1
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Borchardt-Setter KA, Yu J, Stelzer T, Yu L. Surface Enrichment and Depletion of Components in a Ternary Drug-Surfactant-Polymer Amorphous Solid Dispersion. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4074-4081. [PMID: 39008633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can be used to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. An ASD is often a ternary system containing a drug, a surfactant, and a polymer. Recent work on binary ASDs has observed significant differences between surface and bulk compositions, with impacts on wettability and stability. Here we investigate a ternary ASD composed of the antifungal posaconazole, the surfactant Span 80, and a dispersion polymer (PVP or PVP/VA). The surfactant loading was fixed at the typical level of 5 wt %, and the drug/polymer ratio was varied. We observed strong surface enrichment of the surfactant and simultaneous depletion of the drug. This effect is already pronounced in the binary drug-surfactant system and is enhanced by the addition of the polymers. Between the two polymers, the more hydrophilic PVP causes a stronger enhancement of the surface enrichment effect. These results demonstrate the impact of component interactions on the surface composition of ASDs and the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy A Borchardt-Setter
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936, United States
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
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2
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Phillips SG, Lankone AR, O'Hagan SS, Ganji N, Fairbrother DH. Gas-Phase Functionalization of Phytoglycogen Nanoparticles and the Role of Reagent Structure in the Formation of Self-Limiting Hydrophobic Shells. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2902-2913. [PMID: 38593289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A suite of acyl chloride structural isomers (C6H11OCl) was used to effect gas-phase esterification of starch-based phytoglycogen nanoparticles (PhG NPs). The surface degree of substitution (DS) was quantified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while the overall DS was quantified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Gas-phase modification initiates at the NP surface, with the extent of surface and overall esterification determined by both the reaction time and the steric footprint of the acyl chloride reagent. The less sterically hindered acyl chlorides diffuse fully into the NP interior, while the branched isomers are restricted to the near-surface region and form self-limiting hydrophobic shells, with shell thicknesses decreasing with increasing steric footprint. These differences in substitution were also reflected in the solubility of the NPs, with water solubility systematically decreasing with increasing DS. The ability to separately control both the surface and overall degree of functionalization and thereby form thin hydrophobic shells has significant implications for the development of polysaccharide-based biopolymers as nanocarrier delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah G Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alyssa R Lankone
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | - Nasim Ganji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - D Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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3
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Yu J, Li Y, Yao X, Que C, Huang L, Hui HW, Gong Y, Qian F, Yu L. Surface Enrichment of Surfactants in Amorphous Drugs: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:654-660. [PMID: 35060740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are commonly incorporated into amorphous formulations to improve the wetting and dissolution of hydrophobic drugs. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we find that a surfactant can significantly enrich at the surface of an amorphous drug, up to 100% coverage, wihout phase separation in the bulk. We compared four different surfactants (Span 80, Span 20, Tween 80, and Tween 20) in the same host acetaminophen and the same surfactant Span 80 in four different hosts (acetaminophen, lumefantrine, posaconazole, and itraconazole). For each system, the bulk concentrations of the surfactants were 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 wt %, which cover the typical concentrations in amorphous formulations, and component miscibility in the bulk was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. For all systems investigated, we observed significant surface enrichment of the surfactants. For acetaminophen containing different surfactants, the strongest surface enrichment occurred for the most lipophilic Span 80 (lowest HLB), with nearly full surface coverage. For the same surfactant Span 80 doped in different drugs, the surface enrichment effect increases with the hydrophilicity of the drug (decreasing log P). These effects arise because low-surface-energy molecules (or molecular fragments) tend to enrich at a liquid/vapor interface. This study highlights the potentially large difference between the surface and bulk compositions of an amorphous formulation. Given their high mobility and low glass transition temperature, the surface enrichment of surfactants in an amorphous drug can impact its stability, wetting, and dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chailu Que
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Lian Huang
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Ho-Wah Hui
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States.,Small Molecule CMC, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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4
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Kim K, Lee JW, Park BG, Oh HT, Ku Y, Lee JK, Lim G, Lee S. Investigation of correlative parameters to evaluate EUV lithographic performance of PMMA. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2589-2594. [PMID: 35425284 PMCID: PMC8979033 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations to evaluate the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithographic performance of 160 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) with 13.5 nm wavelength EUV light were performed using a synchrotron radiation source at Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II). The single system enabled the determination of the sensitivity, contrast, linear absorption coefficient, critical dimension, and line edge roughness of polymer thin films through tests and measurements. The experimental findings were also compared to theoretical results and those of previously reported studies. According to the results of the dose-to-clear test and transmission measurements, the critical dimension of a line and space pattern (>50 nm) via interference lithography with 250 nm pitch grating agreed well with the results calculated using the lumped parameter model. The experimental results demonstrated that the equipment and test protocol can be used for EUV material infrastructure evaluation in academia and in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Gyu Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Taek Oh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Ku
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsul Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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5
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May B, Lexow M, Taccardi N, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Reactions of a Polyhalide Ionic Liquid with Copper, Silver, and Gold. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:15-22. [PMID: 30622879 PMCID: PMC6317927 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of copper, silver, and gold with the imidazolium‐based polyhalide ionic liquid (IL) [C6C1Im][Br2I] were investigated by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), weight‐loss measurements, and gas‐phase mass spectrometry. All three Group 11 metals are strongly corroded by the IL at moderate temperatures to give a very high content of dissolved CuI, AgI, and AuI species. The IL–metal solutions are stable against contact with water and air. The replacement of imidazolium with inorganic sodium cations decreased metal corrosion rates by orders of magnitude. Our results clearly indicate metal oxidation by iodide from dibromoiodide anions to form molecular iodine and anionic [Br‐MI‐Br]− (M=Cu, Ag, Au) complexes stabilized by imidazolium counterions. From experiments with a trihalide IL with imidazolium methylated at the 2‐position, we ruled out the formation of imidazole–carbene as a cause of the observed corrosion. In contrast to Group 11 metals, molybdenum is inert against the trihalide IL, which is attributed to surface passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin May
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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6
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Sakai R, Iguchi H, Maruyama T. Quantification of azide groups on a material surface and a biomolecule using a clickable and cleavable fluorescent compound. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4621-4625. [PMID: 35520182 PMCID: PMC9060625 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel method for quantifying azide groups on a solid surface and a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Sakai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kobe University
- Kobe 657-8501
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Iguchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kobe University
- Kobe 657-8501
- Japan
| | - Tatsuo Maruyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kobe University
- Kobe 657-8501
- Japan
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7
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Song Y, Huo F, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Chen S. In Situ Tracking of Organic Reactions at the Vapor/Liquid Interfaces of Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2741-2750. [PMID: 30003635 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures of ionic liquids at interfaces play a crucial role in determining their chemical activities in applications. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to track the evolution of X-ray irradiation-induced chemical reactions in a series of ionic liquids ([Cn mim][AuCl4 ]; n=4, 6, 8, 10) on the Si (111) single-crystal surface. Analyses of microstructure and chemical bonding based on the XPS results indicated that reactions occurred at the vapor/liquid interfaces of the ionic liquids. The time-resolved XPS spectra revealed that with increasing irradiation time, the intensity of the peak corresponding to trivalent Au anion decreased for the four ionic liquids as Au was continually reduced to a lower chemical state and finally converted to gold nanoparticles. The rate and conversion of the reaction were associated with the length of the alkyl chain of the ionic liquids cation. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed that the alkyl chain of the cation in the ionic liquids was oriented towards the vacuum environment at the vapor/liquid interface. Our results provide a real-time atomic-scale experimental evidence of organic reactions at the vapor/liquid interfaces of ionic liquids. The findings are important for understanding the roles of ionic liquids in catalysis, separation, electrochemistry, functional materials, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shimou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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8
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Heller BSJ, Kolbeck C, Niedermaier I, Dommer S, Schatz J, Hunt P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Surface Enrichment in Equimolar Mixtures of Non-Functionalized and Functionalized Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1733-1745. [PMID: 29645340 PMCID: PMC6175172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For equimolar mixtures of ionic liquids with imidazolium‐based cations of very different electronic structure, we observe very pronounced surface enrichment effects by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For a mixture with the same anion, that is, 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate+1,3‐di(methoxy)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8C1Im][PF6]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6]), we find a strong enrichment of the octyl chain‐containing [C8C1Im]+ cation and a corresponding depletion of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cation in the topmost layer. For a mixture with different cations and anions, that is, [C8C1Im][Tf2N]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6], we find both surface enrichment of the [C8C1Im]+ cation and the [Tf2N]− (bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) anion, while [(MeO)2Im]+ and [PF6]− are depleted from the surface. We propose that the observed behavior in these mixtures is due to a lowering of the surface tension by the enriched components. Interestingly, we observe pronounced differences in the chemical shifts of the imidazolium ring signals of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cations as compared to the non‐functionalized cations. Calculations of the electronic structure and the intramolecular partial charge distribution of the cations contribute to interpreting these shifts for the two different cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S J Heller
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inga Niedermaier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Dommer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schatz
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Chemistry Department, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Shimizu K, Heller BSJ, Maier F, Steinrück HP, Canongia Lopes JN. Probing the Surface Tension of Ionic Liquids Using the Langmuir Principle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4408-4416. [PMID: 29485882 PMCID: PMC5911805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At 298 K, the surface tension of ionic liquids (ILs) of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide series, [C nC1Im][NTf2], ranges from around 35 mN·m-1 for [C2C1Im][NTf2] to just below 30 mN·m-1 for [C12C1Im][NTf2]. However, the decrease rate along the series is not constant: a large decrease from [C2C1Im][NTf2] to [C8C1Im][NTf2] is followed by almost constant values from [C8C1Im][NTf2] to [C12C1Im][NTf2]. Such behavior is hard to interpret from a molecular point of view without suitable information about the free-surface structure of the different ILs. In this work, we have successfully used the Langmuir principle in combination with structural data obtained from angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, to predict the correct surface tension trend along the IL series. The concepts unveiled for this particular homologous IL family can be easily extended to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Shimizu
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bettina S. J. Heller
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - José N. Canongia Lopes
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Zuo B, Li C, Li Y, Qian W, Ye X, Zhang L, Wang X. Toward Achieving Highly Ordered Fluorinated Surfaces of Spin-Coated Polymer Thin Films by Optimizing the Air/Liquid Interfacial Structure of the Casting Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3993-4003. [PMID: 29505264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thin polymer films with well-assembled fluorinated groups on their surfaces are not easily achieved via spin-coating film-fabrication methods because the solution solidifies very rapidly during spin-coating, which hinders the fluorinated moieties from segregating and organizing on the film surface. In this contribution, we have proposed a comprehensive strategy toward achieving well-ordered fluorinated thin films surfaces by optimizing the molecular organization at air/liquid interface of the film-formation solutions. To validate such a route, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) end-capped with several 2-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate (FMA) units was employed as the model polymer for investigations. The air/solution interfacial structures were optimized by systematically changing the polymer chain structures and properties of the casting solvents. It was found that the polymers that form loosely associated aggregates (e.g., FMA1- ec-PMMA65- ec-FMA1) and a solvent with better solubility to FMA while having not too low surface tension (i.e., toluene) can combine to produce solutions with well-assembled FMA at the interfaces. By spin-coating the solutions with well-organized interfaces, an ultrathin film with perfluorinated groups that were highly oriented toward the film surface was readily achieved, exhibiting surface energies as low as 7.2 mJ/m2, which is among the lowest reported so far for the spin-coated thin films, and a very high F/C ratio (i.e., 0.98).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Wenhao Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
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11
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Surface composition of [BMP][Tf2N] and [PMIm][Tf2N] in the presence of NbF5 and TaF5. A photoelectron spectroscopy study. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Rietzler F, May B, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Switching adsorption and growth behavior of ultrathin [C 2C 1Im][OTf] films on Au(111) by Pd deposition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25143-25150. [PMID: 27711556 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combining in vacuo deposition of ultrathin ionic liquid (UTIL) films with angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS), we demonstrate that by deposition of submonolayer amounts of Pd onto Au(111) the initial growth mode of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C2C1Im][OTf]) can be switched from three-dimensional (3D) to two-dimensional (2D) growth, that is, from non-wetting to wetting. On clean Au(111), pronounced 3D growth occurs on top of an initially formed 2D wetting layer with cations and anions next to each other in a checkerboard arrangement. After pre- or postdeposition of only 0.7 ML Pd, two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth is found, which is attributed to strong attractive interactions between [C2C1Im][OTf] and surface Pd. For Pd post deposition onto the IL, the ARXPS data revealed particularly strong interactions between the dialkylimidazolium cation and Pd atoms, which considerably reduce the regular surface alloying of Pd with the Au substrate stabilizing Pd at the metal surface. In the context of heterogeneous catalysis using the SCILL (solid catalyst coated with ionic liquid layer) concept, these results directly provide a possible explanation on the molecular level for the beneficial influence of the IL layer in case of heterogeneous metal alloy catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rietzler
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - B May
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - H-P Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - F Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Samanta T, Sinha S, Mukherjee M. Effect of added salt on swelling dynamics of ultrathin films of strong polyelectrolytes. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Ferrah D, Renault O, Petit-Etienne C, Okuno H, Berne C, Bouchiat V, Cunge G. XPS investigations of graphene surface cleaning using H2- and Cl2-based inductively coupled plasma. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ferrah
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus; F-38054 Grenoble France
- LTM-CNRS, Minatec Campus; F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - O. Renault
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus; F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - C. Petit-Etienne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- LTM-CNRS, Minatec Campus; F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - H. Okuno
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- INAC-CNRS, Minatec Campus; F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - C. Berne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Institut Néel, CNRS-UJF; BP 166 38042 Grenoble cedex 9 France
| | - V. Bouchiat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- Institut Néel, CNRS-UJF; BP 166 38042 Grenoble cedex 9 France
| | - G. Cunge
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; F-38000 Grenoble France
- LTM-CNRS, Minatec Campus; F-38054 Grenoble France
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15
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Sharma A, George Z, Bennett T, Lewis DA, Metha GF, Andersson GG, Andersson MR. Stability of Polymer Interlayer Modified ITO Electrodes for Organic Solar Cells. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode surfaces were modified using thin polymeric films of ethoxylated polyethylenimine (PEIE) and poly(3,3′-([(9′,9′-dioctyl-9H,9′H-[2,2′-bifluorene]-9,9-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)]bis(oxy))bis(N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine)) (PFPA-1) to investigate the resultant work function and its stability in ambient atmosphere. Both PEIE and PFPA-1 were found to significantly reduce the ITO work function, as a result of a surface dipole at the ITO–polymer interface. After aging for two weeks in ambient air atmosphere, the N-side groups and OH groups in PEIE-modified ITO were found to realign themselves away from the polymer surface, resulting in an orientation more parallel to the surface normal and thus in an increase in work function from 3.5 to 3.8 eV. The work function of PFPA-1-modified ITO was found to increase from 3.65 to 4.1 eV after two weeks of aging in air due to a complete re-orientation of the polar side chains away from the surface, aligning the dipoles more parallel to the surface normal. In both PEIE and PFPA-1 samples, the hydrophobic aliphatic carbon was found to dominate the polymer surface, after aging.
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16
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Blundell RK, Delorme AE, Smith EF, Licence P. An ARXPS and ERXPS study of quaternary ammonium and phosphonium ionic liquids: utilising a high energy Ag Lα′ X-ray source. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:6122-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of ammonium- and phosphonium-based ionic liquids have been probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with a high energy Ag Lα′ X-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Blundell
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Astrid E. Delorme
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Emily F. Smith
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Peter Licence
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
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17
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Matsuda T, Taccardi N, Schwegler J, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Vacuum Surface Science Meets Heterogeneous Catalysis: Dehydrogenation of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier in the Liquid State. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1873-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Sinha S, Wang CH, Mukherjee M, Mukherjee T, Yang YW. Oxidation of rubrene thin films: an electronic structure study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:15433-15441. [PMID: 25383646 DOI: 10.1021/la503357t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The performances of organic semiconductor devices are crucially linked with their stability at the ambient atmosphere. The evolution of electronic structures of 20 nm thick rubrene films exposed to ambient environment with time has been studied by UV and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS and XPS), near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT). XPS, NEXAFS data, and DFT calculated values suggest the formation of rubrene-epoxide and rubrene-endoperoxide through reaction of tetracene backbone with oxygen of ambient environment. Angle dependent XPS measurement indicates that the entire probed depth of the films reacts with oxygen by spending only about 120 min in ambient environment. The HOMO peak of pristine rubrene films almost disappears by exposure of 120 min to ambient environment. The evolution of the valence band (occupied states) and NEXAFS (unoccupied states) spectra indicates that the films become more insulating with exposure as the HOMO-LUMO gap increases on oxidation. Oxygen induced chemical reaction completely destroys the delocalized nature of the electron distribution in the tetracene backbone of rubrene. The results are relevant to the performance and reliability of rubrene based devices in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Sinha
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064, India
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19
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Precise characterization of outermost surface of crystalline–crystalline diblock copolymer thin films using synchrotron radiation soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Bal JK, Mukherjee M, Delorme N, Sanyal MK, Gibaud A. Concentration mediated structural transition of triblock copolymer ultrathin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5808-5816. [PMID: 24785195 DOI: 10.1021/la5002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray reflectivity, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurement techniques are used to study the structural changeover as a function of concentration of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer diluted in toluene spin-coated as ultrathin films on hydrophilic Si substrate. A lamellar structure made of three alternating incomplete bilayers is observed until the concentration of copolymer solution attains a threshold value of about 3.6-4 g/L. Around this concentration and beyond, the entanglement of polymer chains takes place during drying and the growth of a homogeneous film made of complete bilayers on Si substrate is observed. The strong hydrophilic nature of the Si substrate dictates the growth of this amphiphilic copolymer. We evidence that the lower part of the films is made of hydrophilic PEO blocks attached to the substrate while the hydrophobic PPO blocks are directed toward air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta K Bal
- LUNAM Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS , Le Mans Cedex 9, 72000, France
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21
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Kolbeck C, Taccardi N, Paape N, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Redox chemistry, solubility, and surface distribution of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes dissolved in ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Kolbeck C, Niedermaier I, Deyko A, Lovelock KRJ, Taccardi N, Wei W, Wasserscheid P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Influence of Substituents and Functional Groups on the Surface Composition of Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2014; 20:3954-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Rietzler F, Piermaier M, Deyko A, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Electrospray ionization deposition of ultrathin ionic liquid films: [C8C1Im]Cl and [C8C1Im][Tf2N] on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1063-1071. [PMID: 24405292 DOI: 10.1021/la404429q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new method for preparing ultrathin ionic liquid (IL) films on surfaces by means of electrospray ionization deposition (ESID) under ultraclean and well-defined ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions. In contrast to physical vapor deposition (PVD) of ILs under UHV, ESID even allows deposition of ILs, which are prone to thermal decomposition. As proof of concept, we first investigated ultrathin [C8C1Im][Tf2N] (=1-methyl-3-octyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)imide) films on Au(111) by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). Films obtained by ESID are found to be virtually identical to films grown by standard PVD. Thereafter, ESID of [C8C1Im]Cl on Au(111) was studied as a first example of an IL that cannot be prepared as ultrathin film otherwise. [C8C1Im]Cl forms a wetting layer with a checkerboard arrangement with the cationic imidazolium ring and the chloride anion adsorbed next to each other on the substrate and the alkyl chain pointing toward vacuum. This arrangement within the wetting layer is similar to that observed for [C8C1Im][Tf2N], albeit with a higher degree of order of the alkyl chains. Further deposition of [C8C1Im]Cl leads to a pronounced island growth on top of the wetting layer, which is independently confirmed by ARXPS and atomic force microscopy. This behavior contrasts the growth behavior found for [C8C1Im][Tf2N], where layer-by-layer growth on top of the wetting layer is observed. The dramatic difference between both ILs is attributed to differences in the cation-anion interactions and in the degree of order in the wetting layer of the two ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rietzler
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Robert-Nicoud G, Donno R, Cadman CJ, Alexander MR, Tirelli N. Surface modification of silicone via colloidal deposition of amphiphilic block copolymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00941j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Cousens NEA, Taylor Kearney LJ, Clough MT, Lovelock KRJ, Palgrave RG, Perkin S. Preparation and characterisation of high-density ionic liquids incorporating halobismuthate anions. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:10910-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00755g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrahalobismuthates. Chlorobismuthates are colourless. Upon substitution of chloride for bromide or iodide the liquids become progressively more yellow or red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico E. A. Cousens
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Leah J. Taylor Kearney
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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26
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Olschewski M, Gustus R, Marschewski M, Höfft O, Endres F. Spectroscopic characterization of the interaction of lithium with thin films of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25969-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this experimental investigation lithium and [OMIm]Tf2N were evaporated in thin films on a copper substrate and reaction products were analyzed by XPS and UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Olschewski
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - René Gustus
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Marcel Marschewski
- Institut für Energieforschung und Physikalische Technologien
- Technische Universität Clausthal
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Höfft
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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27
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Niedermaier I, Bahlmann M, Papp C, Kolbeck C, Wei W, Krick Calderón S, Grabau M, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Carbon Dioxide Capture by an Amine Functionalized Ionic Liquid: Fundamental Differences of Surface and Bulk Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:436-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Niedermaier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bahlmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Krick Calderón
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Grabau
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter S. Schulz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Chemische
Reaktionstechnik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Kolbeck C, Deyko A, Matsuda T, Kohler FTU, Wasserscheid P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Temperature-Dependent Surface-Enrichment Effects of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3726-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Shimomura A, Nishino T, Maruyama T. Display of amino groups on substrate surfaces by simple dip-coating of methacrylate-based polymers and its application to DNA immobilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:932-938. [PMID: 23276150 DOI: 10.1021/la303752x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of a reactive functional group onto a material surface is of great importance. Reactive functional groups (e.g., an amino group and a hydroxyl group) are usually hydrophilic, which makes it difficult to display them on a dry polymer surface. We here propose a novel method for displaying amino groups on the surfaces of polymeric substrates through dip-coating of a methacrylate-based copolymer. We synthesized copolymers composed of methyl methacrylate and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate with different protecting groups or ion-complexes on their amino groups, then dip-coated the copolymers onto a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate. Evaluation using a cleavable fluorescent compound, which was synthesized in the present study to quantify a small amount (pmol/cm(2)) of amino groups on a solid surface, revealed that the protection of amino groups affected their surface segregation in the copolymer coating. p-Toluenesulfonate ion-complex and tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protection of amino groups were found to effectively display amino groups on the surface (more than 70 pmol/cm(2)). The density of amino groups displayed on a surface can be easily controlled by mixing the copolymer and PMMA before dip-coating. Dip-coating of the copolymer with Boc protection on various polymeric substrates also successfully displayed amino groups on their surfaces. Finally, we demonstrated that the amino groups displayed can be utilized for the immobilization of a DNA oligonucleotide on a substrate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayane Shimomura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
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30
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Ulbrich A, Reinmöller M, Beenken WJD, Krischok S. Surface Electronic Structure of [XMIm]Cl Probed by Surface-Sensitive Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1718-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Niedermaier I, Kolbeck C, Taccardi N, Schulz PS, Li J, Drewello T, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids Studied by in Situ XPS. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1725-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Men S, Hurisso BB, Lovelock KRJ, Licence P. Does the influence of substituents impact upon the surface composition of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids? An angle resolved XPS study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5229-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Cremer T, Wibmer L, Calderón SK, Deyko A, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Interfaces of ionic liquids and transition metal surfaces—adsorption, growth, and thermal reactions of ultrathin [C1C1Im][Tf2N] films on metallic and oxidised Ni(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5153-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Subramanian B, Kim N, Lee W, Spivak DA, Nikitopoulos DE, McCarley RL, Soper SA. Surface modification of droplet polymeric microfluidic devices for the stable and continuous generation of aqueous droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7949-57. [PMID: 21608975 PMCID: PMC3443641 DOI: 10.1021/la200298n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics performed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic devices resulted in significant wall wetting by water droplets formed in a liquid-liquid segmented flow when using a hydrophobic carrier fluid such as perfluorotripropylamine (FC-3283). This wall wetting led to water droplets with nonuniform sizes that were often trapped on the wall surfaces, leading to unstable and poorly controlled liquid-liquid segmented flow. To circumvent this problem, we developed a two-step procedure to hydrophobically modify the surfaces of PMMA and other thermoplastic materials commonly used to make microfluidic devices. The surface-modification route involved the introduction of hydroxyl groups by oxygen plasma treatment of the polymer surface followed by a solution-phase reaction with heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl trichlorosilane dissolved in fluorocarbon solvent FC-3283. This procedure was found to be useful for the modification of PMMA and other thermoplastic surfaces, including polycyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and polycarbonate (PC). Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the fluorination of these polymers took place with high surface selectivity. This procedure was used to modify the surface of a PMMA droplet microfluidic device (DMFD) and was shown to be useful in reducing the wetting problem during the generation of aqueous droplets in a perfluorotripropylamine (FC-3283) carrier fluid and could generate stable segmented flows for hours of operation. In the case of PMMA DMFD, oxygen plasma treatment was carried out after the PMMA cover plate was thermally fusion bonded to the PMMA microfluidic chip. Because the appended chemistry to the channel wall created a hydrophobic surface, it will accommodate the use of other carrier fluids that are hydrophobic as well, such as hexadecane or mineral oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry and Center for BioModular Multi-scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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35
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Cremer T, Stark M, Deyko A, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Liquid/solid interface of ultrathin ionic liquid films: [C1C1Im][Tf2N] and [C8C1Im][Tf2N] on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3662-71. [PMID: 21361299 DOI: 10.1021/la105007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL), [C(1)C(1)Im][Tf(2)N] (= 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)imide) and [C(8)C(1)Im][Tf(2)N] (= 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)imide) were prepared on a Au(111) single-crystal surface by physical vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. The adsorption behavior, orientation, and growth were monitored via angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). Coverage-dependent chemical shifts of the IL-derived core levels indicate that for both ILs the first layer is formed from anions and cations directly in contact with the Au surface in a checkerboard arrangement and that for [C(8)C(1)Im][Tf(2)N] a reorientation of the alkyl chain with increasing coverage is found. For both ILs, geometry models of the first adsorption layer are proposed. For higher coverages, both ILs grow in a layer-by-layer fashion up to thicknesses of at least 9 nm (>10 ML). Moreover, beam damage effects are discussed, which are mainly related to the decomposition of [Tf(2)N](-) anions directly adsorbed at the gold surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cremer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Kolbeck C, Paape N, Cremer T, Schulz PS, Maier F, Steinrück HP, Wasserscheid P. Ligand effects on the surface composition of Rh-containing ionic liquid solutions used in hydroformylation catalysis. Chemistry 2011; 16:12083-7. [PMID: 20827693 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kolbeck
- Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Nakamura M, Watanabe M, Maruyama T, Iizuka M, Kudo K. Influence of Substrate on In-Plane Electrical Conduction of CuPc Nano-Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-738-g8.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWe have investigated the conductivity variation of copper phthalocyanine nano-crystals deposited on SiO2 and mica. The density of surface hydroxyl group on SiO2 was estimated to be more than 10 times larger than that on mica by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The grown crystals on both substrates were categorized to be a-axis orientation of α–form. Conductance-distance (G-d) measurements for various crystalline grains having different heights have been carried out with current imaging using atomic force microscope. The obtained conductivity vs. crystal height plot indicates that lower height crystals have higher conductivities on both surfaces. Besides, the lower height crystals on SiO2 have higher conductivity than those on mica. These results suggest that the electrons in the bottommost molecular layer are transferred to the electrophilic functional groups on the substrate surface. Such a phenomenon at organic semiconductor/insulator interface is reported for the first time.
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Reinmöller M, Ulbrich A, Ikari T, Preiß J, Höfft O, Endres F, Krischok S, Beenken WJD. Theoretical reconstruction and elementwise analysis of photoelectron spectra for imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19526-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22152c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cremer T, Kolbeck C, Lovelock KRJ, Paape N, Wölfel R, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Weber H, Thar J, Kirchner B, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Towards a molecular understanding of cation-anion interactions--probing the electronic structure of imidazolium ionic liquids by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Chemistry 2010; 16:9018-33. [PMID: 20658502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ten [C(8)C(1)Im](+) (1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium)-based ionic liquids with anions Cl(-), Br(-), I(-), [NO(3)](-), [BF(4)](-), [TfO](-), [PF(6)](-), [Tf(2)N](-), [Pf(2)N](-), and [FAP](-) (TfO=trifluoromethylsulfonate, Tf(2)N=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, Pf(2)N=bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, FAP=tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate) and two [C(8)C(1)C(1)Im](+) (1,2-dimethyl-3-octylimidazolium)-based ionic liquids with anions Br(-) and [Tf(2)N](-) were investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. While (1)H NMR spectroscopy is found to probe very specifically the strongest hydrogen-bond interaction between the hydrogen attached to the C(2) position and the anion, a comparative XPS study provides first direct experimental evidence for cation-anion charge-transfer phenomena in ionic liquids as a function of the ionic liquid's anion. These charge-transfer effects are found to be surprisingly similar for [C(8)C(1)Im](+) and [C(8)C(1)C(1)Im](+) salts of the same anion, which in combination with theoretical calculations leads to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding and charge transfer occur independently from each other, but are both more pronounced for small and more strongly coordinating anions, and are greatly reduced in the case of large and weakly coordinating anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Cremer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Maier F, Cremer T, Kolbeck C, Lovelock KRJ, Paape N, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP. Insights into the surface composition and enrichment effects of ionic liquids and ionic liquid mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1905-15. [DOI: 10.1039/b920804f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lovelock KRJ, Kolbeck C, Cremer T, Paape N, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Influence of Different Substituents on the Surface Composition of Ionic Liquids Studied Using ARXPS. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:2854-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810637d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. R. J. Lovelock
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Cremer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N. Paape
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P. S. Schulz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P. Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F. Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H.-P. Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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MORITA M, ISHIKAWA T, YAMASHITA T, KANEMURA T, YAMAMOTO I. Lyophobic and Development Properties of Fluorine Lyophobic Resist. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.66.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cremer T, Killian M, Gottfried JM, Paape N, Wasserscheid P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Physical Vapor Deposition of [EMIM][Tf2N]: A New Approach to the Modification of Surface Properties with Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:2185-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kolbeck C, Killian M, Maier F, Paape N, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück HP. Surface characterization of functionalized imidazolium-based ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9500-9507. [PMID: 18672915 DOI: 10.1021/la801261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The surface composition of oligo(ethylene glycol) ether functionalized bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids has been studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For [Me(EG)MIM][Tf 2N], [Et(EG) 2MIM][Tf 2N], and [Me(EG) 3MIM][Tf 2N], which vary by the number of ethylene glycol (EG) units (from 1 to 3), we have shown that the stoichiometry of the surface near region is in excellent agreement with the bulk stoichiometry, which confirms the high purity of the ionic liquid samples investigated and rules out pronounced surface orientation effects. This has been deduced from the experimental observation that the angle-resolved XP spectra of all elements present in the IL anions and cations (C, N, O, F, S) show identical signals in the bulk and surfaces sensitive geometry, i.e., at 0 degrees and 70 degrees emission angle, respectively. The relative intensity ratios of all elements were found to be in nearly perfect agreement with the nominal values for the individual ILs. In contrast to these findings, we identified surface-active impurities in [Me(EG)MIM]I, which is the starting material for the final anion exchange step to synthesize [Me(EG)MIM][Tf 2N]. Sputtering of the surface led to a depletion of this layer, which however recovered with time. The buildup of this contamination is attributed to a surface enrichment of a minor bulk contamination that shows surface activity in the iodide melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl fur Physikalische Chemie II, Department Chemie and Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Paape N, Wei W, Bösmann A, Kolbeck C, Maier F, Steinrück HP, Wasserscheid P, Schulz PS. Chloroalkylsulfonate ionic liquids by ring opening of sultones with organic chloride salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3867-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b805444d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muguruma H, Itazu N, Miura S. Characterization of Diffusion-Controlled Mass Transport through Nanoporous and Nanothin Films Plasma Polymerized on a Sputtered Platinum Electrode. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:18839-45. [PMID: 16853424 DOI: 10.1021/jp051312x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the diffusion mode of various redox chemical species through a plasma-polymerized nanothin coating with nanometer-sized pores on a sputtered platinum (Pt) electrode. In this work, hexamethyldisiloxane plasma-polymerized films (PPFs) were added onto the sputtered platinum film, both of which were sequentially deposited in the same vacuum chamber. Results of atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical studies showed that the PPF provided the platinum electrode with a coating with a complete surface coverage. Sub-nanometer-sized pores (less than 1 nm) responsible for a highly crosslinked polymer network in the PPF coatings offered diffusivity-controlled permeation of redox molecules (i.e., size-exclusivity) rather than solubility-controlled permeation (i.e., chemoselectivity). Consequently, variation of the plasma power could give control over the size of the nanometer-sized cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Muguruma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-9-14 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8548, Japan.
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Koh K, Sugiyama S, Morinaga T, Ohno K, Tsujii Y, Fukuda T, Yamahiro M, Iijima T, Oikawa H, Watanabe K, Miyashita T. Precision Synthesis of a Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Terminated Polymer and Surface Characterization of Its Blend Film with Poly(methyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047636l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmoo Koh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugiyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Morinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Tsujii
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mikio Yamahiro
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Iijima
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hisao Oikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tokuji Miyashita
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Goi Research Center, Chisso Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8551, Japan; and Institute for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Opdahl A, Phillips RA, Somorjai GA. Solvent- and interface-induced surface segregation in blends of isotactic polypropylene with poly(ethylene-co-propylene) rubber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Okuda Y, Hayashi F, Sakurai H, Shiotani M. Graft polymerization of methacrylic acid onto polytetrafluoroethylene initiated by alkyllithium/electron-donating solvents. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Opdahl A, Phillips RA, Somorjai GA. Effect of Bulk Miscibility on the Surface Composition of Polypropylene/Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) Blends. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011773q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aric Opdahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Research & Development Center, Basell USA Incorporated, 912 Appleton Road, Elkton, Maryland 21921
| | - Roger A. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Research & Development Center, Basell USA Incorporated, 912 Appleton Road, Elkton, Maryland 21921
| | - Gabor A. Somorjai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Research & Development Center, Basell USA Incorporated, 912 Appleton Road, Elkton, Maryland 21921
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