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Concepcion JT, Kaundun SS, Morris JA, Brandenburg AN, Riechers DE. Metabolism of the 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitor, Mesotrione, in Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5595-5608. [PMID: 38446412 PMCID: PMC10959109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to the maize-selective, HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, mesotrione, occurs via Phase I ring hydroxylation in resistant waterhemp and Palmer amaranth; however, mesotrione detoxification pathways post-Phase I are unknown. This research aims to (1) evaluate Palmer amaranth populations for mesotrione resistance via survivorship, foliar injury, and aboveground biomass, (2) determine mesotrione metabolism rates in Palmer amaranth populations during a time course, and (3) identify mesotrione metabolites including and beyond Phase I oxidation. The Palmer amaranth populations, SYNR1 and SYNR2, exhibited higher survival rates (100%), aboveground biomass (c.a. 50%), and lower injury (25-30%) following mesotrione treatment than other populations studied. These two populations also metabolized mesotrione 2-fold faster than sensitive populations, PPI1 and PPI2, and rapidly formed 4-OH-mesotrione. Additionally, SYNR1 and SYNR2 formed 5-OH-mesotrione, which is not produced in high abundance in waterhemp or naturally tolerant maize. Metabolite features derived from 4/5-OH-mesotrione and potential Phase II mesotrione-conjugates were detected and characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv S. Kaundun
- Herbicide
Bioscience, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill
International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - James A. Morris
- Herbicide
Bioscience, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill
International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - Autumn N. Brandenburg
- Department
of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dean E. Riechers
- Department
of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Lucci E, Antonelli L, Gherardi M, Fanali C, Fanali S, Scipioni A, Lupattelli P, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the enantioselective multiresidue determination of nine chiral agrochemicals in urine using an enrichment procedure based on graphitized carbon black. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1127-1137. [PMID: 38108844 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Many agrochemicals are chiral molecules, and most of them are marketed as racemates or diastereomeric mixtures. Stereoisomers that are not the active enantiomer have little or no pesticidal activity and can exert serious toxic effects towards non-target organisms. Thus, investigating the possible exposure to different isomers of chiral pesticides is an urgent need. The present work was aimed at developing a new enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of nine chiral pesticides in urine. Two solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures, based on different carbon-based sorbents (graphitized carbon black (GCB) and buckypaper (BP)), were developed and compared. By using GCB, all analytes were recovered with yields ranging from 60 to 97%, while BP allowed recoveries greater than 54% for all pesticides except those with acid characteristics. Baseline separation was achieved for the enantiomers of all target agrochemicals on a Lux Cellulose-2 column within 24 min under reversed-phase mode. The developed method was then validated according to the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods. Besides recovery, the other evaluated parameters were precision (7-15%), limits of detection (0.26-2.21 µg/L), lower limits of quantitation (0.43-3.68 µg/L), linear dynamic range, and sensitivity. Finally, the validated method was applied to verify the occurrence of the pesticide enantiomers in urine samples from occupationally exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monica Gherardi
- INAIL-DiMEILA, Chemical Risk Laboratory, Monte Porzio Catone Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anita Scipioni
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Lucci E, Dal Bosco C, Antonelli L, Fanali C, Fanali S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B. Enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic separations to study occurrence and fate of chiral pesticides in soil, water, and agricultural products. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Biomonitoring of pesticides in urine by using isoamyl acetate as a sustainable extraction solvent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Pesticides in Wine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030908. [PMID: 35164176 PMCID: PMC8839483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A green solvent-based DLLME/HPLC-MS method for the determination of 19 pesticides in wine samples has been developed. The extractant solvent is a hydrophobic eutectic mixture composed of L-menthol and butylated hydroxytoluene in a molar ratio of 3:1. The endogenous ethanol of wine has been used as dispersive solvent, in order to avoid the solidification of the extracts under 19 °C. The mobile phase composition, the elution gradient and the sample injection volume were optimized in order to make this hydrophobic mixture compatible with conventional reversed phase chromatography and electrospray ionization. The method was validated in matrix, using a wine free from the target compounds. Average recovery as high as 80%, precision between 3 and 14%, and limits of detection and quantification much lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for grapes and wines fixed by the EU regulation, make this multiresidue method fitted for the purpose, with the further advantages of being quick, cheap and in compliance with the green analytical chemistry. From the analysis of 11 commercial wines it was found that just in a bio sample the target compounds were not detectable or lower than quantification limit; as for the other samples, the most widespread and abundant pesticides were methoxyfenozide and boscalid, but their levels were much lower than the relative MRLs.
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Gallo V, Tomai P, Gherardi M, Fanali C, De Gara L, D'Orazio G, Gentili A. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using a low transition temperature mixture and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides in urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462036. [PMID: 33714770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring is a potent tool to control the health risk of people occupationally and non-occupationally exposed. The latest trend in bioanalytical chemistry is to develop quick, cheap, easy, safe and reliable green analytical procedures to analyse a large number of chemicals in easily accessible biomatrices such as urine. In this paper, a new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure, conceived to treat urine samples and based on the use of a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM), was developed and validated to analyse twenty pesticides commonly used in farm practises. The LTTM was composed of choline chloride and sesamol in molar ratio 1:3 (ChCl:Ses 1:3); its characterization via differential scanning calorimetry identified it as an LTTM and not as a deep eutectic solvent due to the occurrence of a glass transition at -71 °C. The prepared mixture was used as the extraction solvent in the DLLME procedure, while ethyl acetate as the dispersing solvent. The salting out effect (50 mg mL-1 of NaCl in a diluted urine sample) improved the separation phase and the analyte transfer to the extractant. Due to the high ionic strength and despite the density of ChCl:Ses 1:3 (1.25 g mL-1), the LTTM layer floated on the top of the sample solution after centrifugation. All extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. After optimization and validation of the whole method, lower limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.02 - 0.76 µg L-1. Extraction recoveries spanned from 50 to 101 % depending on the spike level and analytes. Precision and accuracy ranges were 3-18% and 5-20%, respectively. The extraction procedure was also compared with other methods, showing to be advantageous for rapidity, simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Finally, urine samples from ten volunteers were effectively analysed using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Tomai
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- INAIL- DiMEILA, Chemical Risk Laboratory, Monte Porzio Catone Research Center, Rome
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Institute for the Biological Systems, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29,300 00015 Monterotondo (RM)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome Italy.
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7
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Tomai P, Gentili A, Fanali S, Picó Y. Multi-residue determination of organic micro-pollutants in river sediment by stir-disc solid phase extraction based on oxidized buckypaper. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Peng MM, Han YQ, Xia H, Hu XZ, Zhou YX, Peng LJ, Peng XT. Rapid and sensitive detection of the phenoxy acid herbicides in environmental water samples by magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2221-2228. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Min Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Ya-Quan Han
- College of Marine Life Sciences; Ocean University of China; Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Hong Xia
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xi-Zhou Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - You-Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xi-Tian Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Wuhan University); Ministry of Education; Wuhan P. R. China
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Ding G, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Guo D, Tang G, Li Y, Li J, Cao Y. A mechanistic study of geminal dicationic ionic liquids as mobile phase additives for improving the separation performance of high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4581-4592. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sack C, Vonderbrink J, Smoker M, Smith RE. Determination of Acid Herbicides Using Modified QuEChERS with Fast Switching ESI(+)/ESI(-) LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9657-9665. [PMID: 26473587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 35 acid herbicides in food matrices was developed, validated, and implemented. It utilizes a modified QuEChERS extraction procedure coupled with quantitation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The acid herbicides analyzed are all organic carboxylic acids, including the older chlorophenoxy acid herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), quinclorac, and many of the newer imidazolinone herbicides such as imazethapyr and imazaquin. In the procedure, 10 mL of water is added to 5 g of sample and then extracted with 1% formic acid in acetonitrile for 1 min. The acetonitrile phase is salted out of the extract by adding sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate, followed by centrifugation. The acetonitrile is diluted 1:1 with water to enable quantitation by LC-MS/MS using fast switching between positive and negative electrospray ionization modes. The average recoveries for all the compounds except aminocyclopyrachlor were 95% with a precision of 8%. The method detection limits for all residues were less than 10 ng/g, and the correlation coefficients for the calibration curves was greater than 0.99 for all but two compounds tested. The method was used successfully for the quantitation of acid herbicides in the FDA's total diet study. The procedure proved to be accurate, precise, linear, sensitive, and rugged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 11510 West 80th Street, Lenexa, Kansas 66224, United States
| | - John Vonderbrink
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 11510 West 80th Street, Lenexa, Kansas 66224, United States
| | - Michael Smoker
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 11510 West 80th Street, Lenexa, Kansas 66224, United States
| | - Robert E Smith
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 11510 West 80th Street, Lenexa, Kansas 66224, United States
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11
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Determination and occurrence of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and their transformation products in groundwater using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Molecules 2014; 19:20627-49. [PMID: 25514054 PMCID: PMC6271189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive method was developed and validated for ten phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, six of their main transformation products (TPs) and two benzonitrile TPs in groundwater. The parent compounds mecoprop, mecoprop-p, 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, triclopyr, fluroxypr, bromoxynil, bentazone, and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (TBA) are included and a selection of their main TPs: phenoxyacetic acid (PAC), 2,4,5-trichloro-phenol (TCP), 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (4C2MP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (T2P), and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BrAC), as well as the dichlobenil TPs 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (DBA) which have never before been determined in Irish groundwater. Water samples were analysed using an efficient ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method in an 11.9 min separation time prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The limit of detection (LOD) of the method ranged between 0.00008 and 0.0047 µg·L−1 for the 18 analytes. All compounds could be detected below the permitted limits of 0.1 µg·L−1 allowed in the European Union (EU) drinking water legislation [1]. The method was validated according to EU protocols laid out in SANCO/10232/2006 with recoveries ranging between 71% and 118% at the spiked concentration level of 0.06 µg·L−1. The method was successfully applied to 42 groundwater samples collected across several locations in Ireland in March 2012 to reveal that the TPs PAC and 4C2MP were detected just as often as their parent active ingredients (a.i.) in groundwater.
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Zhang P, Bui A, Rose G, Allinson G. Mixed-mode solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine phenoxy acid, sulfonylurea, triazine and other selected herbicides at nanogram per litre levels in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Nuhu AA, Basheer C, Alhooshani K, Al-Arfaj AR. Determination of phenoxy herbicides in water samples using phase transfer microextraction with simultaneous derivatization followed by GC-MS analysis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3381-8. [PMID: 22997165 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate method for the determination of two model phenoxy herbicides, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy propanoic acid, in water is explained. This method utilizes a simple phase transfer catalyst-assisted microextraction with simultaneous derivatization. Factors affecting the performance of this method including pH of the aqueous matrix, temperature, extraction duration, type and amount of derivatization reagents, and type and amount of the phase transfer catalyst are examined. Derivatization and the use of phase transfer catalyst have proven to be especially vital for the resolution of the analytes and their sensitive determination, with an enrichment factor of 288-fold for catalyzed over noncatalyzed procedure. Good linearity ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg L(-1) with correlation of determination (r(2) ) between 0.9890 and 0.9945 were obtained. Previous reported detection limits are compared with our new current method. The low LOD for the two analytes (0.80 ng L(-1) for 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy propanoic acid and 3.04 ng L(-1) for 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid) allow for the determination of low concentrations of these analytes in real samples. The absence of matrix effect was confirmed through relative recovery calculations. Application of the method to seawater and tap water samples was tested, but only 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy propanoic acid at concentrations between 0.27 ± 0.01 and 0.84 ± 0.06 μg L(-1) was detected in seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmumin A Nuhu
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Raina R, Etter ML, Buehler K, Starks K, Yowin Y. Phenoxyacid Herbicides in Stormwater Retention Ponds: Urban Inputs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.28112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Raina R, Etter ML. Liquid chromatography with post-column reagent addition of ammonia in methanol coupled to negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for determination of phenoxyacid herbicides and their degradation products in surface water. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2010; 5:1-14. [PMID: 20212919 PMCID: PMC2832344 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography (LC)-negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI(-))-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method with post-column addition of ammonia in methanol has been developed for the analysis of acid herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 4-chloro-o-tolyloxyacetic acid, 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid, mecoprop, dichlorprop, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, dicamba and bromoxynil, along with their degradation products: 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The samples were extracted from the surface water matrix using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a polymeric sorbent and analyzed with LC ESI(-) with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using a three-point confirmation approach. Chromatography was performed on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (50 x 4.6 mm i.d., 1.8 mum) with a gradient elution using water-methanol with 2 mM ammonium acetate mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. Ammonia in methanol (0.8 M) was added post-column at a flow rate of 0.05 mL/min to enhance ionization of the degradation products in the MS source. One SRM transition was used for quantitative analysis while the second SRM along with the ratio of SRM1/SRM2 within the relative standard deviation determined by standards for each individual pesticide and retention time match were used for confirmation. The standard deviation of ratio of SRM1/SRM2 obtained from standards run on the day of analysis for different phenoxyacid herbicides ranged from 3.9 to 18.5%. Limits of detection (LOD) were between 1 and 15 ng L(-1) and method detection limits (MDL) with strict criteria requiring <25% deviation of peak area from best-fit line for both SRM1 and SRM2 ranged from 5 to 10 ng L(-1) for acid ingredients (except dicamba at 30 ng L(-1)) and from 2 to 30 ng L(-1) for degradation products. The SPE-LC-ESI(-) MS/MS method permitted low nanogram-per-liter determination of pesticides and degradation products for surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina
- University of Regina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Trace Analysis Facility, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2.
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Kuster M, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric analysis and regulatory issues of polar pesticides in natural and treated waters. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:520-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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MS techniques for analyzing phenols, their metabolites and transformation products of environmental interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Li L, Li W, Ge J, Wu Y, Jiang S, Liu F. Use of graphitic carbon black and primary secondary amine for determination of 17 organophosphorus pesticide residues in spinach. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3588-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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ISHII R, HORIE M. Analysis of Chlorophenol Compounds Contaminating Food by LC/MS. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2008; 49:356-60. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.49.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Montoro EP, González RR, Frenich AG, Torres MEH, Vidal JLM. Fast determination of herbicides in waters by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3585-3592. [PMID: 17985354 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A rapid multiresidue method for the analysis of more than 40 herbicides (such as simazine, terbuthylazine and diuron) in waters has been developed and validated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). Prior to chromatographic determination, the samples were extracted using a solid-phase extraction procedure. The analysis was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C(18) column using a gradient elution profile and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and an aqueous solution of formic acid (0.01%). Other chromatographic and MS/MS parameters were optimised in order to improve selectivity and sensitivity of the analytes. The analytes were detected using electrospray ionisation (ESI)-MS/MS in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), optimising parameters such as voltage cone, capillary voltage, source and desolvation temperature, and desolvation and cone gas flow. The optimised method provides a rapid separation (less than 10 min) of the selected herbicides in the assayed matrices, and it was validated by the analysis of spiked blank matrix samples. Good linearity was obtained and the repeatability of the method was less than 20% for the lowest calibration point. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 microg/L, and the limits of quantification from 0.005 to 0.05 microg/L, which were below the values specified by the European Union. Finally, the method was successfully applied to real environmental samples from Andalusia (southern Spain). Terbuthylazine, simazine, atrazine desisopropyl and desethyl terbuthylazine were the herbicides most frequently found in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pastor Montoro
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues LAB, Avda. del Mediterráneo, S/N, Edif. Calablanca Bajo 04009 Almería, Spain
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Niessen WMA, Manini P, Andreoli R. Matrix effects in quantitative pesticide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:881-99. [PMID: 16783795 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electrospray or atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization has become an important tool in the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in various matrices in relation to environmental analysis, food safety, and biological exposure monitoring. One of the major problems in the quantitative analysis using LC-MS is that compound and matrix-dependent response suppression or enhancement may occur, the so-called matrix effect. This article reviews issues related to matrix effects, focusing on quantitative pesticide analysis, but also paying attention to expertise with respect to matrix effects acquired in other application areas of LC-MS, especially quantitative bioanalysis in the course of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M A Niessen
- hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332 XT Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Kuster M, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Analysis of pesticides in water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:900-16. [PMID: 16705628 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues continue to be the focus of many environmental studies, and the number of articles describing the development of more advanced, multiresidue analytical methodologies does not decline. The use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based on single quadrupole or ion trap analyzers is consolidated for this purpose. The implementation, in the near future, of more sophisticated mass analyzers, such as triple quadrupole and hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight is anticipated for routine analysis. This article reviews the various works published so far in the literature for the determination of pesticides and transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. It discusses the various ionization sources and analyzers used for this purpose, as well as the extraction procedures employed for previous sample preconcentration. Because of the widespread use of triple quadrupole analyzers for the generation of pesticides levels in water using tandem mass spectrometry, a table compiling the transitions monitored for ca. 70 compounds is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kuster
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Tollbäck J, Crescenzi C, Dyremark E. Determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A in air samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:106-12. [PMID: 16337636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An original method based on LC-MS for determination of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in air is presented, as an alternative to the traditionally used GC-MS. The soft ionization in LC-MS makes it possible to monitor the intact molecule and to use 13C-labelled TBBPA as an internal surrogate standard, two features that improve both accuracy and precision of the analyses. Comparison of different acquisition modes in electrospray ionization showed that the lowest detections limit, 3.1 pg TBBPA injected, was obtained in SIM monitoring the molecular ions 542.7/544.7. A fragmentation pathway of TBBPA in LC-ESI-MS is suggested. The only sample clean-up steps required are solvent reduction and filtration of the sample extract. Recoveries were 93% at a 30 ng level and 75% at 3 ng. The new method was tested by analyses of air samples collected at a recycling plant for electronic equipment. The amount of TBBPA found was 13.8 ng/m3 with an RSD of 5.9%. Furthermore, it was found that TBBPA in a standard solution could be partially debrominated, if not carefully protected from light during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tollbäck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Freitas LG, Götz CW, Ruff M, Singer HP, Müller SR. Quantification of the new triketone herbicides, sulcotrione and mesotrione, and other important herbicides and metabolites, at the ng/l level in surface waters using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:277-86. [PMID: 14989481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The LC/ESI/MSMS method allows the trace quantification (ng/l) of the new triketone herbicides, i.e. sulcotrione and mesotrione, and important herbicides and metabolites, in natural waters. Solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample enrichment is performed with OASIS (recoveries 94-112% for parent herbicides). Neutral and acidic compounds were analyzed separately with ESI in positive and negative mode, respectively. Quantification limits varied between 0.5 and 10 ng/l. The acidic herbicides detection was improved by a neutralizing post-column addition solution. The influence of ion suppression on quantification is discussed in detail. It is shown that we could overcome this problem and achieve reliable quantification using isotope labeled internal standards (ILIS) for every single analyte. The methods performance is illustrated with samples from a lake depth profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gomides Freitas
- Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Uberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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25
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Picó Y, Blasco C, Font G. Environmental and food applications of LC-tandem mass spectrometry in pesticide-residue analysis: an overview. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2004; 23:45-85. [PMID: 14625892 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An overview is given on pesticide-residue determination in environmental and food samples by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Pesticides comprise a large number of substances that belong to many completely different chemical groups, the only common characteristic is that they are effective against pests. They still constitute a challenge in MS because there is no collective pathway for fragmentation. A brief introduction to the theory of tandem MS permits a discussion of which parameters influence the ionization efficiency when the ions are subjected to different actions. Emphasis is placed on the different tandem MS instruments: triple and ion-trap quadrupoles, and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), including advantages and drawbacks, typical detection limits, and ion signals at low concentrations. The instrumental setup, as well as LC and mass spectrometric experimental conditions, must be carefully selected to increase the performance of the analytical system. The capacity of each instrument to provide useful data for the identification of pesticides, and the possibility to obtain structural information for the identification of target and non-target compounds, are discussed. Finally, sample preparation techniques and examples of applications are debated to reveal the potential of the current state-of-the-art technology, and to further promote the usefulness of tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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26
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Sarrión MN, Santos FJ, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of chlorophenols in environmental samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:39-48. [PMID: 12478553 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS), using negative ion detection in a triple quadrupole instrument, was used for the determination of chlorophenols (CPs) in environmental samples. In-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) was compared with MS/MS fragmentation. In general, less fragmentation was observed in MS/MS as compared with in-source CID, with the latter providing more intense fragment ions due to chemical ionisation. Under MS/MS conditions [M - H - HCl](-) was the main fragment ion observed for all compounds except for pentachlorophenol, which showed no fragmentation. For multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode, the transition from [M - H](-) to [M - H - HCl](-) was selected, leading to detection limits down to 0.3 ng injected. Direct and headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were used as preconcentration procedures for the analysis of CPs in wood and in industrially contaminated soils. CPs were quantified by standard addition, which led to good reproducibility (RSD between 4 and 11%) in both SIM and MRM modes, and detection limits down to ng/g. The combination of MS/MS and in-source CID allowed confirmation of the presence of CPs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sarrión
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:545-556. [PMID: 12112761 DOI: 10.1002/jms.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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