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Calvet GA, Kara E, Gonsalves L, Seuc AH, de Oliveira RDVC, Thwin SS, Gomez Ponce de León R, Gámez MC, Peña GM, Pendás BVR, Alzugaray MG, Carballo GO, Cala DC, Guimarães PMQ, Bonet M, Taylor M, Thorson A, Kim C, Ali M, Broutet N. Viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in body fluids associated with sexual activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e073084. [PMID: 38387982 PMCID: PMC10882346 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and summarise the evidence on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detection and persistence in body fluids associated with sexual activity (saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal secretion). ELIGIBILITY All studies that reported detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal swabs. INFORMATION SOURCES The WHO COVID-19 database from inception to 20 April 2022. RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT The National Institutes of Health tools. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS The proportion of patients with positive results for SARS-CoV-2 and the proportion of patients with a viral duration/persistence of at least 14 days in each fluid was calculated using fixed or random effects models. INCLUDED STUDIES A total of 182 studies with 10 023 participants. RESULTS The combined proportion of individuals with detection of SARS-CoV-2 was 82.6% (95% CI: 68.8% to 91.0%) in saliva, 1.6% (95% CI: 0.9% to 2.6%) in semen, 2.7% (95% CI: 1.8% to 4.0%) in vaginal secretion, 3.8% (95% CI: 1.9% to 7.6%) in urine and 31.8% (95% CI: 26.4% to 37.7%) in faeces/rectal swabs. The maximum viral persistence for faeces/rectal secretions was 210 days, followed by semen 121 days, saliva 112 days, urine 77 days and vaginal secretions 13 days. Culturable SARS-CoV-2 was positive for saliva and faeces. LIMITATIONS Scarcity of longitudinal studies with follow-up until negative results. INTERPRETATION SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in all fluids associated with sexual activity but was rare in semen and vaginal secretions. Ongoing droplet precautions and awareness of the potential risk of contact with faecal matter/rectal mucosa are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020204741.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edna Kara
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lianne Gonsalves
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armando Humberto Seuc
- National Institute of Hygiene Epidemiology and Microbiology, Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Soe Soe Thwin
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mercedes Bonet
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Taylor
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Thorson
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caron Kim
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Broutet
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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García-García A, Pérez de Diego R, Flores C, Rinchai D, Solé-Violán J, Deyà-Martínez À, García-Solis B, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Hernández-Brito E, Lanz AL, Moens L, Bucciol G, Almuqamam M, Domachowske JB, Colino E, Santos-Perez JL, Marco FM, Pignata C, Bousfiha A, Turvey SE, Bauer S, Haerynck F, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Lendinez F, Prader S, Naumann-Bartsch N, Pachlopnik Schmid J, Biggs CM, Hildebrand K, Dreesman A, Cárdenes MÁ, Ailal F, Benhsaien I, Giardino G, Molina-Fuentes A, Fortuny C, Madhavarapu S, Conway DH, Prando C, Schidlowski L, Martínez de Saavedra Álvarez MT, Alfaro R, Rodríguez de Castro F, Meyts I, Hauck F, Puel A, Bastard P, Boisson B, Jouanguy E, Abel L, Cobat A, Zhang Q, Casanova JL, Alsina L, Rodríguez-Gallego C. Humans with inherited MyD88 and IRAK-4 deficiencies are predisposed to hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220170. [PMID: 36880831 PMCID: PMC9998661 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked recessive deficiency of TLR7, a MyD88- and IRAK-4-dependent endosomal ssRNA sensor, impairs SARS-CoV-2 recognition and type I IFN production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby underlying hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia with high penetrance. We report 22 unvaccinated patients with autosomal recessive MyD88 or IRAK-4 deficiency infected with SARS-CoV-2 (mean age: 10.9 yr; 2 mo to 24 yr), originating from 17 kindreds from eight countries on three continents. 16 patients were hospitalized: six with moderate, four with severe, and six with critical pneumonia, one of whom died. The risk of hypoxemic pneumonia increased with age. The risk of invasive mechanical ventilation was also much greater than in age-matched controls from the general population (OR: 74.7, 95% CI: 26.8-207.8, P < 0.001). The patients' susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 can be attributed to impaired TLR7-dependent type I IFN production by pDCs, which do not sense SARS-CoV-2 correctly. Patients with inherited MyD88 or IRAK-4 deficiency were long thought to be selectively vulnerable to pyogenic bacteria, but also have a high risk of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-García
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Dept., Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Dept. of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Àngela Deyà-Martínez
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Dept., Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca García-Solis
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elisa Hernández-Brito
- Dept. of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Anna-Lisa Lanz
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Leen Moens
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Bucciol
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Childhood Immunology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Almuqamam
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Elena Colino
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos-Perez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves-IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Marco
- Dept. of Immunology, Alicante University General Hospital Doctor Balmis, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, Alicante, Spain
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Dept. of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Dept. of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Ibn Rushd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Dept. of Paediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents. Dept. of Hematology and Oncology. University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Dept. of Pediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immune Deficiency Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Dept. of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, PID Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Francisco Lendinez
- Dept. of Pediatric Oncohematology, Hospital Materno Infantil Torrecárdenas, Almería, Spain
| | - Seraina Prader
- Division of Immunology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora Naumann-Bartsch
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents. Dept. of Hematology and Oncology. University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine M. Biggs
- Dept. of Paediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kyla Hildebrand
- Dept. of Paediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Cárdenes
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Dept. of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Ibn Rushd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ibtihal Benhsaien
- Dept. of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Ibn Rushd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Dept. of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Fortuny
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Dept. of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Swetha Madhavarapu
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel H. Conway
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolina Prando
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Laire Schidlowski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Alfaro
- Dept. of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Felipe Rodríguez de Castro
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Dept. of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Childhood Immunology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laia Alsina
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Dept., Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Dept. of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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6
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Ilié M, Benzaquen J, Hofman V, Long-Mira E, Lassalle S, Boutros J, Bontoux C, Lespinet-Fabre V, Bordone O, Tanga V, Allegra M, Salah M, Fayada J, Leroy S, Vassallo M, Touitou I, Courjon J, Contenti J, Carles M, Marquette CH, Hofman P. Accurate Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Next-Generation Sequencing in Low Viral Load Specimens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043478. [PMID: 36834888 PMCID: PMC9964843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge, there is an urgent need to increase the efficiency and availability of viral genome sequencing, notably to detect the lineage in samples with a low viral load. SARS-CoV-2 genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed retrospectively in a single center on 175 positive samples from individuals. An automated workflow used the Ion AmpliSeq SARS-CoV-2 Insight Research Assay on the Genexus Sequencer. All samples were collected in the metropolitan area of the city of Nice (France) over a period of 32 weeks (from 19 July 2021 to 11 February 2022). In total, 76% of cases were identified with a low viral load (Ct ≥ 32, and ≤200 copies/µL). The NGS analysis was successful in 91% of cases, among which 57% of cases harbored the Delta variant, and 34% the Omicron BA.1.1 variant. Only 9% of cases had unreadable sequences. There was no significant difference in the viral load in patients infected with the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant (Ct values, p = 0.0507; copy number, p = 0.252). We show that the NGS analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genome provides reliable detection of the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants in low viral load samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ilié
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Jonathan Benzaquen
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Véronique Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Elodie Long-Mira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Sandra Lassalle
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Jacques Boutros
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Christophe Bontoux
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Virginie Lespinet-Fabre
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Olivier Bordone
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Virginie Tanga
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Maryline Allegra
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Myriam Salah
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Julien Fayada
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Sylvie Leroy
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Matteo Vassallo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de Cannes, 06400 Cannes, France
| | - Irit Touitou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Johan Courjon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Julie Contenti
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Michel Carles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Charles-Hugo Marquette
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Team 4, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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