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Inoue D, Ohashi K, Takasuka TE, Kakugo A. In Vitro Synthesis and Design of Kinesin Biomolecular Motors by Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1624-1631. [PMID: 37219894 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin is a biomolecular motor that generates force and motility along microtubule cytoskeletons in cells. Owing to their ability to manipulate cellular nanoscale components, microtubule/kinesin systems show great promise as actuators of nanodevices. However, classical in vivo protein production has some limitations for the design and production of kinesins. Designing and producing kinesins is laborious, and conventional protein production requires specific facilities to create and contain recombinant organisms. Here, we demonstrated the in vitro synthesis and editing of functional kinesins using a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. The synthesized kinesins propelled microtubules on a kinesin-coated substrate and showed a higher binding affinity with microtubules than E. coli-produced kinesins. We also successfully incorporated affinity tags into the kinesins by extending the original sequence of the DNA template by PCR. Our method will accelerate the study of biomolecular motor systems and encourage their wider use in various nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Room 605, Building 3, Shiobaru 4-9-1, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohashi
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Taichi E Takasuka
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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2
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Hu X, Guiseppi-Elie A, Dinu CZ. Biomolecular interfaces based on self-assembly and self-recognition form biosensors capable of recording molecular binding and release. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4987-4998. [PMID: 30839012 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research proposed to create the next generation of versatile electrochemical-based biosensors capable of monitoring target capture and release as dictated by molecular binding or unbinding. The biosensor integrates cellular machines (i.e., microtubules, structural elements of cells and kinesin molecular motors involved in cellular transport) as functional units; its assembly is based on molecular self-assembly and self-recognition. Our results demonstrate that the designed biosensor was capable of allowing detection of binding and unbinding events based on redox reactions at user-controlled electrode interfaces. The analysis also showed that the sensitivity of the designed biosensor or its ability to record such events could be user-controlled at any given time by adjusting the energy source that "fuels" the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, WV, USA.
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3
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Du Y, Pan J, Choi JH. A review on optical imaging of DNA nanostructures and dynamic processes. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:012002. [PMID: 30523978 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aaed11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA self-assembly offers a powerful means to construct complex nanostructures and program dynamic molecular processes such as strand displacement. DNA nanosystems pack high structural complexity in a small scale (typically, <100 nm) and span dynamic features over long periods of time, which bring new challenges for characterizations. The spatial and temporal features of DNA nanosystems require novel experimental methods capable of high resolution imaging over long time periods. This article reviews recent advances in optical imaging methods for characterizing self-assembled DNA nanosystems, with particular emphasis on super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. Several advanced strategies are developed to obtain accurate and detailed images of intricate DNA nanogeometries and to perform precise tracking of molecular motions in dynamic processes. We present state-of-the-art instruments and imaging strategies including localization microscopy and spectral imaging. We discuss how they are used in biological studies and biomedical applications, and also provide current challenges and future outlook. Overall, this review serves as a practical guide in optical microscopy for the field of DNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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4
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Tjioe M, Ryoo H, Ishitsuka Y, Ge P, Bookwalter C, Huynh W, McKenney RJ, Trybus KM, Selvin PR. Magnetic Cytoskeleton Affinity Purification of Microtubule Motors Conjugated to Quantum Dots. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2278-2286. [PMID: 29932650 PMCID: PMC6452869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We develop magnetic cytoskeleton affinity (MiCA) purification, which allows for rapid isolation of molecular motors conjugated to large multivalent quantum dots, in miniscule quantities, which is especially useful for single-molecule applications. When purifying labeled molecular motors, an excess of fluorophores or labels is usually used. However, large labels tend to sediment during the centrifugation step of microtubule affinity purification, a traditionally powerful technique for motor purification. This is solved with MiCA, and purification time is cut from 2 h to 20 min, a significant time-savings when it needs to be done daily. For kinesin, MiCA works with as little as 0.6 μg protein, with yield of ∼27%, compared to 41% with traditional purification. We show the utility of MiCA purification in a force-gliding assay with kinesin, allowing, for the first time, simultaneous determination of whether the force from each motor in a multiple-motor system drives or hinders microtubule movement. Furthermore, we demonstrate rapid purification of just 30 ng dynein-dynactin-BICD2N-QD (DDB-QD), ordinarily a difficult protein-complex to purify.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter Huynh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Molecular & Cellular Biology , University of California, Davis , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
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5
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Vélez M. Dynamic and Active Proteins: Biomolecular Motors in Engineered Nanostructures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:121-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Teshima T, Onoe H, Tottori S, Aonuma H, Mizutani T, Kamiya K, Ishihara H, Kanuka H, Takeuchi S. High-Resolution Vertical Observation of Intracellular Structure Using Magnetically Responsive Microplates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3366-3373. [PMID: 27185344 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A vertical confocal observation system capable of high-resolution observation of intracellular structure is demonstrated. The system consists of magnet-active microplates to rotate, incline, and translate single adherent cells in the applied magnetic field. Appended to conventional confocal microscopes, this system enables high-resolution cross-sectional imaging with single-molecule sensitivity in single scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiko Teshima
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tottori
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroka Aonuma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takeomi Mizutani
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Koki Kamiya
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
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7
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Constructing 3D microtubule networks using holographic optical trapping. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18085. [PMID: 26657337 PMCID: PMC4674800 DOI: 10.1038/srep18085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing abilities to assemble nanoscale structures is a major scientific and engineering challenge. We report a technique which allows precise positioning and manipulation of individual rigid filaments, enabling construction of custom-designed 3D filament networks. This approach uses holographic optical trapping (HOT) for nano-positioning and microtubules (MTs) as network building blocks. MTs are desirable engineering components due to their high aspect ratio, rigidity, and their ability to serve as substrate for directed nano-transport, reflecting their roles in the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. The 3D architecture of MT cytoskeleton is a significant component of its function, however experimental tools to study the roles of this geometric complexity in a controlled environment have been lacking. We demonstrate the broad capabilities of our system by building a self-supporting 3D MT-based nanostructure and by conducting a MT-based transport experiment on a dynamically adjustable 3D MT intersection. Our methodology not only will advance studies of cytoskeletal networks (and associated processes such as MT-based transport) but will also likely find use in engineering nanostructures and devices.
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Sikora A, Canova FF, Kim K, Nakazawa H, Umetsu M, Kumagai I, Adschiri T, Hwang W, Teizer W. Behavior of Kinesin Driven Quantum Dots Trapped in a Microtubule Loop. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11003-11013. [PMID: 26426418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of kinesin driven quantum dots (QDs) trapped in a microtubule loop, allowing the investigation of moving QDs for a long time and an unprecedented long distance. The QD conjugates did not depart from our observational field of view, enabling the tracking of specific conjugates for more than 5 min. The unusually long run length and the periodicity caused by the loop track allow comparing and studying the trajectory of the kinesin driven QDs for more than 2 full laps, i.e., about 70 μm, enabling a statistical analysis of interactions of the same kinesin driven object with the same obstacle. The trajectories were extracted and analyzed from kymographs with a newly developed algorithm. Despite dispersion, several repetitive trajectory patterns can be identified. A method evaluating the similarity is introduced allowing a quantitative comparison between the trajectories. The velocity variations appear strongly correlated to the presence of obstacles. We discuss the reasons making this long continuous travel distances on the loop track possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Sikora
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Filippo Federici Canova
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kyongwan Kim
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Adschiri
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3120, United States
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study , Seoul 130-722, Korea
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States
| | - Winfried Teizer
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-4242, United States
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9
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Chan V, Asada HH, Bashir R. Utilization and control of bioactuators across multiple length scales. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:653-670. [PMID: 24345906 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the emerging field of bioactuators across a multitude of length scales. First, we discuss the use and control of biomolecules as nanoscale actuators. Molecular motors, such as DNA, kinesin, myosin, and F1-ATPase, have been shown to exert forces in the range between 1 pN to 45 pN. Second, we discuss the use and control of single and small clusters of cells to power microscale devices. Microorganisms, such as flagellated bacteria, protozoa, and algae, can naturally swim at speeds between 20 μm s(-1) to 2 mm s(-1) and produce thrust forces between 0.3 pN to 200 pN. Individual and clustered mammalian cells, such as cardiac and skeletal cells, can produce even higher contractile forces between 80 nN to 3.5 μN. Finally, we discuss the use and control of 2D- and 3D-assembled muscle tissues and muscle tissue explants as bioactuators to power devices. Depending on the size, composition, and organization of these hierarchical tissue constructs, contractile forces have been demonstrated to produce between 25 μN to 1.18 mN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Abstract
Protein molecules produce diverse functions according to their combination and arrangement as is evident in a living cell. Therefore, they have a great potential for application in future devices. However, it is currently very difficult to construct systems in which a large number of different protein molecules work cooperatively. As an approach to this challenge, we arranged protein molecules in artificial microstructures and assembled an optical device inspired by a molecular system of a fish melanophore. We prepared arrays of cell-like microchambers, each of which contained a scaffold of microtubule seeds at the center. By polymerizing tubulin from the fixed microtubule seeds, we obtained radially arranged microtubules in the chambers. We subsequently prepared pigment granules associated with dynein motors and attached them to the radial microtubule arrays, which made a melanophore-like system. When ATP was added to the system, the color patterns of the chamber successfully changed, due to active transportation of pigments. Furthermore, as an application of the system, image formation on the array of the optical units was performed. This study demonstrates that a properly designed microstructure facilitates arrangement and self-organization of molecules and enables assembly of functional molecular systems.
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11
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Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Morin FO, Fujita H. Specific Transport of Target Molecules by Motor Proteins in Microfluidic Channels. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1618-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Fujimoto K, Kitamura M, Yokokawa M, Kanno I, Kotera H, Yokokawa R. Colocalization of quantum dots by reactive molecules carried by motor proteins on polarized microtubule arrays. ACS NANO 2013; 7:447-455. [PMID: 23230973 DOI: 10.1021/nn3045038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of microfluidics has drastically contributed to downscale the size of benchtop experiments to the dimensions of a chip without compromising results. However, further miniaturization and the ability to directly manipulate individual molecules require a platform that permits organized molecular transport. The motor proteins and microtubules that carry out orderly intracellular transport are ideal for driving in vitro nanotransport. Here, we demonstrate that a reconstruction of the cellular kinesin/dynein-microtubule system in nanotracks provides a molecular total analysis system (MTAS) to control massively parallel chemical reactions. The mobility of kinesin and a microtubule dissociation method enable orientation of a microtubule in an array for directed transport of reactive molecules carried by kinesin or dynein. The binding of glutathione S-transferase (GST) to glutathione (GSH) and the binding of streptavidin to biotin are visualized as colocalizations of quantum dots (Q-dots) when motor motilities bring them into contact. The organized nanotransport demonstrated here suggests the feasibility of using our platform to perform parallel biochemical reactions focused at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fujimoto
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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13
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Sikora A, Oliveira D, Kim K, Liao AL, Umetsu M, Kumagai I, Adschiri T, Hwang W, Teizer W. Quantum Dot Motion on Microtubules. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew L. Liao
- WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University
| | - Winfried Teizer
- WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University
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14
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Shishido H, Maruta S. Engineering of a novel Ca²⁺-regulated kinesin molecular motor using a calmodulin dimer linker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:386-91. [PMID: 22664103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinesin-microtubule system holds great promise as a molecular shuttle device within biochips. However, one current barrier is that such shuttles do not have "on-off" control of their movement. Here we report the development of a novel molecular motor powered by an accelerator and brake system, using a kinesin monomer and a calmodulin (CaM) dimer. The kinesin monomer, K355, was fused with a CaM target peptide (M13 peptide) at the C-terminal part of the neck region (K355-M13). We also prepared CaM dimers using CaM mutants (Q3C), (R86C), or (A147C) and crosslinkers that react with cysteine residues. Following induction of K355-M13 dimerization with CaM dimers, we measured K355-M13 motility and found that it can be reversibly regulated in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. We also found that velocities of K355-M13 varied depending on the type and crosslink position of the CaM dimer used; crosslink length also had a moderate effect on motility. These results suggest Ca(2+)-dependent dimerization of K355-M13 could be used as a novel molecular shuttle, equipped with an accelerator and brake system, for biochip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Shishido
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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15
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Hanson JA, Deming TJ. Functionalized nanoscale through microscale polypeptide stabilized emulsions for display of biomolecules. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Hiyama S, Moritani Y, Gojo R, Takeuchi S, Sutoh K. Biomolecular-motor-based autonomous delivery of lipid vesicles as nano- or microscale reactors on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2741-8. [PMID: 20714497 DOI: 10.1039/c004615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to create an autonomous on-chip system that performs targeted delivery of lipid vesicles (liposomes) as nano- or microscale reactors using machinery from biological systems. Reactor-liposomes would be ideal model cargoes to realize biomolecular-motor-based biochemical analysis chips; however, there are no existing systems that enable targeted delivery of cargo-liposomes in an autonomous manner. By exploiting biomolecular-motor-based motility and DNA hybridization, we demonstrate that single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-labeled microtubules (MTs), gliding on kinesin-coated surfaces, acted as cargo transporters and that ssDNA-labeled cargo-liposomes were loaded/unloaded onto/from gliding MTs without bursting at loading reservoirs/micropatterned unloading sites specified by DNA base sequences. Our results contribute to the development of an alternative strategy to pressure-driven or electrokinetic flow-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hiyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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17
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Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Bottier C, Collard D, Fujita H. A nano-needle/microtubule composite gliding on a kinesin-coated surface for target molecule transport. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:86-91. [PMID: 20024055 DOI: 10.1039/b913312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An alternative method of micro/nano-transport has been achieved by using motor proteins. Microtubules on a kinesin-coated surface have potential to act as a nano-transport system. When microtubules are used as carriers, either cargo or cargo linkers are attached on the microtubule surface. Such cargo attachments can significantly affect kinesin motion. To deal with the difficulty caused by molecular attachment to the microtubule surface, the cargo loading and transport mechanism should be separated. In this work, we propose to use micromachined needles as cargo carriers which then can be transported on microtubules. Because of the separation of needle functionalization and transport mechanism, functionalization of the needles can proceed without any effect on the microtubule structure, significantly increasing the possible types of cargo. We have fabricated silicon needles in mass numbers using a simple and effective method and have shown that the microtubule-needle composites are transported without affecting the kinesin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet C Tarhan
- Center for International Research on MicroMechatronics, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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18
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Shishido H, Nakazato K, Katayama E, Chaen S, Maruta S. Kinesin-Calmodulin fusion protein as a molecular shuttle. J Biochem 2009; 147:213-23. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Agarwal A, Hess H. Molecular Motors as Components of Future Medical Devices and Engineered Materials. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3212823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new frontier in the development of prosthetic devices is the design of nanoscale systems which replace, augment, or support individual cells. Similar to cells, such devices will require the ability to generate mechanical movement, either for transport or actuation. Here, the development of nanoscale transport systems, which integrate biomolecular motors, is reviewed. To date, close to 100 publications have explored the design of such “molecular shuttles” based on the integration of synthetic molecules, nano- and microparticles, and micropatterned structures with kinesin and myosin motors and their associated cytoskeletal filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Tremendous progress has been made in addressing the key challenges of guiding, loading, and controlling the shuttles, providing a foundation for the exploration of applications in medicine and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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20
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Carroll-Portillo A, Bachand M, Greene AC, Bachand GD. In vitro capture, transport, and detection of protein analytes using kinesin-based nanoharvesters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1835-1840. [PMID: 19415649 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Carroll-Portillo
- Physical, Chemical, and Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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21
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Bottier C, Fattaccioli J, Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Morin FO, Kim B, Collard D, Fujita H. Active transport of oil droplets along oriented microtubules by kinesin molecular motors. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1694-1700. [PMID: 19495452 DOI: 10.1039/b822519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the active transport of liquid cargos in the form of oil-in-water emulsion droplets loaded on kinesin motor proteins moving along oriented microtubules. We analyze the motility properties of the kinesin motors (velocity and run length) and find that the liquid cargo in the form of oil droplets does not alter the motor function of the kinesin molecules. This work provides a novel method for handling only a few molecules/particles encapsulated inside the oil droplets and represents a key finding for the integration of kinesin-based active transport into nanoscale lab-on-a-chip devices. We also investigate the effect of the diameter of the droplets on the motility properties of the kinesin motors. The velocity is approximately constant irrespective of the diameter of the droplets whereas we highlight a strong increase of the run length when the diameter of the droplets increases. We correlate these results with the number of kinesin motors involved in the transport process and find an excellent agreement between our experimental result and a theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bottier
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo University, 153-5805, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Rong G, Wang H, Skewis LR, Reinhard BM. Resolving sub-diffraction limit encounters in nanoparticle tracking using live cell plasmon coupling microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3386-93. [PMID: 18788826 PMCID: PMC2684112 DOI: 10.1021/nl802058q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We use plasmon coupling between individual gold nanoparticle labels to monitor subdiffraction limit distances in live cell nanoparticle tracking experiments. While the resolving power of our optical microscope is limited to approximately 500 nm, we improve this by more than an order of magnitude by detecting plasmon coupling between individual gold nanoparticle labels using a ratiometric detection scheme. We apply this plasmon coupling microscopy to resolve the interparticle separations during individual encounters of gold nanoparticle labeled fibronectin-integrin complexes in living HeLa cells.
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23
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Yokokawa R, Tarhan MC, Kon T, Fujita H. Simultaneous and bidirectional transport of kinesin-coated microspheres and dynein-coated microspheres on polarity-oriented microtubules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Goel A, Vogel V. Harnessing biological motors to engineer systems for nanoscale transport and assembly. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:465-475. [PMID: 18685633 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Living systems use biological nanomotors to build life's essential molecules--such as DNA and proteins--as well as to transport cargo inside cells with both spatial and temporal precision. Each motor is highly specialized and carries out a distinct function within the cell. Some have even evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure quality control during nanomanufacturing processes, whether to correct errors in biosynthesis or to detect and permit the repair of damaged transport highways. In general, these nanomotors consume chemical energy in order to undergo a series of shape changes that let them interact sequentially with other molecules. Here we review some of the many tasks that biomotors perform and analyse their underlying design principles from an engineering perspective. We also discuss experiments and strategies to integrate biomotors into synthetic environments for applications such as sensing, transport and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Goel
- Nanobiosym Labs, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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25
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Wang H, Tessmer I, Croteau DL, Erie DA, Van Houten B. Functional characterization and atomic force microscopy of a DNA repair protein conjugated to a quantum dot. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1631-1637. [PMID: 18444686 PMCID: PMC3941028 DOI: 10.1021/nl080316l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) possess highly desirable optical properties that make them ideal fluorescent labels for studying the dynamic behavior of proteins. However, a lack of characterization methods for reliably determining protein-quantum dot conjugate stoichiometry and functionality has impeded their widespread use in single-molecule studies. We used atomic force microscopic (AFM) imaging to demonstrate the 1:1 formation of UvrB-QD conjugates based on an antibody-sandwich method. We show that an agarose gel-based electrophoresis mobility shift assay and AFM can be used to evaluate the DNA binding function of UvrB-QD conjugates. Importantly, we demonstrate that quantum dots can serve as a molecular marker to unambiguously identify the presence of a labeled protein in AFM images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dorothy A. Erie
- Corresponding authors: (D.A.E.); (B.V.H.). Telephone: (919) 962-6370 (D.A.E.); (919) 541-2799 (B.V.H.). Fax: (919) 962-2388 (D.A.E.); (919) 541-7593 (B.V.H.)
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Corresponding authors: (D.A.E.); (B.V.H.). Telephone: (919) 962-6370 (D.A.E.); (919) 541-2799 (B.V.H.). Fax: (919) 962-2388 (D.A.E.); (919) 541-7593 (B.V.H.)
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26
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Abstract
In vivo studies suggest that centromeric protein E (CENP-E), a kinesin-7 family member, plays a key role in the movement of chromosomes toward the metaphase plate during mitosis. How CENP-E accomplishes this crucial task, however, is not clear. Here we present single-molecule measurements of CENP-E that demonstrate that this motor moves processively toward the plus end of microtubules, with an average run length of 2.6 +/- 0.2 mum, in a hand-over-hand fashion, taking 8-nm steps with a stall force of 6 +/- 0.1 pN. The ATP dependence of motor velocity obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K(M,ATP) = 35 +/- 5 muM. All of these features are remarkably similar to those for kinesin-1-a highly processive transport motor. We, therefore, propose that CENP-E transports chromosomes in a manner analogous to how kinesin-1 transports cytoplasmic vesicles.
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27
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Yokokawa R, Murakami T, Sugie T, Kon T. Polarity orientation of microtubules utilizing a dynein-based gliding assay. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:125505. [PMID: 21817732 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/12/125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The motor protein dynein was introduced into a nanotransport system. We oriented microtubules by their polarity, and immobilized them based on a dynein-microtubule gliding assay system. This system achieved unidirectional transport of kinesin-coated microbeads. In contrast to conventional kinesin-based orientation systems, the dynein-based system allowed the reverse motion of microtubules, resulting in an inversion of the orientation of microtubule polarity and thus reverse transport of kinesin-coated microbeads. This combined kinesin- and dynein-based system constitutes a new means to facilitate the bidirectional orientation of microtubules and transport of cargos in a nanofluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro System Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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28
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Raab M, Hancock WO. Transport and detection of unlabeled nucleotide targets by microtubules functionalized with molecular beacons. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:764-73. [PMID: 17879297 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shrinking biosensors down to microscale dimensions enables increases in sensitivity and the ability to analyze minute samples such as the contents of individual cells. The goal of the present study is to create mobile microscale biosensors by attaching molecular beacons to microtubules and using kinesin molecular motors to transport these functionalized microtubules across two-dimensional surfaces. Previous work has shown that microfluidic channels can be functionalized with kinesin motors such that microtubules can be transported and directed through these channels without the need for external power or pressure-driven pumping. In this work, we show that molecular beacons can be attached to microtubules such that both the fluorescence reporting capability of the beacon and the motility of the microtubules are retained. These molecular beacon-functionalized microtubules were able to bind ssDNA target sequences, transport them across surfaces, and report their presence by an increase in fluorescence that was detected by fluorescence microscopy. This work is an important step toward creating hybrid microdevices for sensitive virus detection or analyzing mRNA profiles of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Raab
- Department of Bioengineering, 229 Hallowell Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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29
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Uppalapati M, Huang YM, Jackson TN, Hancock WO. Enhancing the stability of kinesin motors for microscale transport applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:358-361. [PMID: 18231678 DOI: 10.1039/b714989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular motors, such as kinesins, have great potential for micro-actuation and micro- or nanoscale active transport when integrated into microscale devices. However, the stability and limited shelf life of these motor proteins and their associated protein filaments is a barrier to their implementation. Here we demonstrate that freeze-drying or critical point-drying kinesins adsorbed to glass surfaces extends their lifetime from days to more than four months. Further, photoresist deposition and removal can be carried out on these motor-adsorbed surfaces without loss of motor function. The methods developed here are an important step towards realizing the integration of biological motors into practical devices, and these approaches can be extended to patterning and preserving other proteins immobilized on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Bioengineering, Penn State University, 229 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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30
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Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Machines Working on Surfaces and at Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:202-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Interliggi KA, Zeile WL, Ciftan-Hens SA, McGuire GE, Purich DL, Dickinson RB. Guidance of actin filament elongation on filament-binding tracks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11911-11916. [PMID: 17929952 DOI: 10.1021/la7016227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular motors, which convert chemical energy into mechanical work in intracellular processes, have high potential in bionanotechnology in vitro as molecular shuttles or nanoscale actuators. In this context, guided elongation of actin filaments in vitro could be used to lay tracks for myosin motor-based shuttles or to direct nanoscale actuators based on actin filament end-tracking motors. To guide the direction of filament polymerization on surfaces, microcontact printing was used to create tracks of chemically modified myosin, which binds to, but cannot exert force on, filaments. These filament-binding tracks captured nascent filaments from solution and guided the direction of their subsequent elongation. The effect of track width and protein surface density on filament alignment and elongation rate was quantified. These results indicate that microcontact printing is a useful method for guiding actin filament polymerization in vitro for biomolecular motor-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Interliggi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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32
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Brunner C, Wahnes C, Vogel V. Cargo pick-up from engineered loading stations by kinesin driven molecular shuttles. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1263-71. [PMID: 17896009 DOI: 10.1039/b707301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting biological motors ex vivo to transport and distribute cargo with high spatial control, as done by cells, requires that we learn how molecular shuttles (microtubules propelled by kinesins) can pick up cargo from defined surface regions (loading stations). The main challenge of building microfabricated cargo loading stations is to adjust the sum of non-covalent interactions such that the station stably holds on to the cargo under static conditions, but allows for transfer when a gliding microtubule collides with station-bound cargo and starts to pull on it. Successful pick-up of cargo could be observed using biotin-anti-biotin interactions and hybridized oligonucleotides. The effect of different tethering chemistries on the efficiency of cargo pick-up was tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brunner
- Laboratory for Biologically Oriented Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Abstract
Myosin–actin and kinesin–microtubule linear protein motor systems and their application in hybrid nanodevices are reviewed. Research during the past several decades has provided a wealth of understanding about the fundamentals of protein motors that continues to be pursued. It has also laid the foundations for a new branch of investigation that considers the application of these motors as key functional elements in laboratory-on-a-chip and other micro/nanodevices. Current models of myosin and kinesin motors are introduced and the effects of motility assay parameters, including temperature, toxicity, and in particular, surface effects on motor protein operation, are discussed. These parameters set the boundaries for gliding and bead motility assays. The review describes recent developments in assay motility confinement and unidirectional control, using micro- and nano-fabricated structures, surface patterning, microfluidic flow, electromagnetic fields, and self-assembled actin filament/microtubule tracks. Current protein motor assays are primitive devices, and the developments in governing control can lead to promising applications such as sensing, nano-mechanical drivers, and biocomputation.
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34
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Fischer T, Hess H. Materials chemistry challenges in the design of hybrid bionanodevices: supporting protein function within artificial environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615278c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Hutchins BM, Platt M, Hancock WO, Williams ME. Directing transport of CoFe2O4-functionalized microtubules with magnetic fields. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:126-31. [PMID: 17294483 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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