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Liu S, Gray D, Zhu L, Girolami GS. Lithium–Olefin π-Complexes and the Mechanism of Carbolithiation: Synthesis, Solution Behavior, and Crystal Structure of (2,2-Dimethylpent-4-en-1-yl)lithium. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeng Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Danielle Gray
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gregory S. Girolami
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Jastrzebski JTBH, Arink AM, Kleijn H, Braam TW, Lutz M, Spek AL, van Koten G. Directed ortho-lithiation: observation of an unexpected 1-lithio to 3-lithio conversion of 1-lithio-naphthyllithium compounds with an ortho-directing 2-(dimethylamino)methyl group. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13371-8. [PMID: 24001235 DOI: 10.1021/ja402884y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Regioselectivity is an important aspect in the design of organic protocols involving Directed ortho-Lithiation (DoL) of arenes, in particular with those arenes containing heteroatom substituents as directing groups. The DoL of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]naphthalene (dman) that proceeds with low regioselectivity was revisited by varying both the nature of the lithiating reagent (either n-BuLi or t-BuLi) and/or the solvent (pentane or diethyl ether); the 3-deuterated substrate, 3-Ddman, was also investigated as a substrate to compare to that of dman. The 3-lithio regioisomer exists as tetranuclear [2-(Me2NCH2)C10H6Li-3]4, 1, both in the solid state (X-ray) and in solution (NMR). The 1-lithio regioisomer, 2a, is insoluble; in the presence of additional coordinating solvents (Et2O) or ligands (dman), it exists as dinuclear [2-(Me2NCH2)C10H6Li-1]2·L (coordinated L = Et2O: 2b, dman: 2c) in apolar solvents. Heating solutions of 2c in toluene-d8 (to 90 °C) induced a surprisingly clean and quantitative 1-lithio to 3-lithio conversion of the 1-lithio-naphthalene isomer. This type of reaction is rare in organolithium chemistry and has obvious significant implications for the design of regioselective DoL protocols; this thus represents the synthetically useful protocol for the DoL of dman in a one-pot/two-step process in toluene solution. The results of the use of 3-Ddman in these reactions gives strong credence to a mechanism involving formation of the heteroleptic species [(2-(Me2NCH2)C10H6-1)(2-(Me2NCH2)C10H6-3)Li2]·[dman], A, as the key intermediate. Intramolecular trans-lithiation takes place with A; dman becomes selectively lithiated at its 3-position, while the formerly 1-lithio-naphthalene fragment, acting as a highly unusual ortho-lithiating reagent, is converted into the N-coordinated amine, dman. In this intramolecular DoL process, free dman can be considered to act as a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann T B H Jastrzebski
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Walfort B, Lameyer L, Weiss W, Herbst-Irmer R, Bertermann R, Rocha J, Stalke D. (MeLi)4(dem)1.5]infinity] and [(thf)3Li3M3[(NtBu)3S--how to reduce aggregation of parent methyllithium. Chemistry 2001; 7:1417-23. [PMID: 11330894 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010401)7:7<1417::aid-chem1417>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds play the leading role among the organometallic reagents in synthesis and in industrial processes. Up to date industrial application of methyllithium is limited because it is only soluble in diethyl ether, which amplifies various hazards in large-scale processes. However, most reactions require polar solvents like diethyl ether or THF to disassemble parent organolithium oligomers. If classical bidentate donor solvents like TMEDA (TMEDA= N,N,N',N'tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine) or DME (DME=1,2-dimethoxyethane) are added to methyllithium, tetrameric units are linked to form polymeric arrays that suffer from reduced reactivity and/or solubility. In this paper we present two different approaches to tune methyllithium aggregation. In [[(MeLi)4(dem)1,5)infinity] (1; DEM = EtOCH2OEt, diethoxymethane) a polymeric architecture is maintained that forms microporous soluble aggregates as a result of the rigid bite of the methylene-bridged bidentate donor base DEM. Wide channels of 720 pm in diameter in the structure maintain full solubility as they are coated with lipophilic ethyl groups and filled with solvent. In compound 1 the long-range Li3CH3...Li interactions found in solid [[(MeLi)4]infinity] are maintained. A different approach was successful in the disassembly of the tetrameric architecture of [((MeLi)4]infinity]. In the reaction of dilithium triazasulfite both the parent [(MeLi)4] tetramer and the [[Li2[(NtBu)3S]]2] dimer disintegrate and recombine to give an MeLi monomer stabilized in the adduct complex [(thf)3Li3Me-[(NtBu)3S]] (2). One side of the Li3 triangle, often found in organolithium chemistry, is shielded by the tripodal triazasulfite, while the other face is mu3-capped by the methanide anion. This Li3 structural motif is also present in organolithium tetramers and hexamers. All single-crystal structures have been confirmed through solid-state NMR experiments to be the same as in the bulk powder material.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walfort
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Würzburg, Germany
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Kleij AW, Kleijn H, Jastrzebski JTBH, Smeets WJJ, Spek AL, van Koten G. Dendritic Carbosilanes Containing Silicon-Bonded 1-[C6H2(CH2NMe2)2-3,5-Li-4] or 1-[C6H3(CH2NMe2)-4-Li-3] Mono- and Bis(amino)aryllithium End Groups: Structure of {[CH2SiMe2C6H3(CH2NMe2)-4-Li-3]2}2. Organometallics 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/om980627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan W. Kleij
- Debye Institute, Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Kleijn
- Debye Institute, Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johann T. B. H. Jastrzebski
- Debye Institute, Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilberth J. J. Smeets
- Debye Institute, Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony L. Spek
- Debye Institute, Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Koten
- Debye Institute, Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dem'yanov P, Boche G, Marsch M, Harms K, Fyodorova G, Petrosyan V. Crystal Structure of η3-lithio-1,3,3-triphenylpropyne-(diethyl ether)2 and [1-lithio-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3,3-diphenylallene–diethyl ether]2: Propargyl- versus allenyl-type structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199519950361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Moene W, Schakel M, Hoogland G, de Kanter F, Klumpp G, Spek A. X-ray crystal structure and hydrocarbon solution behaviour of tetrameric 2,2-Bis(methoxymethyl)-1-propyllithium. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(90)80148-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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