1
|
Bolton-Maggs PHB, Cohen H. Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) haemovigilance and progress is improving transfusion safety. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:303-14. [PMID: 24032719 PMCID: PMC3935404 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) UK confidential haemovigilance reporting scheme began in 1996. Over the 16 years of reporting, the evidence gathered has prompted changes in transfusion practice from the selection and management of donors to changes in hospital practice, particularly better education and training. However, half or more reports relate to errors in the transfusion process despite the introduction of several measures to improve practice. Transfusion in the UK is very safe: 2·9 million components were issued in 2012, and very few deaths are related to transfusion. The risk of death from transfusion as estimated from SHOT data in 2012 is 1 in 322 580 components issued and for major morbidity, 1 in 21 413 components issued; the risk of transfusion-transmitted infection is much lower. Acute transfusion reactions and transfusion-associated circulatory overload carry the highest risk for morbidity and death. The high rate of participation in SHOT by National Health Service organizations, 99·5%, is encouraging. Despite the very useful information gained about transfusion reactions, the main risks remain human factors. The recommendations on reduction of errors through a ‘back to basics’ approach from the first annual SHOT report remain absolutely relevant today.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hilton GR, Thalassinos K, Grabenauer M, Sanghera N, Slade SE, Wyttenbach T, Robinson PJ, Pinheiro TJT, Bowers MT, Scrivens JH. Structural analysis of prion proteins by means of drift cell and traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:845-854. [PMID: 20206551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is implicitly involved in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The conversion of normal cellular PrP (PrP(C)), a protein that is predominantly alpha-helical, to a beta-sheet-rich isoform (PrP(Sc)), which has a propensity to aggregate, is the key molecular event in prion diseases. During its short life span, PrP can experience two different pH environments; a mildly acidic environment, whilst cycling within the cell, and a neutral pH when it is glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored to the cell membrane. Ion mobility (IM) combined with mass spectrometry has been employed to differentiate between two conformational isoforms of recombinant Syrian hamster prion protein (SHaPrP). The recombinant proteins studied were alpha-helical SHaPrP(90-231) and beta-sheet-rich SHaPrP(90-231) at pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. The recombinant proteins have the same nominal mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) but differ in their secondary and tertiary structures. A comparison of traveling-wave (T-Wave) ion mobility and drift cell ion mobility (DCIM) mass spectrometry estimated and absolute cross-sections showed an excellent agreement between the two techniques. The use of T-Wave ion mobility as a shape-selective separation technique enabled differentiation between the estimated cross-sections and arrival time distributions (ATDs) of alpha-helical SHaPrP(90-231) and beta-sheet-rich SHaPrP(90-231) at pH 5.5. No differences in cross-section or ATD profiles were observed between the protein isoforms at pH 7.0. The findings have potential implications for a new ante-mortem screening assay, in bodily fluids, for prion misfolding diseases such as TSEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Hilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gilch S, Schätzl HM. Aptamers against prion proteins and prions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2445-55. [PMID: 19396399 PMCID: PMC11115877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative and infectious disorders of humans and animals, characterized by structural transition of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) into the aberrantly folded pathologic isoform PrP(Sc). RNA, DNA or peptide aptamers are classes of molecules which can be selected from complex combinatorial libraries for high affinity and specific binding to prion proteins and which might therefore be useful in diagnosis and therapy of prion diseases. Nucleic acid aptamers, which can be chemically synthesized, stabilized and immobilized, appear more suitable for diagnostic purposes, allowing use of PrP(Sc) as selection target. Peptide aptamers facilitate appropriate intracellular expression, targeting and re-routing without losing their binding properties to PrP, a requirement for potential therapeutic gene transfer experiments in vivo. Elucidation of structural properties of peptide aptamers might be used as basis for rational drug design, providing another attractive application of peptide aptamers in the search for effective anti-prion strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gilch
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann M. Schätzl
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rees HC, Maddison BC, Owen JP, Whitelam GC, Gough KC. Concentration of disease-associated prion protein with silicon dioxide. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 41:254-62. [PMID: 19058035 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reagents that can precipitate the disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) are vital for the development of high sensitivity tests to detect low levels of this disease marker in biological material. Here, a range of minerals are shown to precipitate both ovine cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and ovine scrapie PrP(Sc). The precipitation of prion protein with silicon dioxide is unaffected by PrP(Sc) strain or host species and the method can be used to precipitate bovine BSE. This method can reliably concentrate protease-resistant ovine PrP(Sc) (PrP(res)) derived from 1.69 microg of brain protein from a clinically infected animal diluted into either 50 ml of buffer or 15 ml of plasma. The introduction of a SiO(2) precipitation step into the immunological detection of PrP(res) increased detection sensitivity by over 1,500-fold. Minerals such as SiO(2) are readily available, low cost reagents with generic application to the concentration of diseases-associated prion proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Rees
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mukherjee P, Bose S, Hurd AA, Adhikary R, Schönenbrücher H, Hamir AN, Richt JA, Casey TA, Rasmussen MA, Petrich JW. Monitoring the accumulation of lipofuscin in aging murine eyes by fluorescence spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 85:234-8. [PMID: 18764899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The integrated fluorescence of murine eyes is collected as a function of age. This fluorescence is attributed to pigments generally referred to as lipofuscin and is observed to increase with age. No difference in fluorescence intensity is observed between the eyes of males or females. This work provides a benchmark for further studies that are planned in order to use such signatures as markers of central nervous system (CNS) tissue or even of diseased CNS tissue and provides a basis for determining the age of a healthy animal.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bibby DF, Gill AC, Kirby L, Farquhar CF, Bruce ME, Garson JA. Application of a novel in vitro selection technique to isolate and characterise high affinity DNA aptamers binding mammalian prion proteins. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:107-15. [PMID: 18433888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis and research into transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are hampered by the lack of sufficiently sensitive and specific reagents able to adequately detect the normal cellular form of the prion protein, PrP(C), and the pathological isoform, PrP(Sc). In order to provide such reagents, we applied Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) against a recombinant murine prion protein, to select single-stranded DNA ligands (aptamers) of high affinity. The SELEX protocol and subsequent aptamer characterisation employed protein immobilisation/partitioning using nickel-complexed magnetic particles and a novel SYBR Green-mediated quantitative real-time PCR technique. Following eight rounds of selection, the enriched aptamer pool was cloned and 24 clones sequenced. Seven of these were 'orphan' clones and the remainder were grouped into three separate T-rich families. All but four of the aptamer clones exhibited specific binding to the murine prion protein and the majority also bound to human and ovine prion proteins. Dissociation constants (K(d)) ranged from 18 to 79 nM. Flow cytometry with fluorescein-labelled aptamers confirmed that binding to cells was dependent on the expression of PrP(C). Preliminary studies also indicate that a trivalent aptamer pool is capable of binding the pathological isoform PrP(Sc) following guanidinium denaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Bibby
- Centre for Virology, Department of Infection, Windeyer Institute, University College London, London W1T 4JF, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Mortimer
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang J, Pan YL, Ning XX, Sun LJ, Lan M, Hong L, Du JP, Liu N, Liu CJ, Qiao TD, Fan DM. Overexpression of PrPC and its antiapoptosis function in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2006; 27:84-91. [PMID: 16582585 DOI: 10.1159/000092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein, was found in our lab to be widely expressed in gastric cancer cell lines. In order to evaluate its biological significance in human gastric cancer, we investigated its expression in a large series of gastric tissue samples (n = 124) by immuno histochemical staining with the monoclonal antibody 3F4. Compared with normal tissues, gastric adenocarcinoma showed increased PrP(C) expression, correlated with the histopathological differentiation (according to the WHO and Lauren classifications) and tumor progression (as documented by pTNM staging). To better understand the underlying mechanism, we introduced the PrP(C) and two pairs of RNAi into the poorly differentiated gastric cancer cell line AGS and found that PrP(C) suppressed ROS and slowed down apoptosis in transfected cells. Further study proved that the apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 was upregulated whereas p53 and Bax were downregulated in the PrP(C)-transfected cells. A reverse effect was observed in PrP(C) siRNA-transfected cells. These results strongly suggested that PrP(C) might play a role as an effective antiapoptotic protein through Bcl-2-dependent apoptotic pathways in gastric cancer cells. Further study into the mechanism of these relationships might enrich the knowledge of PrP, better our understanding of the nature of gastric carcinoma, and further develop possible strategies to block or reverse the development of gastric carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sakudo A, Suganuma Y, Kobayashi T, Onodera T, Ikuta K. Near-infrared spectroscopy: promising diagnostic tool for viral infections. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:279-84. [PMID: 16414011 PMCID: PMC7092872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although several methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent assay, and Western blotting, have been used for the diagnosis of viral infections, none of them is ideal in terms of cost-effectiveness, speed, and accuracy. Currently, the rate of outbreak of emerging viruses is increasing and therefore the development and establishment of analytical methods for such viral infections are becoming more important. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a fast, multicomponent assay that enables non-invasive, non-destructive analysis. Recently, the diagnosis of viral infections using NIR spectroscopy has been attempted. In this review, the potential of the NIR method in the medical and virological fields is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dabaghian RH, Barnard G, McConnell I, Clewley JP. An immunoassay for the pathological form of the prion protein based on denaturation and time resolved fluorometry. J Virol Methods 2006; 132:85-91. [PMID: 16219367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concern about the possible secondary spread of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) through blood transfusion and blood products has increased the need for a sensitive and rapid test for the identification of PrP(Sc) in specimens collected non-invasively from living persons. Furthermore, an accurate estimate of the prevalence of pre-clinical vCJD in the British population would be possible if there were such a test that could be applied to specimens available readily (e.g. blood and urine). As a first step towards that goal, we have developed a simple and sensitive test for the detection of PrP(Sc) in peripheral tissues and brain of vCJD patients, based on the differential extraction of PrP(Sc) with guanidine hydrochloride. The prion protein (PrP) isoforms are extracted sequentially from homogenized tissue by applying two different concentrations of this chaotropic agent. Each extraction yields a fraction of the PrP isoforms with different solubilities in guanidine hydrochloride. Quantitation of the two fractions (relatively insoluble or relatively soluble) using time resolved fluorescence (DELFIA) as a reporter system allows differentiation between PrP(Sc) infected and non-infected tissues. The assay has a detection limit of 10 pg PrP, is robust and could be automated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza H Dabaghian
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zingher A, Mortimer P. Convalescent whole blood, plasma and serum in the prophylaxis of measles: JAMA, 12 April, 1926; 1180-1187. Rev Med Virol 2005; 15:407-18; discussion 418-21. [PMID: 16211552 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Griffiths PD. Progress towards interrupting intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus? Rev Med Virol 2005; 16:1-4. [PMID: 16358354 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Griffiths PD. Prions: proof of proteinaceous nature but problems with population polymorphisms. Rev Med Virol 2004; 14:341-3. [PMID: 15495195 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|