1
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Leigh ND, Currie JD. Re-building limbs, one cell at a time. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1389-1403. [PMID: 35170828 PMCID: PMC9545806 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New techniques for visualizing and interrogating single cells hold the key to unlocking the underlying mechanisms of salamander limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Leigh
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, USA
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2
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Patel S, Ranadive I, Rajaram S, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Ablation of BMP signaling hampers the blastema formation in Poecilia latipinna by dysregulating the extracellular matrix remodeling and cell cycle turnover. ZOOLOGY 2019; 133:17-26. [PMID: 30979387 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins play a pivotal role in the epimorphic regeneration in vertebrates. Blastema formation is central to the epimorphic regeneration and crucially determines its fate. Despite an elaborate understanding of importance of Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in regeneration, its specific role during the blastema formation remains to be addressed. Regulatory role of BMP signaling during blastema formation was investigated using LDN193189, a potent inhibitor of BMP receptors. The study involved morphological observation, in vivo proliferation assay by incorporation of BrdU, comet assay, qRT-PCR and western blot. Blastemal outgrowth was seen reduced due to LDN193189 treatment, typified by dimensional differences, reduced number of proliferating cells and decreased levels of PCNA. Additionally, proapoptotic markers were found to be upregulated signifying a skewed cellular turnover. Further, the cell migration was seen obstructed and ECM remodeling was disturbed as well. These findings were marked by differential transcript as well as protein expressions of the key signaling and regulatory components, their altered enzymatic activities and other microscopic as well as molecular characterizations. Our results signify, for the first time, that BMP signaling manifests its effect on blastema formation by controlling the pivotal cellular processes possibly via PI3K/AKT. Our results indicate the pleiotropic role of BMPs specifically during blastema formation in regulating cell migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and lead to the generation of a molecular regulatory map of determinative molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Patel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Ranadive
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailja Rajaram
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Desai
- N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Stocum DL. Nerves and Proliferation of Progenitor Cells in Limb Regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 79:468-478. [PMID: 30303627 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nerves, in conjunction with the apical epidermal cap (AEC), play an important role in the proliferation of the mesenchymal progenitor cells comprising the blastema of regenerating urodele amphibian limbs. Reinnervation after amputation requires factors supplied by the forming blastema, and neurotrophic factors must be present at or above a quantitative threshold for mitosis of the blastema cells. The AEC forms independently of nerves, but requires nerves to be maintained. Urodele limb buds are independent of nerves for regeneration, but innervation imposes a regenerative requirement for nerve factors on their cells as they differentiate. There are three main ideas on the functional relationship between nerves, AEC, and blastema cells: (1) nerves and AEC produce factors with different roles in maintaining progenitor status and mitosis; (2) the AEC produces the factors that promote blastema cell mitosis, but requires nerves to express them; (3) blastema cells, nerves, and AEC all produce the same factor(s) that additively attain the required threshold for mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Stocum
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202
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4
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Dwaraka VB, Smith JJ, Woodcock MR, Voss SR. Comparative transcriptomics of limb regeneration: Identification of conserved expression changes among three species of Ambystoma. Genomics 2018; 111:1216-1225. [PMID: 30092345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome studies are revealing the complex gene expression basis of limb regeneration in the primary salamander model - Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl). To better understand this complexity, there is need to extend analyses to additional salamander species. Using microarray and RNA-Seq, we performed a comparative transcriptomic study using A. mexicanum and two other ambystomatid salamanders: A. andersoni, and A. maculatum. Salamanders were administered forelimb amputations and RNA was isolated and analyzed to identify 405 non-redundant genes that were commonly, differentially expressed 24 h post amputation. Many of the upregulated genes are predicted to function in wound healing and developmental processes, while many of the downregulated genes are typically expressed in muscle. The conserved transcriptional changes identified in this study provide a high-confidence dataset for identifying factors that simultaneous orchestrate wound healing and regeneration processes in response to injury, and more generally for identifying genes that are essential for salamander limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun B Dwaraka
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - M Ryan Woodcock
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States
| | - S Randal Voss
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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5
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Bryant DM, Johnson K, DiTommaso T, Tickle T, Couger MB, Payzin-Dogru D, Lee TJ, Leigh ND, Kuo TH, Davis FG, Bateman J, Bryant S, Guzikowski AR, Tsai SL, Coyne S, Ye WW, Freeman RM, Peshkin L, Tabin CJ, Regev A, Haas BJ, Whited JL. A Tissue-Mapped Axolotl De Novo Transcriptome Enables Identification of Limb Regeneration Factors. Cell Rep 2017; 18:762-776. [PMID: 28099853 PMCID: PMC5419050 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals have extremely limited regenerative capabilities; however, axolotls are profoundly regenerative and can replace entire limbs. The mechanisms underlying limb regeneration remain poorly understood, partly because the enormous and incompletely sequenced genomes of axolotls have hindered the study of genes facilitating regeneration. We assembled and annotated a de novo transcriptome using RNA-sequencing profiles for a broad spectrum of tissues that is estimated to have near-complete sequence information for 88% of axolotl genes. We devised expression analyses that identified the axolotl orthologs of cirbp and kazald1 as highly expressed and enriched in blastemas. Using morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides, we find evidence that cirbp plays a cytoprotective role during limb regeneration whereas manipulation of kazald1 expression disrupts regeneration. Our transcriptome and annotation resources greatly complement previous transcriptomic studies and will be a valuable resource for future research in regenerative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Bryant
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tia DiTommaso
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Tickle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Klarman Cell Observatory, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Brian Couger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Sciences East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Duygu Payzin-Dogru
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tae J Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas D Leigh
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsing Kuo
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francis G Davis
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joel Bateman
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sevara Bryant
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna R Guzikowski
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie L Tsai
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven Coyne
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William W Ye
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert M Freeman
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonid Peshkin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Klarman Cell Observatory, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Klarman Cell Observatory, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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6
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Stocum DL. Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:159-200. [PMID: 29299322 PMCID: PMC5743758 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self-organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Stocum
- Department of BiologyIndiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis723 W. Michigan StIndianapolisIN 46202USA
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7
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Abstract
Humans and other mammals are limited in their natural abilities to regenerate lost body parts. By contrast, many salamanders are highly regenerative and can spontaneously replace lost limbs even as adults. Because salamander limbs are anatomically similar to human limbs, knowing how they regenerate should provide important clues for regenerative medicine. Although interest in understanding the mechanics of this process has never wavered, until recently researchers have been vexed by seemingly impenetrable logistics of working with these creatures at a molecular level. Chief among the problems has been the very large size of salamander genomes, and not a single salamander genome has been fully sequenced to date. Recently the enormous gap in sequence information has been bridged by approaches that leverage mRNA as the starting point. Together with functional experimentation, these data are rapidly enabling researchers to finally uncover the molecular mechanisms underpinning the astonishing biological process of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) and Harvard, Klarman Cell Observatory, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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Boilly B, Faulkner S, Jobling P, Hondermarck H. Nerve Dependence: From Regeneration to Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:342-354. [PMID: 28292437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve dependence has long been described in animal regeneration, where the outgrowth of axons is necessary to the reconstitution of lost body parts and tissue remodeling in various species. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that denervation can suppress tumor growth and metastasis, pointing to nerve dependence in cancer. Regeneration and cancer share similarities in regard to the stimulatory role of nerves, and there are indications that the stem cell compartment is a preferred target of innervation. Thus, the neurobiology of cancer is an emerging discipline that opens new perspectives in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoni Boilly
- UFR de Biologie, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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9
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Satoh A, Mitogawa K, Makanae A. Regeneration inducers in limb regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:421-429. [PMID: 26100345 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Limb regeneration ability, which can be observed in amphibians, has been investigated as a representative phenomenon of organ regeneration. Recently, an alternative experimental system called the accessory limb model was developed to investigate early regulation of amphibian limb regeneration. The accessory limb model contributed to identification of limb regeneration inducers in urodele amphibians. Furthermore, the accessory limb model may be applied to other species to explore universality of regeneration mechanisms. This review aims to connect the insights recently gained to emboss universality of regeneration mechanisms among species. The defined molecules (BMP7 (or2) + FGF2 + FGF8) can transform skin wound healing to organ (limb) regeneration responses. The same molecules can initiate regeneration responses in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satoh
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Mitogawa
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Aki Makanae
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Voss SR, Palumbo A, Nagarajan R, Gardiner DM, Muneoka K, Stromberg AJ, Athippozhy AT. Gene expression during the first 28 days of axolotl limb regeneration I: Experimental design and global analysis of gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:120-136. [PMID: 27168937 PMCID: PMC4860271 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While it is appreciated that global gene expression analyses can provide novel insights about complex biological processes, experiments are generally insufficiently powered to achieve this goal. Here we report the results of a robust microarray experiment of axolotl forelimb regeneration. At each of 20 post‐amputation time points, we estimated gene expression for 10 replicate RNA samples that were isolated from 1 mm of heterogeneous tissue collected from the distal limb tip. We show that the limb transcription program diverges progressively with time from the non‐injured state, and divergence among time adjacent samples is mostly gradual. However, punctuated episodes of transcription were identified for five intervals of time, with four of these coinciding with well‐described stages of limb regeneration—amputation, early bud, late bud, and pallet. The results suggest that regeneration is highly temporally structured and regulated by mechanisms that function within narrow windows of time to coordinate transcription within and across cell types of the regenerating limb. Our results provide an integrative framework for hypothesis generation using this complex and highly informative data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Randal Voss
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Alex Palumbo
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Radha Nagarajan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, UC-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Antony T Athippozhy
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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11
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McCusker C, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM. The axolotl limb blastema: cellular and molecular mechanisms driving blastema formation and limb regeneration in tetrapods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:54-71. [PMID: 27499868 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The axolotl is one of the few tetrapods that are capable of regenerating complicated biological structures, such as complete limbs, throughout adulthood. Upon injury the axolotl generates a population of regeneration-competent limb progenitor cells known as the blastema, which will grow, establish pattern, and differentiate into the missing limb structures. In this review we focus on the crucial early events that occur during wound healing, the neural-epithelial interactions that drive the formation of the early blastema, and how these mechanisms differ from those of other species that have restricted regenerative potential, such as humans. We also discuss how the presence of cells from the different axes of the limb is required for the continued growth and establishment of pattern in the blastema as described in the polar coordinate model, and how this positional information is reprogrammed in blastema cells during regeneration. Multiple cell types from the mature limb stump contribute to the blastema at different stages of regeneration, and we discuss the contribution of these types to the regenerate with reference to whether they are "pattern-forming" or "pattern-following" cells. Lastly, we explain how an engineering approach will help resolve unanswered questions in limb regeneration, with the goal of translating these concepts to developing better human regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McCusker
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine California USA
| | - Susan V Bryant
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine California USA
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology University of California Irvine California USA
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12
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Lehrberg J, Gardiner DM. Regulation of Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Limb Blastema Cell Proliferation by Nerves and BMP2 in Organotypic Slice Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123186. [PMID: 25923915 PMCID: PMC4414535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have modified and optimized the technique of organotypic slice culture in order to study the mechanisms regulating growth and pattern formation in regenerating axolotl limb blastemas. Blastema cells maintain many of the behaviors that are characteristic of blastemas in vivo when cultured as slices in vitro, including rates of proliferation that are comparable to what has been reported in vivo. Because the blastema slices can be cultured in basal medium without fetal bovine serum, it was possible to test the response of blastema cells to signaling molecules present in serum, as well as those produced by nerves. We also were able to investigate the response of blastema cells to experimentally regulated changes in BMP signaling. Blastema cells responded to all of these signals by increasing the rate of proliferation and the level of expression of the blastema marker gene, Prrx-1. The organotypic slice culture model provides the opportunity to identify and characterize the spatial and temporal co-regulation of pathways in order to induce and enhance a regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Lehrberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Makanae A, Mitogawa K, Satoh A. Co-operative Bmp- and Fgf-signaling inputs convert skin wound healing to limb formation in urodele amphibians. Dev Biol 2014; 396:57-66. [PMID: 25286122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians have remarkable organ regeneration capability, and their limb regeneration capability has been investigated as a representative phenomenon. In the early 19th century, nerves were reported to be an essential tissue for the successful induction of limb regeneration. Nerve substances that function in the induction of limb regeneration responses have long been sought. A new experimental system called the accessory limb model (ALM) has been established to identify the nerve factors. Skin wounding in urodele amphibians results in skin wound healing but never in limb induction. However, nerve deviation to the wounded skin induces limb formation in ALM. Thus, nerves can be considered to have the ability to transform skin wound healing to limb formation. In the present study, co-operative Bmp and Fgf application, instead of nerve deviation, to wounded skin transformed skin wound healing to limb formation in two urodele amphibians, axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and newt (Pleurodeles waltl). Our findings demonstrate that defined factors can induce homeotic transformation in postembryonic bodies of urodele amphibians. The combination of Bmp and Fgf(s) may contribute to the development of novel treatments for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Makanae
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Mitogawa
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Satoh
- Okayama University, Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences (RCIS), 3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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