitoring of trace VOCs in water. Talanta 2019; 192:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Borden SA, Damer HN, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Direct quantitation and characterization of fatty acids in salmon tissue by condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) using a modified donor phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:291-303. [PMID: 30470916 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Existing mass spectrometric methods for the analysis of fatty acids often require derivatization, chromatographic separations, and/or extensive sample preparation. Direct mass spectrometry strategies can avoid these requirements, but may also suffer from poor quantitation and/or lack of sensitivity. Condensed phase-membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) provides direct quantitative measurements of analytes in complex samples with little or no sample preparation. CP-MIMS uses a semipermeable membrane to transfer neutral, hydrophobic compounds from real-world samples to a mass spectrometer. The results presented utilize aqueous/organic sample solvent (donor) mixtures to allow for the sensitive (pptr) detection of a range of fatty acids. The relative sensitivity across a homologous series of fatty acids is observed to change, favoring short- or long-chain fatty acids, depending on the amount of miscible co-solvent added to the donor phase. Further, lithium acetate added online via the acceptor phase was used in tandem mass spectrometry experiments to determine the location of double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The method was applied to direct measurements and structural determinations for selected PUFAs in salmon tissue samples. Standard addition was employed to quantify the amount of PUFAs in a variety of salmon samples, yielding 0.27-0.42 and 0.40-0.84 w/w % for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively, for Sockeye and Chinook salmon, in good agreement with the literature. This work presents, to our knowledge, the first use of CP-MIMS for the direct analysis of fatty acids in oily foodstuff samples. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Hannah N Damer
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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13
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Casas-Ferreira AM, Nogal-Sánchez MD, Pérez-Pavón JL, Moreno-Cordero B. Non-separative mass spectrometry methods for non-invasive medical diagnostics based on volatile organic compounds: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1045:10-22. [PMID: 30454564 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, an assessment of non-separative methods based on mass spectrometry used to analyse volatile organic compounds in the field of bioanalysis is performed. The use of non-separative methods based on mass spectrometry has been established as an attractive option for analysing compounds. These instrumental configurations are suitable for biomedical applications because of their versatility, rapid output of results, and the wide range of volatile organic compounds that can be determined. Here, techniques such as headspace sampling coupled to mass spectrometry, membrane introduction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry, are evaluated. Samples involving non-invasive methods of collection, such as urine, saliva, breath and sweat, are mainly considered. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive review of all the non-separative instrumental configurations applied to the analysis of gaseous samples from all matrices non-invasively collected has not yet been carried out. The assessment of non-separative techniques for the analysis of these type of samples can be considered a key issue for future clinical applications, as they allow real-time sample analysis, without patient suffering. Any contribution to the early diagnosis of disease can be considered a priority for the scientific community. Therefore, the identification and determination of volatile organic compounds related to particular diseases has become an important field or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas-Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez-Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno-Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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14
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Vandergrift GW, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Polymer Inclusion Membranes with Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (CP-MIMS): Improved Analytical Response Time and Sensitivity. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5629-5636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Vandergrift
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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15
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Duncan KD, Volmer DA, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Rapid Screening of Carboxylic Acids from Waste and Surface Waters by ESI-MS/MS Using Barium Ion Chemistry and On-Line Membrane Sampling. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:443-450. [PMID: 26689207 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion tandem mass spectrometric analysis of aliphatic carboxylic acids often yields only non-diagnostic ([M - H](-)) ions with limited selective fragmentation. However, carboxylates cationized with Ba(2+) have demonstrated efficient dissociation in positive ion mode, providing structurally diagnostic product ions. We report the application of barium adducts followed by collision induced dissociation (CID), to improve selectivity for rapid screening of carboxylic acids in complex aqueous samples. The quantitative MS/MS method presented utilizes common product ions of [M - H + Ba](+) precursor ions. The mechanism of product ion formation is investigated using isotopically labeled standards and a series of structurally related carboxylic acids. The results suggest that hydrogen atoms in the β and γ positions yield common product ions ([BaH](+) and [BaOH](+)). Furthermore, the diagnostic product ion at m/z 196 serves as a qualifying ion for carboxylate species. This methodology has been successfully used in conjunction with condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS), with barium acetate added directly to the methanol acceptor phase. The combination enables rapid screening of carboxylic acids directly from acidified water samples (wastewater effluent, spiked natural waters) using a capillary hollow fiber PDMS membrane immersion probe. We have applied this technique for the direct analysis of complex naphthenic acid mixtures spiked into natural surface waters using CP-MIMS. Selectivity at the ionization and tandem mass spectrometry level eliminate isobaric interferences from hydroxylated species present within the samples, which have been observed in negative electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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16
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Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Palma P, Cappiello A, Vandergrift GW, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry with Direct Electron Ionization: On-line Measurement of PAHs in Complex Aqueous Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:301-308. [PMID: 26471041 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are USEPA regulated priority pollutants. Their low aqueous solubility requires very sensitive analytical methods for their detection, typically involving preconcentration steps. Presented is the first demonstrated ‘proof of concept’ use of condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) coupled with direct liquid electron ionization (DEI) for the direct, on-line measurement of PAHs in aqueous samples. DEI is very well suited for the ionization of PAHs and other nonpolar compounds, and is not significantly influenced by the co-elution of matrix components. Linear calibration data for low ppb levels of aqueous naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene is demonstrated, with measured detection limits of 4 ppb. Analytical response times (t10%–90% signal rise) ranged from 2.8 min for naphthalene to 4.7 min for pyrene. Both intra- and interday reproducibility has been assessed (<3% and 5% RSD, respectively). Direct measurements of ppb level PAHs spiked in a variety of real, complex environmental sample matrices is examined, including natural waters, sea waters, and a hydrocarbon extraction production waste water sample. For these spiked, complex samples, direct PAH measurement by CP-MIMS-DEI yielded minimal signal suppression from sample matrix effects (81%–104%). We demonstrate the use of this analytical approach to directly monitor real-time changes in aqueous PAH concentrations with potential applications for continuous on-line monitoring strategies and binding/adsorption studies in heterogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- 1Laboratorio LC-MS, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DiSTeVA), Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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17
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Duncan KD, Letourneau DR, Vandergrift GW, Jobst K, Reiner E, Gill CG, Krogh ET. A semi-quantitative approach for the rapid screening and mass profiling of naphthenic acids directly in contaminated aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:44-52. [PMID: 26757071 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a direct sampling, online analytical approach for the determination of acid extractable naphthenic acids in complex aqueous samples, known as condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS). The technique employs a capillary hollow fibre semi-permeable membrane probe configured for immersion into a pH adjusted sample. A continuously flowing methanol acceptor phase transfers naphthenic acids to an electrospray ionization source, operated in negative ion mode, whereupon they are analysed by mass spectrometry as [M-H](-) ions. High-resolution mass spectrometry is used to characterize the influence of sample pH on membrane transport of multiple components of complex naphthenic acid mixtures. We demonstrate the use of CP-MIMS for semi-quantitative analysis of real-world samples using selected ion monitoring and full scan mass spectra at unit mass resolution. The technique has also been employed to continuously monitor the temporal evolution in the mass profile and concentrations of individual naphthenic acid isomer classes in heterogeneous solutions during adsorption processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dane R Letourneau
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Reiner
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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18
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Duncan KD, Vandergrift GW, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Ionization suppression effects with condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry: methods to increase the linear dynamic range and sensitivity. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:437-443. [PMID: 25800178 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) is an online analytical method that allows for the direct, trace level measurement of a wide range of analytes in complex samples. The technique employs a semi-permeable membrane that transfers analytes from a sample into a flowing acceptor solvent, which is directly infused to an atmospheric pressure ionization source, such as electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. While CP-MIMS and variants of the technique have been in the literature for nearly a decade, much of the work has focused on instrument development. Few studies have thoroughly addressed quantitative methods related to detection limits, ionization suppression, or linear dynamic range. We examine ionization suppression in the direct rapid quantitation of analytes by CP-MIMS and introduce several analytical strategies to mitigate these effects, including the novel implementation of a continuously infused internal standard in the acceptor phase solvent, and modulation of acceptor phase flow rate. Several representative analytes were used to evaluate this approach with spiked, complex sample matrices, including primary wastewater effluent and artificial urine. Also reported are improved measured detection limits in the low part-per-trillion range, using a 'stopped-flow' acceptor mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Krogh ET, Gill CG. Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS): a versatile tool for direct, real-time chemical measurements. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1205-1213. [PMID: 25476937 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct, continuous, on-line measurement technique. It utilizes a membrane to semi-selectively transfer analyte mixtures from a sample to a mass spectrometer, rejecting the bulk of the sample matrix, which can be a gas, liquid or solid/slurry. Analyte selectivity and sensitivity are affected by optimizations at the membrane, ionization and the mass spectrometer levels. MIMS can be roughly classified by the acceptor phase that entrains analyte(s) to the mass spectrometer after membrane transport, either a gaseous acceptor phase (GP-MIMS) or condensed acceptor phase (CP-MIMS). The aim of this article is to provide an introduction to MIMS as a technique and to explore current variants, recent developments and modern applications, emphasizing examples from our group, the Applied Environmental Research Laboratories as well as selected work from others in this emerging area. Also provided is a synopsis of current and future directions for this versatile analytical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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20
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Monitoring of an esterification reaction by on-line direct liquid sampling mass spectrometry and in-line mid infrared spectrometry with an attenuated total reflectance probe. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 849:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Ortiz X, Jobst KJ, Reiner EJ, Backus SM, Peru KM, McMartin DW, O’Sullivan G, Taguchi VY, Headley JV. Characterization of Naphthenic Acids by Gas Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7666-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501549p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ortiz
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
- Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Karl J. Jobst
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Eric J. Reiner
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sean M. Backus
- Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Aquatic Contaminants
Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Dena W. McMartin
- Environmental
Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Gwen O’Sullivan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate, Calgary, Alberta T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Vince Y. Taguchi
- Ontario Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - John V. Headley
- Aquatic Contaminants
Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Willis MD, Duncan KD, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Delicate polydimethylsiloxane hollow fibre membrane interfaces for condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:671-681. [PMID: 24573797 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE On-line analytical techniques such as condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) permit direct and rapid analyte measurements in complex samples. Direct, rapid analytical methods are desirable because they eliminate potential contamination and/or dilution from sample workup steps, facilitate rapid sample screening and allow 'real-time' monitoring applications. METHODS PDMS hollow fibre membrane (HFM) flow cell interfaces (215 µm, 35 µm, and 0.5 µm thick composite) were coupled with an electrospray ionization (ESI) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A simultaneous push/pull methanol acceptor phase delivery system and membrane mounting via epoxy potting ensured that the delicate membranes were not ruptured during construction or sample measurements. Both flow cell and direct insertion 'J-Probe' interfaces using the 0.5 µm thick composite PDMS HFM were utilized for direct naphthenic acid measurements. RESULTS Delicate HFM CP-MIMS interfaces were used for the rapid screening and continuous, on-line monitoring of carboxylic acids and hydroxylated compounds directly in complex sample matrices under ambient conditions at pptr - ppb detection limits. Push/pull acceptor phase (methanol) delivery maintained ambient hydrostatic pressures within the HFMs, improving ESI stability and analytical sensitivity, especially with stopped acceptor flow operation. Signal response times less than 2 min were achieved for thin, composite PDMS HFMs at 30°C. The continuous monitoring of naphthenic acid degradation was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Delicate PDMS HFM CP-MIMS interfaces were developed and used for the direct, on-line detection of low volatility, polar analytes in complex aqueous samples. Composite PDMS HFM interfaces yielded the best overall analytical performance improvements, and were used to demonstrate the direct measurement of naphthenic acids in complex aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Willis
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Duncan KD, Willis MD, Krogh ET, Gill CG. A miniature condensed-phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) probe for direct and on-line measurements of pharmaceuticals and contaminants in small, complex samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1213-1221. [PMID: 23650034 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput, automated analytical measurements are desirable in many analytical scenarios, as are rapid sample pre-screening techniques to identify 'positive' samples for subsequent measurements using more time-consuming conventional methodologies (e.g., liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)). A miniature condensed-phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) probe for the direct and continuous, on-line measurement of pharmaceuticals and environmental contaminants in small, complex samples is presented. METHODS A miniature polydimethylsiloxane hollow fibre membrane (PDMS-HFM) probe is coupled with an electrospray ionization (ESI) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Analytes are transported from the probe to the ESI source by a methanol acceptor phase. The probe can be autosampler mounted and directly inserted in small samples (≥400 μL) allowing continuous and simultaneous pptr-ppb level detection of target analytes (chlorophenols, triclosan, gemfibrozil, nonylphenol) in complex samples (artificial urine, beer, natural water, waste water, plant tissue). RESULTS The probe has been characterized and optimized for acceptor phase flow rate, sample mixing and probe washing. Signal response times, detection limits and calibration data are given for selected ion monitoring (SIM) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) measurements of target analytes at trace levels. Comparisons with flow cell type CP-MIMS systems are given. Analyte depletion effects are evaluated for small samples (≥400 μL). On-line measurements in small volumes of complex samples, temporally resolved reaction monitoring and in situ/in vivo demonstrations are presented. CONCLUSIONS The miniature CP-MIMS probe developed was successfully used for the direct, on-line detection of target analytes in small volumes (40 mL to 400 μL) of complex samples at pptr to low ppb levels. The probe can be readily automated as well as deployed for in situ/in vivo monitoring, including reaction monitoring, small sample measurements and direct insertion in living plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Environmental mass spectrometry is an important branch of science because it provides many of the data that underlie policy decisions that can directly influence the health of people and ecosystems. Environmental mass spectrometry is currently undergoing rapid development. Among the most relevant directions are a significant broadening of the lists of formally targeted compounds; a parallel interest in nontarget chemicals; an increase in the reliability of analyses involving accurate mass measurements, tandem mass spectrometry, and isotopically labeled standards; and a shift toward faster high-throughput analysis, with minimal sample preparation, involving various approaches, including ambient ionization techniques and miniature instruments. A real revolution in analytical chemistry could be triggered with the appearance of robust, simple, and sensitive portable mass spectrometers that can utilize ambient ionization techniques. If the cost of such instruments is reduced to a reasonable level, mass spectrometers could become valuable household devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert T Lebedev
- Organic Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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25
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Hou K, Li F, Chen W, Chen P, Xie Y, Zhao W, Hua L, Pei K, Li H. An in-source stretched membrane inlet for on-line analysis of VOCs in water with single photon ionization TOFMS. Analyst 2013; 138:5826-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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