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Simon E, Raats M, Erens B. Neglecting the impact of childhood neglect: A scoping review of the relation between child neglect and emotion regulation in adulthood. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 153:106802. [PMID: 38733836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood neglect, a prevalent form of child abuse, has significant short-term and long-term consequences on mental health. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of existing evidence on childhood neglect in relation to emotion regulation in adulthood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were not individually evaluated but we provided future directions for research based on the overview of studies. METHODS A systematic search strategy was conducted, resulting in the analysis of 25 selected articles. We performed an inventory of existing evidence to identify knowledge gaps. RESULTS The review identified the need for future research to differentiate neglect from other forms of child abuse. Longitudinal studies tracking individuals from childhood to adulthood are recommended to understand developmental trajectories and continuity. Diverse samples, with various ages, genders, and (socio-economic) backgrounds, should be included for enhanced generalizability. Geographical representation should be expanded to capture cultural variations in the association between neglect and adult emotion regulation. Furthermore, investigating other psychopathologies beyond depression in relation to neglect and emotion regulation is suggested. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this scoping review highlights the limited knowledge regarding the link between childhood neglect and adult emotion regulation and provides valuable recommendations for advancing research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellin Simon
- Open University of the Netherlands, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Brenda Erens
- Open University of the Netherlands, the Netherlands
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Burns C, Hejl C, Z. Szabo Y. Childhood Adversity and Adult Inflammation: Exploring the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation in the MIDUS II Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:319-334. [PMID: 38938945 PMCID: PMC11199436 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study furthers understanding of how childhood adversity connects to inflammation and, in turn, poor health. Using the publicly available Midlife in the United States II (MIDUS II) dataset, we test a recent theoretical model that suggests emotion regulation is a potential mechanism of associations between adversity and inflammation. We examined the indirect effects of various types of adversity (e.g., stressful events, maltreatment, threat, and deprivation) on inflammation via two emotion regulation strategies (i.e., expressive suppression and reappraisal). Participants included 1096 adults without a history of cancer or HIV/AIDS who had completed the initial MIDUS II follow up and a sub-study examining biomarkers. Participants completed self-report measures inquiring about psychosocial factors including stressful life events, childhood trauma, and emotion regulation as well as provided blood samples. Bivariate correlation indicated that multiple forms of childhood adversity were associated with both C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. Deprivation, as measured by a stressful life events scale, was positively associated with both reappraisal and suppression. Tests of indirect effects indicated that deprivation was positively associated with fibrinogen through both emotion regulation strategies, particularly for female participants. Our findings partially support recent theory positing emotion regulation as a pathway through which childhood adversity may impact inflammation in adulthood. Further, deprivation may be particularly critical in understanding how adversity is connected to maladaptive emotion regulation and inflammation. Emotion regulation may be an important treatment target to mitigate the negative impact of childhood adversity on health and well-being. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-023-00594-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Burns
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
- Department of Education, Health, & Behavior, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND USA
| | - Christina Hejl
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
| | - Yvette Z. Szabo
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Vasupanrajit A, Maes M, Jirakran K, Tunvirachaisakul C. Complex Intersections Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Negative Life Events Impact the Phenome of Major Depression. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2161-2178. [PMID: 38826678 PMCID: PMC11144407 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s458257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and negative life events (NLEs) are associated with major depression (MDD). Purpose To determine whether ACEs affect all features of mild MDD, including suicidal tendencies, brooding, neuroticism, insomnia, cognitive deficits, severity of depression and anxiety, and cognitive deficits, and whether NLEs mediate these effects. Sample of the Study and Methods This study examines a cohort of 118 academic students, namely 74 students who satisfied the DSM-5-TR criteria for MDD and 44 normal control students. We assessed brooding, neuroticism, suicidal ideation and attempts, and the severity of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and the Stroop tests. Results One validated factor could be extracted from brooding, neuroticism, current suicidal behaviors, and the severity of depression, anxiety, and insomnia, labeled the phenome of depression. A large part of the variance in the phenome of depression (55.0%) was explained by the combined effects of self-, relationships, and academic-related NLEs in conjunction with ACEs, including family dysfunction and abuse and neglect (both physical and emotional). The latter ACEs significantly interacted (moderating effect) with NLEs to impact the depression phenome. Although sexual abuse did not have direct effects on the phenome, its effects were mediated by NLEs. We discovered that increased sexual abuse, physical and emotional abuse and neglect, and ACEs related to family dysfunction predicted 22.5% of the variance in NLEs. Up to 18.5% of the variance in the Stroop test scores was explained by sexual abuse and the phenome of depression. The latter mediated the effects of NLEs and abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction on the Stroop test scores. Conclusion Complex intersections between ACEs and NLEs impact the phenome of depression, which comprises neuroticism, brooding, suicidal tendencies, and the severity of insomnia, anxiety, and depression, while sexual abuse together with other ACEs and NLEs may impact cognitive interference inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asara Vasupanrajit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D.Program in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D.Program in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Excellence in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Cognitive Fitness and Biopsychological Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ketsupar Jirakran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D.Program in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Maximizing Children’s Developmental Potential, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chavit Tunvirachaisakul
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D.Program in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Rogerson O, O'Connor RC, O'Connor DB. The effects of childhood trauma on stress-related vulnerability factors and indicators of suicide risk: An ecological momentary assessment study. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:479-489. [PMID: 38342320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is experienced by approximately one third of young people in the United Kingdom and has been shown to confer an increased risk for mental health difficulties in adulthood. Understanding the associations between these factors before negative health outcomes manifest in adulthood is imperative to help inform the development of interventions. The aims of this study were two-fold; first, to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on daily stress-related vulnerability factors over a period of 7 days and to test whether any observed relationships were moderated by protective or risk factors. Second, to explore the indirect effects of childhood trauma on reasons for living, optimism, daily suicide ideation, defeat and entrapment through the daily stress-related vulnerability factors. METHODS 212 participants were recruited to an ecological momentary assessment study to complete three diaries per day for a 7-day period. Participants completed daily measures of stress, hassles, executive functioning, impulsivity, sleep quality (stress-related vulnerability factors) as well as measures of reasons for living, optimism, daily thoughts of suicide, defeat and entrapment. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was also completed at baseline. RESULTS Analyses found that childhood trauma was significantly associated with higher scores on the daily stress-related vulnerability factors and positively related to each of the daily indicators of suicide risk. The study also uncovered key pathways whereby trauma had indirect effects on reasons for living, optimism, daily thoughts of suicide, defeat and entrapment through executive functioning, impulsivity, sleep quality and stress. LIMITATIONS The measures of executive function and sleep were self-reported and future research ought to replicate the current findings using more objective methods. DISCUSSION The findings from this study highlight the complexity of childhood trauma and its damaging effects on stress-related vulnerability factors and poorer mental health outcomes. Greater understanding of pathways by which trauma may impact later health outcomes is essential for development of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rory C O'Connor
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Halse M, Steinsbekk S, Bjørklund O, Hammar Å, Wichstrøm L. Emotions or cognitions first? Longitudinal relations between executive functions and emotion regulation in childhood. Child Dev 2024. [PMID: 38590290 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Executive functions and emotion regulation develop from early childhood to adolescence and are predictive of important psychosocial outcomes. However, despite the correlation between the two regulatory capacities, whether they are prospectively related in school-aged children remains unknown, and the direction of effects is uncertain. In this study, a sample drawn from two birth cohorts in Norway was biennially examined between the ages of 6 and 14 (n = 852, 50.1% girls, 93% Norwegian). Parents completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist, and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed that improved emotion regulation predicted increased executive functioning to the same extent throughout development, whereas enhanced executive functioning was unrelated to future changes in emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Halse
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Steinsbekk
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Oda Bjørklund
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Sheffler JL, Meng Z, Sachs-Ericsson N, Caimary VG, Patel J, Pickett S. Sleep Quality as a Critical Pathway Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Multimorbidity and the Impact of Lifestyle. J Aging Health 2024:8982643241237832. [PMID: 38447525 DOI: 10.1177/08982643241237832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to establish the effects of ACEs on multimorbidity through sleep quality and investigate whether lifestyle factors (e.g., eating habits and exercise) may influence this relationship among middle-aged and older adults. METHODS Participants were drawn from a cross-sectional sample of community dwelling older adults (N = 276, 55+) and three waves of data from the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS, N = 843). We examined the direct and indirect effects of ACEs, sleep quality, and health conditions, as well as the conditional effects of physical activity and eating habits. RESULTS Across both samples, sleep quality mediated the relationship between ACEs and chronic health conditions. Moderating effects of unhealthy eating and physical activity differed between samples. DISCUSSION Sleep quality is an important pathway connecting ACEs and adult multimorbidity, and health behaviors may provide targets for intervention particularly in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Sheffler
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhuo Meng
- Center of Center of Population Sciences for Health Equity, Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Viviana G Caimary
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Juhi Patel
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Scott Pickett
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Chang HM, Chen C, Lu ML, Jou S, Santos VHJ, Goh KK. The interplay of childhood trauma, oxytocin, and impulsivity in predicting the onset of methamphetamine use. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 147:106579. [PMID: 38048654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is associated with substance use disorders, including methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). Oxytocin, involved in social bonding, stress regulation, and reward processing, may influence addiction vulnerability and impulsivity in individuals with a history of childhood trauma. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships among childhood trauma, oxytocin levels, impulsivity, and the age of first methamphetamine use in individuals with MUD. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study included 298 male participants (148 individuals with MUD and 150 healthy controls) from both probation offices and psychiatric clinics. METHODS Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and plasma oxytocin levels were obtained. RESULTS Individuals with MUD exhibited higher levels of childhood trauma, impulsivity, and lower plasma oxytocin levels compared to healthy controls. Childhood trauma was associated with a younger age of first methamphetamine use, higher impulsivity, and lower oxytocin levels among individuals with MUD. Plasma oxytocin levels partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and both the age of first methamphetamine use and impulsivity. Serial mediation analysis demonstrated that oxytocin levels and impulsivity sequentially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and the age of first methamphetamine use. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal the complex interplay among childhood trauma, oxytocin, impulsivity, and methamphetamine use, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors in prevention and intervention strategies for MUD. Future research should explore oxytocin and impulsivity-focused interventions to mitigate the effects of childhood trauma and reduce MUD development risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Ming Chang
- Department of Addiction Sciences, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chenyi Chen
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Innovative and Translational Research Center for Brain Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susyan Jou
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate School of Criminology, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vitor Hugo Jesus Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Cova da Beira University Hospital Center, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Kah Kheng Goh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Innovative and Translational Research Center for Brain Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Türkarslan KK, Canel Çınarbaş D, Nicassio PM. The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:75-84. [PMID: 38476852 PMCID: PMC10899935 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), which measures pre-sleep arousal, a significant predictor of insomnia symptoms. Methods 651 participants were recruited via social media and the Internet. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in the total sample (65.28% females; Mage1 = 28.09 ± 14.00). Convergent, divergent, incremental, and known-groups validity and internal consistency coefficients were assessed in a subsample of 556 participants (62.77% females; Mage2 = 29.25 ± 14.81). A second separate sample of 88 participants (80.68% females; Mage3 = 22.19 ± 4.98) was used to evaluate three-week test-retest reliability. Results The results of factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the Turkish PSAS with cognitive (PSAS-C) and somatic (PSAS-S), similar to the original scale. The correlations of the PSAS with convergent and divergent measures showed that the Turkish form had good convergent and acceptable divergent validity. PSAS-C and PSAS-S were able to explain an 18% additional variance in insomnia severity beyond depression and anxiety, an 18% additional variance in depression beyond insomnia severity, and a 35% additional variance in anxiety beyond insomnia severity. Moreover, insomnia patients had significantly higher PSAS-C and PSAS-S scores than good sleepers. Finally, the PSAS, PSAS-C, and PSAS-S had satisfactory internal consistency coefficients (α = 0.92, 0.91, and 0.86, respectively) and three-week test-retest correlations (ICC = 0.82, 0.82, and 0.71, respectively). Conclusion The Turkish form of the PSAS was a valid and reliable measure of pre-sleep arousal and can be utilized in sleep studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-023-00483-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Perry M. Nicassio
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA Semel Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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O'Connor DB, Branley-Bell D, Green JA, Ferguson E, O'Carroll RE, O'Connor RC. Effects of childhood trauma on sleep quality and stress-related variables in adulthood: evidence from two multilevel studies. Psychol Health 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37975565 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2281712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma has been found to have serious negative consequences for mental and physical health. However, the precise mechanisms through which trauma influences health outcomes are unclear. Childhood trauma-related disruptions to sleep in adulthood represent an important potential mechanism. Two 7-day multilevel studies investigated the effects of childhood trauma on daily sleep outcomes and stress-related variables and whether the effects of trauma on sleep outcomes were mediated through these stress-related variables (or vice versa). Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire before a 7-day online daily diary study. Measures of daily stress, perseverative cognition, and sleep were completed daily. Multi-level modelling found that higher levels of childhood neglect were associated with poorer daily sleep quality, shorter sleep duration, longer sleep onset latency, and higher daily stress and rumination levels. Higher childhood abuse was associated with shorter sleep duration, greater morning tiredness, and higher levels of daily stress, rumination, and worry. Childhood trauma was found also to have bidirectional, indirect effects on sleep quality and morning tiredness through daily stress-related variables. The current findings suggest that interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of childhood trauma should also incorporate components that target modifiable risk factors, such as sleep, stress, worry, and rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Branley-Bell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Rory C O'Connor
- Suicidal Behavior Research Laboratory, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Simon L, Admon R. From childhood adversity to latent stress vulnerability in adulthood: the mediating roles of sleep disturbances and HPA axis dysfunction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1425-1435. [PMID: 37391592 PMCID: PMC10425434 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is a prominent predisposing risk factor for latent stress vulnerability, expressed as an elevated likelihood of developing stress-related psychopathology upon subsequent exposure to trauma in adulthood. Sleep disturbances have emerged as one of the most pronounced maladaptive behavioral outcomes of childhood adversity and are also a highly prevalent core feature of stress-related psychopathology, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After reviewing the extensive literature supporting these claims, the current review addresses the notion that childhood adversity-induced sleep disturbances may play a causal role in elevating individuals' stress vulnerability in adulthood. Corroborating this, sleep disturbances that predate adult trauma exposure have been associated with an increased likelihood of developing stress-related psychopathology post-exposure. Furthermore, novel empirical evidence suggests that sleep disturbances, including irregularity of the sleep-wake cycle, mediate the link between childhood adversity and stress vulnerability in adulthood. We also discuss cognitive and behavioral mechanisms through which such a cascade may evolve, highlighting the putative role of impaired memory consolidation and fear extinction. Next, we present evidence to support the contribution of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to these associations, stemming from its critical role in stress and sleep regulatory pathways. Childhood adversity may yield bi-directional effects within the HPA stress and sleep axes in which sleep disturbances and HPA axis dysfunction reinforce each other, leading to elevated stress vulnerability. To conclude, we postulate a conceptual path model from childhood adversity to latent stress vulnerability in adulthood and discuss the potential clinical implications of these notions, while highlighting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Simon
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roee Admon
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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11
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Rogerson O, Baguley T, O'Connor DB. Childhood Trauma and Suicide. CRISIS 2023; 44:433-441. [PMID: 36537105 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and childhood trauma has been found to be an important risk factor. However, the mechanisms linking trauma to suicide risk remain unclear. Aims: The current registered report sought to (1) investigate whether childhood trauma and its subtypes were related to suicide risk in adulthood and (2) explore the potential mechanisms associating childhood trauma with suicide and well-being, especially executive functioning, impulsivity, and stress. Method: A cross-sectional survey of 457 individuals who reported experiencing suicide ideation in the past 12 months. Results: Childhood trauma and its subtypes were associated with an increased risk of reporting recent suicide thoughts, COVID-19-related suicide attempts, and recent suicide attempts. There were also significant indirect effects of childhood trauma on recent suicide ideation and well-being through executive functioning and impulsivity. Conclusion: These findings show that childhood trauma is associated with suicide risk in adulthood and suggest that poorer executive functioning and higher levels of impulsivity contribute to this increased risk. These results have implications for the development of future interventions to reduce suicide vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thom Baguley
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Adverse childhood experiences and Chinese young adults' sleep quality: Moderation of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 184:12-19. [PMID: 36521821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating roles of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in the relations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and sleep quality (i.e., sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality, and daily disturbances) in young adulthood. Chinese young adults (N = 259; Mage = 25.85 years) reported on their adverse childhood experiences retrospectively and current sleep quality. Their electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration data were recorded while they were seated resting and resting RSA scores were computed. Results indicated that ACEs were associated with poor perceived sleep quality and greater daily disturbances among young adults who showed low resting RSA. The associations were not significant among those who showed high resting RSA. These findings suggest that high resting RSA may serve as a protective factor for young adults' sleep against adverse childhood experiences and these effects were consistent for different biological sex and sexual orientation groups.
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Bishop C, Brown T, Yu ML. The relationship between school-age children’s interoceptive awareness and executive functioning: An exploratory study. Br J Occup Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226221128184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Independently, interoceptive awareness and executive functioning play major roles in children’s abilities to engage in their daily occupations. This study investigated the potential relationship between neurotypical school-age children’s interoceptive awareness and executive functioning. Method: A convenience sample of 30 children (8–12 years) completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness–youth and one of their parents completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function® – Second Edition (BRIEF®2). Spearman rho correlations and linear regression analyses with bootstrapping were completed. Results: The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness–youth Emotional Awareness aspect of interoceptive awareness was significantly correlated with and predictive of the following BRIEF®2 executive functioning components: Emotion Regulation Index (ρ = 0.402, R2 = 0.888, p < 0.001), Cognitive Regulation Index (ρ = 0.364, R2 = 0.256, p < 0.001) and the Global Executive Composite (ρ = 0.049, R2 = 0.128, p < 0.012), as well as the following subscales: Organisation of Materials (ρ = 0.422, R2 = 0.150, p < 0.020), Working Memory (ρ = 0.393, R2 = 0.085, p < 0.033), Emotional Control (ρ = 0.394, R2 = 0.176, p < 0.002) and Inhibit (ρ = 0.373, R2 = 0.141, p < 0.003). Conclusion: It appears that there is a significant and predictive relationship between neurotypical children’s interoceptive awareness and aspects of their executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Bishop
- Occupational Science & Therapy Program, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waterfront Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ted Brown
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University-Peninsula Campus, Frankston, VIC, Australia
| | - Mong-Lin Yu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University-Peninsula Campus, Frankston, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before the age of 18 years are pervasive and noteworthy public health concerns. The ACEs are associated with sleep disorders in later life. In this study, we conduct a systematic review to explore the effects of ACEs on sleep in adulthood. Using Medical Subject Headings keywords, we searched Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, the American Psychological Association PsycArticles, and PsychInfo databases to evaluate the association between ACEs and sleep disturbances. ACEs increase the odds of developing chronic short sleep duration, that is, <6 hours of sleep per night compared with optimal sleep duration of 7-9 hours per night during adulthood. The ACEs are positively associated with poor sleep characteristics such as short sleep duration and long-term sleep problems. Clinicians should pay close attention to developmental trauma care, access community health programs, and help develop better coping skills, resiliency, and good sleep habits in their patients.
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15
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Mathur A, Li JC, Lipitz SR, Graham-Engeland JE. Emotion Regulation as a Pathway Connecting Early Life Adversity and Inflammation in Adulthood: a Conceptual Framework. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2022; 3:1-19. [PMID: 35224511 PMCID: PMC8863511 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-022-00051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is implicated in a variety of diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease and cancer). Much evidence suggests that early life adversity (ELA), such as maltreatment or neglect, can increase risk for inflammation in adulthood. ELA may program proinflammatory activity via its effects on brain areas involved in emotion regulation. Of multiple emotion regulation strategies, some are considered maladaptive (e.g., expressive suppression), while others are generally adaptive (e.g., cognitive reappraisal). We propose a conceptual framework for how emotion regulation tendencies may affect vulnerability or resilience to inflammation in adults who experienced adversity in childhood and/or adolescence. In support of this framework, we summarize evidence for the relationships between emotion dysregulation and higher inflammation (i.e., vulnerability), as well as between cognitive reappraisal and lower inflammation (i.e., resilience), in healthy adults with a history of ELA. Plausible neurobiological, physiological, psychosocial, and ELA-specific factors, as well as interventions, contributing to these associations are discussed. Strengths and limitations of the extant research, in addition to ideas for future directions, are presented.
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16
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Brown SM, Rodriguez KE, Smith AD, Ricker A, Williamson AA. Associations between Childhood Maltreatment and Behavioral Sleep Disturbances Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 64:101621. [PMID: 35367857 PMCID: PMC9441474 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment has a range of long-term developmental and health consequences. Emerging research suggests that sleep disturbances may be a key behavioral health risk factor implicated in the relationship between maltreatment and poor health across the lifespan. This systematic review examined the association between maltreatment and behavioral sleep disturbances in childhood and adulthood. Studies were identified through PsycINFO, PubMed, and alternative search strategies such as Google Scholar and reference list checks, with an end date of July 2021. Quantitative, peer-reviewed articles examining behavioral sleep outcomes and/or characteristics among maltreatment-exposed samples were included. We assessed the potential risk of bias by examining study design and sleep and maltreatment assessment methods. Across 73 studies included in this review, there was a robust association between childhood maltreatment and behavioral sleep disturbances. Findings suggest that linkages between maltreatment and sleep outcomes diverge with respect to maltreatment characteristics, type of behavioral sleep disturbance assessed, use of subjective versus objective measures, and study design. Given that behavioral sleep disturbances are modifiable, more research is needed that incorporates objective measures of sleep and longitudinal designs to identify specific points of intervention to mitigate the potential long-term impacts of childhood maltreatment on health across socio-demographically diverse populations.
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17
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Zhang L, Cui Z, Sasser J, Carvalho C, Oshri A. Family stress during the pandemic worsens the effect of adverse parenting on adolescent sleep quality. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 123:105390. [PMID: 34794017 PMCID: PMC8714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse parenting is consistently associated with increased sleep problems among adolescents. Shelter-in-Place restrictions and the uncertainty linked to the Covid-19 pandemic have introduced new stressors on parents and families, adding to the risk for youth's sleep problems. OBJECTIVE Using multidimensional assessments of child maltreatment (CM; threat vs. deprivation), the present study examined whether parent-report and child-report of Covid-19 related stress potentiated the effect of CM on sleep problems among boys and girls. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study focused on a sample of 124 dyads of adolescents (Mage = 12.89, SD = 0.79; 52% female) and their primary caregivers (93% mothers) assessed before and during the pandemic (May to October 2020). METHOD Data were obtained from both youth and their parents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test all study hypotheses. Simple slopes and Johnson-Neyman plots were generated to probe significant interaction effects. RESULTS Deprivation, but not threat, directly predicted increased sleep problems among boys during the pandemic. Additionally, elevation in Covid-19 stress (both parent and child report) intensified the link between CM (threat and deprivation) and sleep problems among boys. CONCLUSION Our findings inform prevention and intervention efforts that aim to reduce sleep problems among boys during stressful contexts, such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Room 208, 105 Foster Road (Pound Hall), Athens, GA 30606, United States.
| | - Zehua Cui
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Room 208, 105 Foster Road (Pound Hall), Athens, GA 30606, United States.
| | - Jeri Sasser
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States.
| | - Cory Carvalho
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Room 208, 105 Foster Road (Pound Hall), Athens, GA 30606, United States.
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; Integrated Life Sciences, Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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18
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Wang J. The role of the dominant attribution style and daily hassles in the symptoms of depression and anxiety. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:1637-1648. [PMID: 34913744 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.2017471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression and anxiety posit that attribution bias plays a central role in the onset and maintenance of anxiety and depression. The main goal of the current study was to examine the association of the Weakest Link as an individual's dominant attribution style, and daily hassles, with depressive and anxious symptoms, and to examine the moderating effect of the Weakest Link on the relationships of daily hassles with depressive and anxious symptoms. 686 undergraduate students recruited from three universities completed questionnaires that measured dominant attribution style, daily hassles, and depressive symptoms and anxious symptoms. Moderation analysis showed that daily hassles and Weakest Link were independent predictors of both depressive and anxious symptoms. Individuals with high Weakest Link scores reported high levels of both depressive and anxious symptoms in the presence of high levels of daily hassles. In conclusion, the current study provides support for moderation effect of the dominant attribution style on the relationship between daily hassles and the symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- School of Teacher Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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19
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Pfaff A, Jud A, Schlarb A. Systematic review on the association between sleep-related hyperarousal and child maltreatment. Sleep Med 2021; 84:219-226. [PMID: 34171796 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various outcomes like sleep deficiencies can endure into adulthood as consequences from child maltreatment (CM). Hyperarousal as an explanation for the development of insomnia can be applied on this association. However, research on this link is lacking. METHOD A PRISMA-guided systematic literature review was conducted by searching academic literature databases. Empirical studies with no restriction of publishing year were eligible. Search terms were predefined and related to CM. RESULTS Of 602 records, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 39 to 304, with a total of 1469 participants. The studies were heterogenous, therefore comparability was diminished. Yet tendencies for sleep-related hyperarousal in maltreated individuals were found especially for somatic hyperarousal. Cortical and cognitive hyperarousal was rarely examined. CONCLUSION Hyperarousal (heightened nighttime acticity and heart rate, diminished heart rate variability) was found in individuals with CM experiences in several studies. The insights into mechanisms of how CM and sleep problems are interrelated, can help to sensitize therapists to not oversee CM experiences when a patient reports sleep difficulties. Yet, more studies with more rigorous methods are needed to illuminate this topic. This gap in research regarding the consequences of CM is not acceptable.
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20
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Boynton-Jarrett R, Sponholtz TR, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Bethea TN, Wise LA. Abuse in Childhood and Risk for Sleep Disruption in Adulthood in the Black Women's Health Study. Sleep Med 2021; 83:260-270. [PMID: 34049046 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of early life abuse with sleep disruption risk in adulthood among U.S. Black women. METHODS We analyzed data from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study. In 2005, 29,998 women completed a self-administered questionnaire on early-life experiences of abuse (child and teen) and exposure to danger at any life stage. Participants reported on their sleep quality (snoring and diagnosed sleep apnea) in 2001, whether their "sleep was restless" in 2005, and their average sleep duration in 2009. We used log-binomial regression models to derive risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of child/teen abuse and danger at any life stage with snoring, diagnosis of sleep apnea, restless sleep, and short sleep duration. RESULTS Nearly 50% of participants reported one or more measure of sleep disruption in adulthood. Higher severity of physical abuse was associated with increased risk of sleep disruption and higher severity of sexual abuse was associated with increased risk for most sleep disruptions. The RR comparing child/teen physical and sexual abuse relative to no abuse was highest for diagnosed sleep apnea (2.03, 95% CI: 1.70, 2.41). Feeling in danger at any life stage (child, teen, adult, past year) was generally associated with greater increases in risk of sleep disruption among women with a history of early life abuse than among women without such a history. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that abuse as a child and/or teen is related to disrupted sleep in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Boynton-Jarrett
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Todd R Sponholtz
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Traci N Bethea
- Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Research, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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