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Zhang J, Lin R, Chen X, Yan F. Adaptive Bayesian information borrowing methods for finding and optimizing subgroup-specific doses. Clin Trials 2024; 21:308-321. [PMID: 38243401 PMCID: PMC11132956 DOI: 10.1177/17407745231212193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In precision oncology, integrating multiple cancer patient subgroups into a single master protocol allows for the simultaneous assessment of treatment effects in these subgroups and promotes the sharing of information between them, ultimately reducing sample sizes and costs and enhancing scientific validity. However, the safety and efficacy of these therapies may vary across different subgroups, resulting in heterogeneous outcomes. Therefore, identifying subgroup-specific optimal doses in early-phase clinical trials is crucial for the development of future trials. In this article, we review various innovative Bayesian information-borrowing strategies that aim to determine and optimize subgroup-specific doses. Specifically, we discuss Bayesian hierarchical modeling, Bayesian clustering, Bayesian model averaging or selection, pairwise borrowing, and other relevant approaches. By employing these Bayesian information-borrowing methods, investigators can gain a better understanding of the intricate relationships between dose, toxicity, and efficacy in each subgroup. This increased understanding significantly improves the chances of identifying an optimal dose tailored to each specific subgroup. Furthermore, we present several practical recommendations to guide the design of future early-phase oncology trials involving multiple subgroups when using the Bayesian information-borrowing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruitao Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangrong Yan
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Kanapka L, Ivanova A. A frequentist design for basket trials using adaptive lasso. Stat Med 2024; 43:156-172. [PMID: 37919834 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
A basket trial aims to expedite the drug development process by evaluating a new therapy in multiple populations within the same clinical trial. Each population, referred to as a "basket", can be defined by disease type, biomarkers, or other patient characteristics. The objective of a basket trial is to identify the subset of baskets for which the new therapy shows promise. The conventional approach would be to analyze each of the baskets independently. Alternatively, several Bayesian dynamic borrowing methods have been proposed that share data across baskets when responses appear similar. These methods can achieve higher power than independent testing in exchange for a risk of some inflation in the type 1 error rate. In this paper we propose a frequentist approach to dynamic borrowing for basket trials using adaptive lasso. Through simulation studies we demonstrate adaptive lasso can achieve similar power and type 1 error to the existing Bayesian methods. The proposed approach has the benefit of being easier to implement and faster than existing methods. In addition, the adaptive lasso approach is very flexible: it can be extended to basket trials with any number of treatment arms and any type of endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kanapka
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Zhou T, Ji Y. Bayesian Methods for Information Borrowing in Basket Trials: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:251. [PMID: 38254740 PMCID: PMC10813856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Basket trials allow simultaneous evaluation of a single therapy across multiple cancer types or subtypes of the same cancer. Since the same treatment is tested across all baskets, it may be desirable to borrow information across them to improve the statistical precision and power in estimating and detecting the treatment effects in different baskets. We review recent developments in Bayesian methods for the design and analysis of basket trials, focusing on the mechanism of information borrowing. We explain the common components of these methods, such as a prior model for the treatment effects that embodies an assumption of exchangeability. We also discuss the distinct features of these methods that lead to different degrees of borrowing. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate the impact of information borrowing on the operating characteristics of these methods and discuss its broader implications for drug development. Examples of basket trials are presented in both phase I and phase II settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjian Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Rohde M, Huh S, D'Souza V, Arkin S, Roberts E, McIntosh A. Practical and Statistical Considerations for the Long Term Follow-Up of Gene Therapy Trial Participants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:139-146. [PMID: 37897056 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Study sponsors and market authorization holders are required by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) to enroll patients administered a gene therapy product, whether in a trial setting or post-licensure, in a long term follow-up safety study to continue the safety assessments of their product. These follow-up studies range between 5 and 15 years after dosing. This unprecedented duration of engagement with patients and caregivers raises logistical challenges that will require innovation and collaboration across sponsors and regulators. In this paper we delineate some of the key considerations for designing long term follow-up protocols in the gene therapy setting, with an eye toward platform and master protocol approaches, and offer guidance for innovative operational and statistical methods that can help assess the safety profile and durability of response for these novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rohde
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seoan Huh
- Pfizer Inc., Lake Forest, Illinois, USA
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5
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Hattori S, Morita S. Frequentist analysis of basket trials with one-sample Mantel-Haenszel procedures. Stat Med 2023; 42:4824-4849. [PMID: 37670577 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent substantial advances of molecular targeted oncology drug development is requiring new paradigms for early-phase clinical trial methodologies to enable us to evaluate efficacy of several subtypes simultaneously and efficiently. The concept of the basket trial is getting of much attention to realize this requirement borrowing information across subtypes, which are called baskets. Bayesian approach is a natural approach to this end and indeed the majority of the existing proposals relies on it. On the other hand, it required complicated modeling and may not necessarily control the type 1 error probabilities at the nominal level. In this article, we develop a purely frequentist approach for basket trials based on one-sample Mantel-Haenszel procedure relying on a very simple idea for borrowing information under the common treatment effect assumption over baskets. We show that the proposed Mantel-Haenszel estimator for the treatment effect is consistent under two limiting models of the large strata and sparse data limiting models (dually consistent) and propose dually consistent variance estimators. The proposed estimators are interpretable even if the common treatment effect assumptions are violated. Then, we can design basket trials in a confirmatory matter. We also propose an information criterion approach to identify effective subclasses of baskets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morita
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Kasim A, Bean N, Hendriksen SJ, Chen TT, Zhou H, Psioda MA. Basket trials in oncology: a systematic review of practices and methods, comparative analysis of innovative methods, and an appraisal of a missed opportunity. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1266286. [PMID: 38033501 PMCID: PMC10684308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1266286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basket trials are increasingly used in oncology drug development for early signal detection, accelerated tumor-agnostic approvals, and prioritization of promising tumor types in selected patients with the same mutation or biomarker. Participants are grouped into so-called baskets according to tumor type, allowing investigators to identify tumors with promising responses to treatment for further study. However, it remains a question as to whether and how much the adoption of basket trial designs in oncology have translated into patient benefits, increased pace and scale of clinical development, and de-risking of downstream confirmatory trials. Methods Innovation in basket trial design and analysis includes methods that borrow information across tumor types to increase the quality of statistical inference within each tumor type. We build on the existing systematic reviews of basket trials in oncology to discuss the current practices and landscape. We conceptually illustrate recent innovative methods for basket trials, with application to actual data from recently completed basket trials. We explore and discuss the extent to which innovative basket trials can be used to de-risk future trials through their ability to aid prioritization of promising tumor types for subsequent clinical development. Results We found increasing adoption of basket trial design in oncology, but largely in the design of single-arm phase II trials with a very low adoption of innovative statistical methods. Furthermore, the current practice of basket trial design, which does not consider its impact on the clinical development plan, may lead to a missed opportunity in improving the probability of success of a future trial. Gating phase II with a phase Ib basket trial reduced the size of phase II trials, and losses in the probability of success as a result of not using innovative methods may not be recoverable by running a larger phase II trial. Conclusion Innovative basket trial methods can reduce the size of early phase clinical trials, with sustained improvement in the probability of success of the clinical development plan. We need to do more as a community to improve the adoption of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetayo Kasim
- Disease Area Strategy, Oncology Biostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Bean
- Statistics and Data Science – Innovation Hub, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Jo Hendriksen
- Medical and Market Access, Oncology Biostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Tai-Tsang Chen
- Disease Area Strategy, Oncology Biostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Helen Zhou
- Disease Area Strategy, Oncology Biostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Psioda
- Statistics and Data Science – Innovation Hub, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Daniells L, Mozgunov P, Bedding A, Jaki T. A comparison of Bayesian information borrowing methods in basket trials and a novel proposal of modified exchangeability-nonexchangeability method. Stat Med 2023; 42:4392-4417. [PMID: 37614070 PMCID: PMC10962580 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent innovation in trial design to improve study efficiency has led to the development of basket trials in which a single therapeutic treatment is tested on several patient populations, each of which forms a basket. In a common setting, patients across all baskets share a genetic marker and as such, an assumption can be made that all patients may have a homogeneous response to treatments. Bayesian information borrowing procedures utilize this assumption to draw on information regarding the response in one basket when estimating the response rate in others. This can improve power and precision of estimates particularly in the presence of small sample sizes, however, can come at a cost of biased estimates and an inflation of error rates, bringing into question validity of trial conclusions. We review and compare the performance of several Bayesian borrowing methods, namely: the Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM), calibrated Bayesian hierarchical model (CBHM), exchangeability-nonexchangeability (EXNEX) model and a Bayesian model averaging procedure. A generalization of the CBHM is made to account for unequal sample sizes across baskets. We also propose a modification of the EXNEX model that allows for better control of a type I error. The proposed method uses a data-driven approach to account for the homogeneity of the response data, measured through Hellinger distances. Through an extensive simulation study motivated by a real basket trial, for both equal and unequal sample sizes across baskets, we show that in the presence of a basket with a heterogeneous response, unlike the other methods discussed, this model can control type I error rates to a nominal level whilst yielding improved power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby Daniells
- STOR‐i Centre for Doctoral Training, Department of Mathematics and StatisticsLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Pavel Mozgunov
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thomas Jaki
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Faculty of Informatics and Data ScienceUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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8
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Harari O, Soltanifar M, Verhoek A, Heeg B. Alone, together: On the benefits of Bayesian borrowing in a meta-analytic setting. Pharm Stat 2023; 22:903-920. [PMID: 37321565 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is common practice to use hierarchical Bayesian model for the informing of a pediatric randomized controlled trial (RCT) by adult data, using a prespecified borrowing fraction parameter (BFP). This implicitly assumes that the BFP is intuitive and corresponds to the degree of similarity between the populations. Generalizing this model to any K ≥ 1 historical studies, naturally leads to empirical Bayes meta-analysis. In this paper we calculate the Bayesian BFPs and study the factors that drive them. We prove that simultaneous mean squared error reduction relative to an uninformed model is always achievable through application of this model. Power and sample size calculations for a future RCT, designed to be informed by multiple external RCTs, are also provided. Potential applications include inference on treatment efficacy from independent trials involving either heterogeneous patient populations or different therapies from a common class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Harari
- Real World and Advanced Analytics, Cytel Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Core Clinical Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohsen Soltanifar
- Real World and Advanced Analytics, Cytel Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Analytics Division, College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bart Heeg
- RWA & HEOR, Cytel Inc., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Asano J, Sato H, Hirakawa A. Practical basket design for binary outcomes with control of family-wise error rate. BMC Med Res Methodol 2023; 23:52. [PMID: 36849940 PMCID: PMC9972792 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-023-01872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A basket trial is a type of clinical trial in which eligibility is based on the presence of specific molecular characteristics across subpopulations with different cancer types. The existing basket designs with Bayesian hierarchical models often improve the efficiency of evaluating therapeutic effects; however, these models calibrate the type I error rate based on the results of simulation studies under various selected scenarios. The theoretical control of family-wise error rate (FWER) is important for decision-making regarding drug approval. METHODS In this study, we propose a new Bayesian two-stage design with one interim analysis for controlling FWER at the target level, along with the formulations of type I and II error rates. Since the difficulty lies in the complexity of the theoretical formulation of the type I error rate, we devised the simulation-based method to approximate the type I error rate. RESULTS The proposed design enabled adjustment of the cutoff value to control the FWER at the target value in the final analysis. The simulation studies demonstrated that the proposed design can be used to control the well-approximated FWER below the target value even in situations where the number of enrolled patients differed among subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS The accrual number of patients is sometimes unable to reach the pre-defined value; therefore, existing basket designs may not ensure defined operating characteristics before beginning the trial. The proposed design that enables adjustment of the cutoff value to control FWER at the target value based on the results in the final analysis would be a better alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Asano
- Biostatistics Group, Center for Product Evaluation, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Chen C, Hsiao CF. Bayesian hierarchical models for adaptive basket trial designs. Pharm Stat 2023; 22:531-546. [PMID: 36625301 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Basket trials evaluate a single drug targeting a single genetic variant in multiple cancer cohorts. Empirical findings suggest that treatment efficacy across baskets may be heterogeneous. Most modern basket trial designs use Bayesian methods. These methods require the prior specification of at least one parameter that permits information sharing across baskets. In this study, we provide recommendations for selecting a prior for scale parameters for adaptive basket trials by using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. Heterogeneity among baskets attracts much attention in basket trial research, and substantial heterogeneity challenges the basic assumption of exchangeability of Bayesian hierarchical approach. Thus, we also allowed each stratum-specific parameter to be exchangeable or nonexchangeable with similar strata by using data observed in an interim analysis. Through a simulation study, we evaluated the overall performance of our design based on statistical power and type I error rates. Our research contributes to the understanding of the properties of Bayesian basket trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Hsiao
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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11
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Ouma LO, Grayling MJ, Wason JMS, Zheng H. Bayesian modelling strategies for borrowing of information in randomised basket trials. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2022; 71:2014-2037. [PMID: 36636028 PMCID: PMC9827857 DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Basket trials are an innovative precision medicine clinical trial design evaluating a single targeted therapy across multiple diseases that share a common characteristic. To date, most basket trials have been conducted in early-phase oncology settings, for which several Bayesian methods permitting information sharing across subtrials have been proposed. With the increasing interest of implementing randomised basket trials, information borrowing could be exploited in two ways; considering the commensurability of either the treatment effects or the outcomes specific to each of the treatment groups between the subtrials. In this article, we extend a previous analysis model based on distributional discrepancy for borrowing over the subtrial treatment effects ('treatment effect borrowing', TEB) to borrowing over the subtrial groupwise responses ('treatment response borrowing', TRB). Simulation results demonstrate that both modelling strategies provide substantial gains over an approach with no borrowing. TRB outperforms TEB especially when subtrial sample sizes are small on all operational characteristics, while the latter has considerable gains in performance over TRB when subtrial sample sizes are large, or the treatment effects and groupwise mean responses are noticeably heterogeneous across subtrials. Further, we notice that TRB, and TEB can potentially lead to different conclusions in the analysis of real data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke O. Ouma
- Population Health Sciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Michael J. Grayling
- Population Health Sciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - James M. S. Wason
- Population Health Sciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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12
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Kaizer A, Zabor E, Nie L, Hobbs B. Bayesian and frequentist approaches to sequential monitoring for futility in oncology basket trials: A comparison of Simon's two-stage design and Bayesian predictive probability monitoring with information sharing across baskets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272367. [PMID: 35917296 PMCID: PMC9345361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses and compares statistical designs of basket trial, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. Baskets trials are used in oncology to study interventions that are developed to target a specific feature (often genetic alteration or immune phenotype) that is observed across multiple tissue types and/or tumor histologies. Patient heterogeneity has become pivotal to the development of non-cytotoxic treatment strategies. Treatment targets are often rare and exist among several histologies, making prospective clinical inquiry challenging for individual tumor types. More generally, basket trials are a type of master protocol often used for label expansion. Master protocol is used to refer to designs that accommodates multiple targets, multiple treatments, or both within one overarching protocol. For the purpose of making sequential decisions about treatment futility, Simon's two-stage design is often embedded within master protocols. In basket trials, this frequentist design is often applied to independent evaluations of tumor histologies and/or indications. In the tumor agnostic setting, rarer indications may fail to reach the sample size needed for even the first evaluation for futility. With recent innovations in Bayesian methods, it is possible to evaluate for futility with smaller sample sizes, even for rarer indications. Novel Bayesian methodology for a sequential basket trial design based on predictive probability is introduced. The Bayesian predictive probability designs allow interim analyses with any desired frequency, including continual assessments after each patient observed. The sequential design is compared with and without Bayesian methods for sharing information among a collection of discrete, and potentially non-exchangeable tumor types. Bayesian designs are compared with Simon's two-stage minimax design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaizer
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Emily Zabor
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences & Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Lei Nie
- Division of Biometrics II, Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Brian Hobbs
- Department of Population Health, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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13
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Hirakawa A, Sato H, Igeta M, Fujikawa K, Daimon T, Teramukai S. Regulatory issues and the potential use of Bayesian approaches for early drug approval systems in Japan. Pharm Stat 2022; 21:691-695. [PMID: 34994060 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian methods quantify and interpret the therapeutic effects of investigational drugs based on probability statements of the posterior distribution. However, the basic principle underlying the use of Bayesian methods in registration trials for new drug applications in Japan has not been adequately discussed. Motivated by the two drug approval systems for early approval recently enacted in Japan, we present our perspectives on the application of the Bayesian approach in registration trials in Japan. These are based on discussions among academic, industry, and regulatory experts at invited workshops. Based on the aforementioned early approval systems, we discuss putative common regulatory issues related to the use of the Bayesian approach and introduce instances of clinical trials in which the Bayesian approach is expected to be used. This article provides a well-defined premise for the discussion between industry and regulatory agencies on the use of Bayesian approaches for early drug approval in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hirakawa
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Igeta
- Department of Biostatistics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kei Fujikawa
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Daimon
- Department of Biostatistics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Teramukai
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Pohl M, Krisam J, Kieser M. Categories, components, and techniques in a modular construction of basket trials for application and further research. Biom J 2021; 63:1159-1184. [PMID: 33942894 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Basket trials have become a virulent topic in medical and statistical research during the last decade. The core idea of them is to treat patients, who express the same genetic predisposition-either personally or their disease-with the same treatment irrespective of the location of the disease. The location of the disease defines each basket and the pathway of the treatment uses the common genetic predisposition among the baskets. This opens the opportunity to share information among baskets, which can consequently increase the information of the basket-wise response with respect to the investigated treatment. This further allows dynamic decisions regarding futility and efficacy of individual baskets during the ongoing trial. Several statistical designs have been proposed on how a basket trial can be conducted and this has left an unclear situation with many options. The different designs propose different mathematical and statistical techniques, different decision rules, and also different trial purposes. This paper presents a broad overview of existing designs, categorizes them, and elaborates their similarities and differences. A uniform and consistent notation facilitates the first contact, introduction, and understanding of the statistical methodologies and techniques used in basket trials. Finally, this paper presents a modular approach for the construction of basket trials in applied medical science and forms a base for further research of basket trial designs and their techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pohl
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Krisam
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Kieser
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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