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Shimagaki K, Koga R, Fujino H, Ahagon A, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Yamaguchi Y, Fujita M. The stability of HIV-2 Vpx and Vpr proteins is regulated by the presence or absence of zinc-binding sites and poly-proline motifs with distinct roles. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:997-1007. [PMID: 32553018 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vpx and Vpr proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are important for virus replication. Although these proteins are homologous, Vpx is expressed at much higher levels than Vpr. Previous studies demonstrated that this difference results from the presence of an HHCC zinc-binding site in Vpx that is absent in Vpr. Vpx has another unique region, a poly-proline motif (PPM) of seven consecutive prolines at the C-terminus. Using PPM point mutants of Vpx, this study demonstrated that these seven consecutive prolines are critical for suppressing proteasome degradation of Vpx in the absence of Gag. Both the PPM and the zinc-binding site stabilize Vpx but do so via different mechanisms. PPM and zinc-binding site mutants overexpressed in Escherichia coli aggregated readily, indicating that these motifs normally prevent exposure of the hydrophobic region outside the structure. Furthermore, introduction of the zinc-binding site and the PPM into Vpr increased the level of Vpr expression so that it was as high as that of Vpx. Intriguingly, HIV-2 has evolved to express Vpx at high levels and Vpr at low levels based on the presence and absence of these two motifs with distinct roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Shimagaki
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujino
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ami Ahagon
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Science Farm Ltd, Kumamoto, Japan.,Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Doi N, Koma T, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Expression Level of HIV-1 Vif Can Be Fluctuated by Natural Nucleotide Variations in the vif-Coding and Regulatory SA1D2prox Sequences of the Proviral Genome. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2758. [PMID: 31849897 PMCID: PMC6893887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vif is required for HIV-1 replication in natural target cells by counteracting host restriction factors, APOBEC3 (A3) proteins. We recently demonstrated that Vif expression level can be changed by naturally occurring single-nucleotide variations within SA1D2prox of the HIV-1 genome. We also found that levels for vif/vpr mRNAs are inversely correlated. While amino acid sequence per se is critical for functionality, Vif expression level modulated by signal sequences in its coding region is likely to be important as well. There are two splicing sites in the region involved in vpr expression. To reveal possible fluctuations of Vif-expression level, we examined SA1D2prox and vif gene by chimeric approaches using HIV-1 subtypes B and C with distinct anti-A3 activity. In this report, recombinant clones in subtype B backbone carrying chimeric sequences with respect to SA1D2prox/vif and those within the vif-coding region were generated. Of these, clones containing vif-coding sequence of subtype C, especially its 3′ region, expressed vif/Vif at a decreased level but did at an increased level for vpr/Vpr. Clones with reduced vif/Vif level grew similarly or slightly better than a parental clone in weakly A3G-positive cells but more poorly in highly A3G-expressing cells. Three clones with this property were also tested for their A3-degrading activity. One of the clones appeared to have some defect in addition to the poor ability to express vif/Vif. Taken all together, our results show that natural variations in the SA1D2prox and vif-coding region can change the Vif-expression level and affect the HIV-1 replication potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
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3
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Koga R, Yamamoto M, Ciftci HI, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Introduction of H2C2-type zinc-binding residues into HIV-2 Vpr increases its expression level. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:146-153. [PMID: 29321964 PMCID: PMC5757179 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 has two structurally similar proteins, Vpx and Vpr. Vpx degrades the host anti-viral protein SAMHD1 and is expressed at high levels, while Vpr is responsible for cell cycle arrest and is expressed at much lower levels. We constructed a Vpr mutant with a high level of expression by replacing the amino acids HHCR/HHCH with a putative H2C2-type zinc-binding site that is carried by Vpx. Our finding suggests that during the evolution of Vpr and Vpx, zinc-binding likely became a mechanism for regulating their expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Minami Yamamoto
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ciftci
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery School of Pharmacy Kumamoto University Japan
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4
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Yamamoto M, Koga R, Fujino H, Shimagaki K, Ciftci HI, Kamo M, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Zinc-binding site of human immunodeficiency virus 2 Vpx prevents instability and dysfunction of the protein. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:275-283. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minami Yamamoto
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujino
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimagaki
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ciftci
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamo
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Sakai Y, Doi N, Miyazaki Y, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Phylogenetic Insights into the Functional Relationship between Primate Lentiviral Reverse Transcriptase and Accessory Proteins Vpx/Vpr. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1655. [PMID: 27803699 PMCID: PMC5067338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of reverse transcription to synthesize viral DNA in infected cells greatly influences replication kinetics of retroviruses. However, viral replication in non-dividing cells such as resting T cells and terminally differentiated macrophages is potently and kinetically restricted by a host antiviral factor designated SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1). SAMHD1 reduces cellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools and affects viral reverse transcription step. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and some simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) have Vpx or Vpr to efficiently degrade SAMHD1. Interestingly, the reverse transcriptase (RT) derived from HIV-1 that encodes no anti-SAMHD1 proteins has been previously demonstrated to uniquely exhibit a high enzymatic activity. It is thus not irrational to assume that some viruses may have acquired or lost the specific RT property to better adapt themselves to the low dNTP environments confronted in non-dividing cells. This adaptation process may probably be correlated with the SAMHD1-antagonizing ability by viruses. In this report, we asked whether such adaptive events can be inferable from Vpx/Vpr and RT phylogenetic trees overlaid with SAMHD1-degrading capacity of Vpx/Vpr and with kinetic characteristics of RT. Resultant two trees showed substantially similar clustering patterns, and therefore suggested that the properties of RT and Vpx/Vpr can be linked. In other words, HIV/SIVs may possess their own RT proteins to adequately react to various dNTP circumstances in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
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Sakai Y, Miyake A, Doi N, Sasada H, Miyazaki Y, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Expression Profiles of Vpx/Vpr Proteins Are Co-related with the Primate Lentiviral Lineage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1211. [PMID: 27536295 PMCID: PMC4971069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and some simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) lineages carry a unique accessory protein called Vpx. Vpx is essential or critical for viral replication in natural target cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes. We have previously shown that a poly-proline motif (PPM) located at the C-terminal region of Vpx is required for its efficient expression in two strains of HIV-2 and SIVmac, and that the Vpx expression levels of the two clones are significantly different. Notably, the PPM sequence is conserved and confined to Vpx and Vpr proteins derived from certain lineages of HIV-2/SIVs. In this study, Vpx/Vpr proteins from diverse primate lentiviral lineages were experimentally and phylogenetically analyzed to obtain the general expression picture in cells. While both the level and PPM-dependency of Vpx/Vpr expression in transfected cells varied among viral strains, each viral group, based on Vpx/Vpr amino acid sequences, was found to exhibit a characteristic expression profile. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analyses on Gag and Vpx/Vpr proteins gave essentially the same results. Taken together, our study described here suggests that each primate lentiviral lineage may have developed a unique expression pattern of Vpx/Vpr proteins for adaptation to its hostile cellular and species environments in the process of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hikari Sasada
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokushima, Japan
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Fujita M. Commentary: MARCH8 Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Reducing Virion Incorporation of Envelope Glycoproteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:254. [PMID: 26941737 PMCID: PMC4764732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
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8
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Mutational analysis of HIV-2 Vpx shows that proline residue 109 in the poly-proline motif regulates degradation of SAMHD1. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1505-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Doi N, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Growth properties of macaque-tropic HIV-1 clones carrying vpr/vpx genes derived from simian immunodeficiency viruses in place of their vpr regions. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2014; 61:374-9. [PMID: 25264057 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.61.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously generated a macaque-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1mt) clone designated MN4/LSDQgtu by genetic manipulation from a parental virus that replicates poorly in rhesus macaque cells. In rhesus cell line M1.3S and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), MN4/LSDQgtu grows comparably to a standard simian immunodeficiency virus clone derived from the rhesus macaque (SIVmac239) that can induce the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the animals. In this study, we further modified the Vpr-coding region of MN4/LSDQgtu genome by introducing vpr gene of an SIV clone from the greater spot-nosed monkey (SIVgsn166) or vpx gene of SIVmac239 to generate four new clones for determining functional importance of the central genomic area. Furthermore, two clones with an additional Gag-p6 mutation were made to ensure the virion-packaging of Vpx. In addition, accessory gene mutant clones of MN4/LSDQgtu with a frame-shift mutation, including a vpr mutant, were constructed and their growth properties were examined. Infection experiments showed that newly constructed viruses all grew poorly to various degrees in M1.3S cells, relative to MN4/LSDQgtu. Together with the previous data, our results here show that vpr/vpx gene in the appropriate context of HIV-1 genome is critical for viral growth ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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10
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Virological characterization of HIV-2 vpx gene mutants in various cell systems. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:695-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Miyake A, Miyazaki Y, Fujita M, Nomaguchi M, Adachi A. Role of poly-proline motif in HIV-2 Vpx expression. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:24. [PMID: 24478770 PMCID: PMC3904113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariko Miyake
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- School of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
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12
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Miyake A, Fujita M, Fujino H, Koga R, Kawamura S, Otsuka M, Ode H, Iwatani Y, Sakai Y, Doi N, Nomaguchi M, Adachi A, Miyazaki Y. Poly-proline motif in HIV-2 Vpx is critical for its efficient translation. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:179-189. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) carries an accessory protein Vpx that is important for viral replication in natural target cells. In its C-terminal region, there is a highly conserved poly-proline motif (PPM) consisting of seven consecutive prolines, encoded in a poly-pyrimidine tract. We have previously shown that PPM is critical for Vpx expression and viral infectivity. To elucidate the molecular basis underlying this observation, we analysed the expression of Vpx proteins with various PPM mutations by in vivo and in vitro systems. We found that the number and position of consecutive prolines in PPM are important for Vpx expression, and demonstrated that PPM is essential for efficient Vpx translation. Furthermore, mutational analysis to synonymously disrupt the poly-pyrimidine tract suggested that the context of PPM amino acid sequences is required for efficient translation of Vpx. We similarly analysed HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr proteins structurally related to HIV-2 Vpx. Expression level of the two Vpr proteins lacking PPM was shown to be much lower relative to that of Vpx, and not meaningfully enhanced by introduction of PPM at the C terminus. Finally, we examined the Vpx of simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus monkeys (SIVmac), which also has seven consecutive prolines, for PPM-dependent expression. A multi-substitution mutation in the PPM markedly reduced the expression level of SIVmac Vpx. Taken together, it can be concluded that the notable PPM sequence enhances the expression of Vpx proteins from viruses of the HIV-2/SIVmac group at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariko Miyake
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujino
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sogo Kawamura
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakai
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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13
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Strebel K. HIV accessory proteins versus host restriction factors. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:692-9. [PMID: 24246762 PMCID: PMC3855913 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primate immunodeficiency viruses, including HIV-1, are characterized by the presence of accessory genes such as vif, vpr, vpx, vpu, and nef. Current knowledge indicates that none of the primate lentiviral accessory proteins has enzymatic activity. Instead, these proteins interact with cellular ligands to either act as adapter molecules to redirect the normal function of host factors for virus-specific purposes or to inhibit a normal host function by mediating degradation or causing intracellular mislocalization/sequestration of the factors involved. This review aims at providing an update of our current understanding of how Vif, Vpu, and Vpx control the cellular restriction factors APOBEC3G, BST-2, and SAMHD1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Viral Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, United States.
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14
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Fujita M. Study on Molecular Function of Proteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:1103-11. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University
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15
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Simon-Loriere E, Holmes EC. Gene duplication is infrequent in the recent evolutionary history of RNA viruses. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:1263-9. [PMID: 23486612 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication generates genetic novelty and redundancy and is a major mechanism of evolutionary change in bacteria and eukaryotes. To date, however, gene duplication has been reported only rarely in RNA viruses. Using a conservative BLAST approach we systematically screened for the presence of duplicated (i.e., paralogous) proteins in all RNA viruses for which full genome sequences are publicly available. Strikingly, we found only nine significantly supported cases of gene duplication, two of which are newly described here--in the 25 and 26 kDa proteins of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (genus Benyvirus) and in the U1 and U2 proteins of Wongabel virus (family Rhabdoviridae). Hence, gene duplication has occurred at a far lower frequency in the recent evolutionary history of RNA viruses than in other organisms. Although the rapidity of RNA virus evolution means that older gene duplication events will be difficult to detect through sequence-based analyses alone, it is likely that specific features of RNA virus biology, and particularly intrinsic constraints on genome size, reduce the likelihood of the fixation and maintenance of duplicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Simon-Loriere
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
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16
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Fujita M, Nomaguchi M, Adachi A, Otsuka M. SAMHD1-Dependent and -Independent Functions of HIV-2/SIV Vpx Protein. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:297. [PMID: 22908011 PMCID: PMC3415948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encode a unique set of accessory proteins that enhance viral replication in the host. Two similar accessory proteins, Vpx and Vpr, are encoded by HIV-2. In contrast, HIV-1 encodes Vpr but not Vpx. Recent studies have indicated that Vpx counteracts a particular host restriction factor, thereby facilitating reverse transcription in myeloid cells such as monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. This mechanism of counteraction is similar to that of the accessory proteins Vif and Vpu which antagonize other host factors. In 2011, the protein SAMHD1 was identified as the restriction factor counteracted by Vpx. Studies have since revealed that SAMHD1 degrades deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), which are components of viral genomic cDNA, in order to deprive viruses of dNTPs. Although interactions between SAMHD1 and Vpx continue to be a major research focus, Vpx has also been shown to have an apparent ability to enhance nuclear import of the viral genome in T lymphocytes. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SAMHD1-dependent and -independent functions of Vpx, and discusses possible reasons why HIV-2 encodes both Vpx and Vpr, unlike HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
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17
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Mir KD, Mavigner M, Silvestri G. The myeloid cytokine network in AIDS pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:223-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nomaguchi M, Doi N, Matsumoto Y, Sakai Y, Fujiwara S, Adachi A. Species tropism of HIV-1 modulated by viral accessory proteins. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:267. [PMID: 22855686 PMCID: PMC3405772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is tropic and pathogenic only for humans, and does not replicate in macaque monkeys routinely used for experimental infections. This specially narrow host range (species tropism) has impeded much the progress of HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) basic research. Extensive studies on the underlying mechanism have revealed that Vif, one of viral accessory proteins, is critical for the HIV-1 species tropism in addition to Gag-capsid protein. Another auxiliary protein Vpu also has been demonstrated to affect this HIV-1 property. In this review, we focus on functional interactions of these HIV-1 proteins and species specific-restriction factors. In addition, we describe an evolutional viewpoint that is relevant to the species tropism of HIV-1 controlled by the accessory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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19
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How SAMHD1 changes our view of viral restriction. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:26-33. [PMID: 22177690 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) as the restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells. In contrast to previously identified HIV-1 restriction factors, SAMHD1 does not meet a countermeasure developed by HIV-1. However, HIV-2 and certain simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains express the auxiliary protein Vpx that potently blocks SAMHD1. It is therefore perplexing why this function has been lost or not acquired during the course of lentiviral evolution. This article summarizes the similarities and differences between SAMHD1 and other HIV-1 restriction factors, while highlighting the new questions that are emerging about the crosstalk between restriction factors and innate immune responses.
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Berger A, Sommer AFR, Zwarg J, Hamdorf M, Welzel K, Esly N, Panitz S, Reuter A, Ramos I, Jatiani A, Mulder LCF, Fernandez-Sesma A, Rutsch F, Simon V, König R, Flory E. SAMHD1-deficient CD14+ cells from individuals with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002425. [PMID: 22174685 PMCID: PMC3234228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid blood cells are largely resistant to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Recently, it was reported that Vpx from HIV-2/SIVsm facilitates infection of these cells by counteracting the host restriction factor SAMHD1. Here, we independently confirmed that Vpx interacts with SAMHD1 and targets it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. We found that Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation rendered primary monocytes highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection; Vpx with a T17A mutation, defective for SAMHD1 binding and degradation, did not show this activity. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SAMHD1 gene have been associated with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a very rare and severe autoimmune disease. Primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from AGS patients homozygous for a nonsense mutation in SAMHD1 (R164X) lacked endogenous SAMHD1 expression and support HIV-1 replication in the absence of exogenous activation. Our results indicate that within PBMC from AGS patients, CD14+ cells were the subpopulation susceptible to HIV-1 infection, whereas cells from healthy donors did not support infection. The monocytic lineage of the infected SAMHD1 -/- cells, in conjunction with mostly undetectable levels of cytokines, chemokines and type I interferon measured prior to infection, indicate that aberrant cellular activation is not the cause for the observed phenotype. Taken together, we propose that SAMHD1 protects primary CD14+ monocytes from HIV-1 infection confirming SAMHD1 as a potent lentiviral restriction factor. Lentiviral accessory proteins play important roles in antagonizing host proteins aimed at suppressing HIV-1 replication at a cellular level. The SIV/HIV-2 protein Vpx counteracts SAMHD1, a previously unknown antiviral factor within myeloid blood cells, rendering these cells permissive to primate immunodeficiency viruses. We confirm in this study that Vpx interacts with SAMHD1 leading to ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SAMHD1, and renders CD14 positive monocytes susceptible to HIV-1 infection. We provide new insights into the ability of SAMHD1 to protect monocytic cells from HIV-1 infection by using primary cells from patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) lacking endogenous SAMHD1 expression. We show that peripheral monocytic cells of AGS patients are highly permissive to HIV-1. Thus, our study demonstrates that SAMHD1 is critical for restriction of HIV-1 infection in monocytes adding SAMHD1 as a novel innate defense factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Berger
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas F. R. Sommer
- Research Group “Host-Pathogen Interactions”, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Jenny Zwarg
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hamdorf
- Research Group “Host-Pathogen Interactions”, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Karin Welzel
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Nicole Esly
- Research Group “Host-Pathogen Interactions”, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Panitz
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Reuter
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Asavari Jatiani
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lubbertus C. F. Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Renate König
- Research Group “Host-Pathogen Interactions”, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RK); (EF)
| | - Egbert Flory
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RK); (EF)
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Nomaguchi M, Fujita M, Adachi A. The Fourth Major Restriction Factor Against HIV/SIV. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:132. [PMID: 21713064 PMCID: PMC3114160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
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22
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Nomaguchi M, Adachi A. HIV-1 Vpr and G2 cell cycle arrest. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:375-8. [PMID: 21526938 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Belzile J-P, Abrahamyan LG, Gerard FCA et al.: Formation of mobile chromatin-associated nuclear foci containing HIV-1 Vpr and VPRBP is critical for the induction of G2 cell cycle arrest. PLoS Pathog. 6(9), E1001080 (2010). All primate immunodeficiency viruses encode a unique set of accessory proteins to optimize their replication in hosts. In general, these proteins appear to be multifunctional for virus replication. Viral protein R (Vpr), one of the accessory proteins, has also been reported to exhibit distinct activities, but its exact role in the viral life cycle is still unclear and controversial. However, of particular note, Vpr-mediated G2 cell cycle arrest is conserved among primate immunodeficiency viruses. Belzile et al. have characterized and analyzed in detail the punctuate structures on the DNA of host cells formed by HIV-1 Vpr (Vpr nuclear foci). They demonstrate, mainly by confocal immunofluorescence analysis, that highly mobile chromatin-associated Vpr nuclear foci are critical for induction of the G2 cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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Tranell A, Tingsborg S, Fenyö EM, Schwartz S. Inhibition of splicing by serine-arginine rich protein 55 (SRp55) causes the appearance of partially spliced HIV-1 mRNAs in the cytoplasm. Virus Res 2011; 157:82-91. [PMID: 21345357 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that SRp55 inhibits splicing from HIV-1 exon 3, thereby generating partially spliced mRNAs encoding HIV-1 vpr. Here we show that SRp55 also inhibits splicing from HIV-1 exon 5 to generate HIV-1 vpu/env mRNA, albeit with lower efficiency. We also show that inhibition of HIV-1 splicing by SRp55 causes the appearance of partially spliced vpu, env and vpr mRNAs in the cytoplasm. SRp55 could also induce production of extracellular p24gag from a rev-defective HIV-1 provirus. These results indicate that SRp55 aids in the generation of partially spliced and unspliced HIV-1 mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tranell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Microbiology, Uppsala University, BMC, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Casey L, Wen X, de Noronha CMC. The functions of the HIV1 protein Vpr and its action through the DCAF1.DDB1.Cullin4 ubiquitin ligase. Cytokine 2010; 51:1-9. [PMID: 20347598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the proteins encoded by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) at least three, Vif, Vpu and Vpr, subvert cellular ubiquitin ligases to block the action of anti-viral defenses. This review focuses on Vpr and its HIV2/SIV counterparts, Vpx and Vpr, which all engage the DDB1.Cullin4 ubiquitin ligase complex through the DCAF1 adaptor protein. Here, we discuss the multiple functions that have been linked to Vpr expression and summarize the current knowledge on the role of the ubiquitin ligase complex in carrying out a subset of these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurieann Casey
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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