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Sun S, Hou M, Lai C, Yang Q, Gao J, Lu X, Wang X, Yu Q. Capillary self-aspirating electrospray ionization (CSESI) for convenient and versatile mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2024; 266:125008. [PMID: 37531883 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the most widely used ionization techniques, and its simplification can benefit many interested users. In this study, sample introduction by capillary action was studied and used to develop a simple ESI source called capillary self-aspirating electrospray ionization (CSESI). A conventional CSESI source requires only a common capillary of appropriate diameter in addition to the support of high voltage (HV). No pumps and sample loading is needed because the solution can spontaneously climb across the capillary by capillary action. With the proper modification of the glass capillary, the operation of CSESI can be further simplified and efficient. Specifically, cold plasma processing of the capillary creates a more hydrophilic surface that can facilitate sample introduction. Moreover, sputtering a thin platinum layer on the capillary tip makes the application of HV more convenient, and it also eliminates the influence of air bubbles in the capillary to ensure a sustained and stable electrospray. Overall, CSESI exhibits multiple desirable features such as simple structure, self-aspiration ability, low sample consumption, and inherent physical filtration capability. Apart from the routine ESI-MS analysis, it has also been applied in real-time monitoring of the oxidative dimerization of 8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, as well as direct analysis of muddy soil solutions without pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mulang Hou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaoyang Lai
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Cui C, Chen X, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Ouyang J, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Qi F. In Situ Reactor-Integrated Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions and Its Application in the Process Analysis of High-Pressure Liquid-Phase Lignin Depolymerization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12987-12994. [PMID: 34520172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Process analysis of heterogeneous catalytic reactions such as lignin depolymerization is essential to understand the reaction mechanism at the molecular level, but it is always challenging due to harsh conditions. Herein, we report an operando process analysis strategy by combining a microbatch reactor with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) via a reactor-integrated electrospray ionization (R-ESI) technique. R-ESI-MS expands the applications of traditional in situ MS to a heterogeneous and high-pressure liquid-phase system. With this strategy, we present the evolution of a series of monomers, dimers, and oligomers during lignin depolymerization under operando conditions (methanol solvent, 260 °C, ∼8 MPa), which is the first experimental elucidation of a progressive depolymerization pathway and evidence of repolymerization of active monomers. The proposed R-ESI-MS is crucial in probing depolymerization intermediates of lignin; it also provides a flexible strategy for process analysis of heterogeneous catalytic reactions under operando conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunhao Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiamin Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ouyang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Farooq QUA, Haq NU, Aziz A, Aimen S, Inam ul Haq M. Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics and Recent Developments in ESI, MALDI and other Ionization Methodologies. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190204154653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Mass spectrometry is a tool used in analytical chemistry to identify components
in a chemical compound and it is of tremendous importance in the field of biology for high
throughput analysis of biomolecules, among which protein is of great interest.
Objective:
Advancement in proteomics based on mass spectrometry has led the way to quantify multiple
protein complexes, and proteins interactions with DNA/RNA or other chemical compounds which
is a breakthrough in the field of bioinformatics.
Methods:
Many new technologies have been introduced in electrospray ionization (ESI) and Matrixassisted
Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) techniques which have enhanced sensitivity, resolution
and many other key features for the characterization of proteins.
Results:
The advent of ambient mass spectrometry and its different versions like Desorption Electrospray
Ionization (DESI), DART and ELDI has brought a huge revolution in proteomics research.
Different imaging techniques are also introduced in MS to map proteins and other significant biomolecules.
These drastic developments have paved the way to analyze large proteins of >200kDa easily.
Conclusion:
Here, we discuss the recent advancement in mass spectrometry, which is of great importance
and it could lead us to further deep analysis of the molecules from different perspectives and
further advancement in these techniques will enable us to find better ways for prediction of molecules
and their behavioral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat ul Ain Farooq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Noor ul Haq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sara Aimen
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Inam ul Haq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Zhang H, Li X, Yu K, Li N, He J, You H, Jiang J. On-line monitoring of photolysis reactions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with pressurized photoreactor. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1013:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane assisted direct spray ionization mass spectrometry for agrochemicals screening in foodstuffs. Talanta 2018; 178:507-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Crawford EA, Esen C, Volmer DA. Real Time Monitoring of Containerless Microreactions in Acoustically Levitated Droplets via Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8396-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Crawford
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cemal Esen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Zhang H, Li N, Li XD, Jiang J, Zhao DD, You H. Characterization and application of droplet spray ionization for real-time reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:51-55. [PMID: 27539415 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ionization source for real-time reaction monitoring has attracted tremendous interest in recent years. We have previously reported a reliable approach in which droplet spray ionization (DSI) was used for monitoring chemical reactions in real-time. Herein, we systematically investigated the characterization and application of DSI for real-time reaction monitoring. METHODS Analyte ions are generated by loading a sample solution onto a corner of a microscope cover glass positioned in front of the MS inlet and applying a high voltage to the sample. The tolerance to positioning, solvent effect, spray angle and spray time were investigated. Extension to real-time monitoring of macromolecule reactions was also demonstrated by the charge state change of cytochrome c in the presence of acetic acid. RESULTS The corner could be positioned within an area of approximately 10 × 6 × 5 mm (x, y, z) in front of the MS inlet. The broad polarities of solvents from methanol to PhF were suitable for DSI. It featured monitoring real-time changes in reactions on the time scale of seconds to minutes. A real-time charge state change of cytochrome c was captured. CONCLUSIONS DSI-MS features ease of use, durability of the spray platform and reusability of the ion source. Eliminating the need for a sample transport capillary, DSI opens a new avenue for the in situ analysis and real-time monitoring of short-lived key reaction intermediates even at subsecond dead times. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Xiao-di Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
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Klampfl CW, Himmelsbach M. Direct ionization methods in mass spectrometry: An overview. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 890:44-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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