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Gamal H, Tawfik W, El-Sayyad HI, Emam AN, Fahmy HM, El-Ghaweet HA. A new vision of photothermal therapy assisted with gold nanorods for the treatment of mammary cancers in adult female rats. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:170-187. [PMID: 38125593 PMCID: PMC10729923 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the therapeutic landscape has markedly changed for patients with breast cancers (BCs), yet few studies have evaluated the power of the photothermal therapy (PTT) technique. The present study aimed to assess the potency of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer treatment with this technique. In total, forty-two adult virgin female Wistar rats were categorized into seven groups, negative control, polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanorods (PVP-AuNRs) positive control (400 μL per rat ∼ 78 ppm), NIR laser irradiation 808 nm positive control with an intensity of (808 nm NIR CW diode laser, 200 mW cm-2 for 5 min), DMBA-treatment, DMBA-induced mammary cancer group treated with polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanorods, DMBA-induced mammary cancer group treated with NIR laser irradiation, and DMBA-induced mammary cancer group treated with polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanorods and NIR laser irradiation. Treatment with polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanorods and/or NIR laser irradiation was performed after three weeks of DMBA-induced mammary cancer. The mammary tumor lesions in the rat model induced with DMBA are highly invasive. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanorods (AuNRs) with an aspect ratio ranging from 2.8 to 3 were employed to validate the nanostructure and polyvinylpyrrolidone capping and their stability in absorbing near-infrared light. As a result, the therapy strategy, DMBA + PVP-AuNRs + NIR, effectively treated the tumor and halted its growth. The mammary glands were dissected and subjected to biochemical analysis for serum and tissue. Our treatment technique improved the histological aspects of mammary cancer in various forms of mammary cancer detected. Immuno-histochemical localization and TEM images supported these results reflecting the efficacy of this technique. Finally, our findings uncover for the first time the revolutionary effect of the PTT strategy using PVP-capped AuNRs in selectively destroying mammary cancer cells in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Gamal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Walid Tawfik
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Hassan Ih El-Sayyad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed N Emam
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials Technology & Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC) El Bohouth St. Dokki Cairo Egypt
- Nanomedicine & Tissue Engineering Research Lab, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Heba Mohamed Fahmy
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Heba A El-Ghaweet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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2
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Raghuram S, Mackeyev Y, Symons J, Zahra Y, Gonzalez V, Mahadevan KK, Requejo KI, Liopo A, Derry P, Zubarev E, Sahin O, Byung-Kyu Kim J, Singh PK, Cho SH, Krishnan S. Uncloaking cell-impermeant gold nanorods via tumor microenvironmental cathepsin B facilitates cancer cell penetration and potent radiosensitization. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121887. [PMID: 36368139 PMCID: PMC10032210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Major impediments to conveyance of intravenously administered drugs to tumors are biofouling, opsonization, and rapid clearance from the circulation by macrophages and reticuloendothelial phagocytes. Cloaking nanoparticles with stealth epilayers partly overcomes these hurdles but it also foils interactions with tumor cells. Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and validation of smart gold nanorods (GNRs) that spontaneously transform from inert passengers in the blood stream to active cell-penetrating nanoparticles within tumors to potently sensitize tumors to radiation therapy. Intrinsically cationic and cell-penetrating GNRs were shielded from phagocytosis with a cloaking polyethylene glycol epilayer containing an intervening cleavable peptide. In the absence of an external trigger, this epilayer is clipped off by the tumor microenvironmental protease, cathepsin B, in colorectal cancers to uncloak and expose the free-circulating native unPEGylated GNR that is readily internalized by cancer cells and turn into immovable small clusters of GNRs. Selective uncloaking of GNRs in the tumor reduced off-target toxicity confirmed by hematologic, biochemical, and histopathological analysis of blood, serum, and normal organs, respectively. Subsequent irradiation led to significant tumor growth delay and improved survival of mice. By addressing multiple barriers to efficient transport and cellular internalization of nanoparticles, our results demonstrate that clinically meaningful radiosensitization can be achieved with rationally designed GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhiksha Raghuram
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Symons
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasmin Zahra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Valeria Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Krishnan K Mahadevan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Anton Liopo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugene Zubarev
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Onur Sahin
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Byung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center-UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Rauta PR, Mackeyev Y, Sanders K, Kim JB, Gonzalez VV, Zahra Y, Shohayeb MA, Abousaida B, Vijay GV, Tezcan O, Derry P, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER, Carter R, Singh P, Krishnan S. Pancreatic tumor microenvironmental acidosis and hypoxia transform gold nanorods into cell-penetrant particles for potent radiosensitization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9729. [PMID: 36367938 PMCID: PMC9651859 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coating nanoparticles with stealth epilayers increases circulation time by evading opsonization, macrophage phagocytosis, and reticuloendothelial sequestration. However, this also reduces internalization by cancer cells upon reaching the tumor. We designed gold nanorods (GNRs) with an epilayer that retains stealth properties in circulation but transforms spontaneously in the acidotic tumor microenvironment to a cell-penetrating particle. We used a customized stoichiometric ratio of l-glutamic acid and l-lysine within an amphiphilic polymer of poly(l-glutamic acid-co-l-lysine), or P(Glu-co-Lys), to effect this transformation in acidotic environments. P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs were internalized by cancer cells to facilitate potent in vitro radiosensitization. When administered intravenously in mice, they accumulate in the periphery and core of tumors without any signs of serum biochemical or hematological alterations, normal organ histopathological abnormalities, or overt deterioration in animal health. Furthermore, P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs penetrated the tumor microenvironment to accumulate in the hypoxic cores of tumors to potently radiosensitize heterotopic and orthotopic pancreatic cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Sanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph B.K. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yasmin Zahra
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Belal Abousaida
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Okan Tezcan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anton V. Liopo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rickey Carter
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Photothermal Conversion Profiling of Large-Scaled Synthesized Gold Nanorods Using Binary Surfactant with Hydroquinone as a Reducing Agent. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101723. [PMID: 35630943 PMCID: PMC9145525 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal application of gold nanorods (AuNRs) is widely increasing because of their good photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) due to local surface plasmon resonance. However, the high concentration of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide used in the synthesis is a concern. Moreover, the mild and commonly used reducing agent-ascorbic acid does not reduce the Au(I) to A(0) entirely, resulting in a low yield of gold nanorods. Herein we report for the first time the PCE of large-scaled synthesized AuNRs using the binary surfactant seed-mediated method with hydroquinone (HQ) as the reducing agent. The temporal evolution of the optical properties and morphology was investigated by varying the Ag concentration, HQ concentration, HCl volumes, and seed solution volume. The results showed that the seed volume, HQ concentration, and HCl volume played a significant role in forming mini-AuNRs absorbing in the 800 nm region with a shape yield of 87.7%. The as-synthesized AuNRs were successfully up-scaled to a larger volume based on the optimum synthetic conditions followed by photothermal profiling. The photothermal profiling analysis showed a temperature increase of more than 54.2 °C at 2.55 W cm−2 at a low optical density (OD) of 0.160 after 630 s irradiation, with a PCE of approximately 21%, presenting it as an ideal photothermal agent.
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Liao S, Yue W, Cai S, Tang Q, Lu W, Huang L, Qi T, Liao J. Improvement of Gold Nanorods in Photothermal Therapy: Recent Progress and Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:664123. [PMID: 33967809 PMCID: PMC8100678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease, and there is a significant need for novel technologies to treat cancer with an effective outcome and low toxicity. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a noninvasive therapeutic tool that transports nanomaterials into tumors, absorbing light energy and converting it into heat, thus killing tumor cells. Gold nanorods (GNRs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their unique optical and electronic properties and potential applications in biological imaging, molecular detection, and drug delivery, especially in the PTT of cancer and other diseases. This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis methods and surface functionalization of GNRs for PTT. The current major synthetic methods of GNRs and recently improved measures to reduce toxicity, increase yield, and control particle size and shape are first introduced, followed by various surface functionalization approaches to construct a controlled drug release system, increase cell uptake, and improve pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting effect, thus enhancing the photothermal effect of killing the tumor. Finally, a brief outlook for the future development of GNRs modification and functionalization in PTT is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weitong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Huang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lebepe TC, Parani S, Oluwafemi OS. Graphene Oxide-Coated Gold Nanorods: Synthesis and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2149. [PMID: 33126610 PMCID: PMC7693020 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of gold nanorods (AuNRs) and graphene oxide (GO) has been widely studied due to their unique properties. Although each material has its own challenges, their combination produces an exceptional material for many applications such as sensor, therapeutics, and many others. This review covers the progress made so far in the synthesis and application of GO-coated AuNRs (GO-AuNRs). Initially, it highlights different methods of synthesizing AuNRs and GO followed by two approaches (ex situ and in situ approaches) of coating AuNRs with GO. In addition, the properties of GO-AuNRs composite such as biocompatibility, photothermal profiling, and their various applications, which include photothermal therapy, theranostic, sensor, and other applications of GO-AuNRs are also discussed. The review concludes with challenges associated with GO-AuNRs and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang C. Lebepe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Sundararajan Parani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.C.L.); (S.P.)
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Requejo KI, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER. Gold Nanorod Synthesis with Small Thiolated Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3758-3769. [PMID: 32216357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Size and shape tunability have been widely demonstrated for gold nanorods (AuNRs), but reproducible and reliable protocols for the synthesis of small nanocrystals with high yield are still needed for potential biomedical applications. Here, we present novel seed-mediated and seedless protocols for gold nanorods by incorporating bioadditives or small thiolated molecules during the growth stage. The bioadditives glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), l-cysteine (l-cys), and l-methionine (l-met) are utilized in nanomolar and micromolar concentrations to modify the aspect ratio of AuNRs in a reproducible form. Overall, smaller aspect ratios are achieved for both synthetic approaches due to reduction in length or increment in length and width depending on the method, type of bioadditive and the strength of its interaction with the nanorod surface. For the seeded synthesis, only GSSG produces large nanorods in high yield, whereas for the seedless method GSH and GSSG form small nanorods with higher quality when compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherinne I Requejo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 S Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Anton V Liopo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 S Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eugene R Zubarev
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 S Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Requejo KI, Liopo AV, Derry PJ, Zubarev ER. Improving the Shape Yield and Long-Term Stability of Gold Nanoprisms with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9777-9784. [PMID: 31290673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoprisms (AuNPRs) are anisotropic nanostructures that have gained great attention in recent years because of their interesting and unique optical properties that can be tailored for biomedical, energy, and sensing applications. At present, several protocols have reported the high yield synthesis of AuNPRs of different dimensions using a seed-mediated approach. However, there is a need to develop reproducible and scalable methods with the goal of a controllable synthesis. Here, we report an improved seed-mediated synthesis of small monodisperse AuNPRs of distinct sizes in high yield using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as an additive in nanomolar concentrations. We show optimal synthetic parameters for a blue-shifting of the surface plasmon resonance band which correlates with the reduction in the edge length (L) of AuNPRs from 75 to 35 nm. Using measured extinction coefficients for AuNPRs of different sizes, a linear equation is proposed to estimate the concentration of unknown samples by using Beer's law. Interestingly, the use of nanomolar amounts of PVP during the growth of AuNPRs significantly improves the shape yield. The surface chemistry properties of AuNPRs were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and revealed that PVP chains interact with AuNPRs through the carbonyl oxygen. This method is reproducible and scalable and enables the synthesis of AuNPRs with long-term shape stability (1 year) in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherinne I Requejo
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 S Main Street Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Anton V Liopo
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 S Main Street Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Paul J Derry
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 S Main Street Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Eugene R Zubarev
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 S Main Street Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
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Requejo KI, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER. High yield synthesis and surface chemistry exchange of small gold hexagonal nanoprisms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11422-11425. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new seed-mediated synthesis of AuHNPs in high yield is described using hydroquinone as a weak reductant and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as a shape-directing additive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton V. Liopo
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center
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