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Bing Z, Rohregger A, Walter F, Huang Y, Lucas P, Morin FO, Huang K, Knoll A. Lateral flexion of a compliant spine improves motor performance in a bioinspired mouse robot. Sci Robot 2023; 8:eadg7165. [PMID: 38055804 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adg7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A flexible spine is critical to the motion capability of most animals and plays a pivotal role in their agility. Although state-of-the-art legged robots have already achieved very dynamic and agile movement solely relying on their legs, they still exhibit the type of stiff movement that compromises movement efficiency. The integration of a flexible spine thus appears to be a promising approach to improve their agility, especially for small and underactuated quadruped robots that are underpowered because of size limitations. Here, we show that the lateral flexion of a compliant spine can promote both walking speed and maneuver agility for a neurorobotic mouse (NeRmo). We present NeRmo as a biomimetic robotic mouse that mimics the morphology of biological mice and their muscle-tendon actuation system. First, by leveraging the lateral flexion of the compliant spine, NeRmo can greatly increase its static stability in an initially unstable configuration by adjusting its posture. Second, the lateral flexion of the spine can also effectively extend the stride length of a gait and therefore improve the walking speeds of NeRmo. Finally, NeRmo shows agile maneuvers that require both a small turning radius and fast walking speed with the help of the spine. These results advance our understanding of spine-based quadruped locomotion skills and highlight promising design concepts to develop more agile legged robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Bing
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Alex Rohregger
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Walter
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
- Machine Intelligence Lab, Department Engineering, University of Technology Nuremberg, Ulmenstrasse 52i, 90443 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Peer Lucas
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabrice O Morin
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510330 Guangzhou, China
- Pazhou Lab, 510335 Guangzhou, China
| | - Alois Knoll
- Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85748 Munich, Germany
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Kuniyoshi Y, Kuriyama R, Omura S, Gutierrez CE, Sun Z, Feldotto B, Albanese U, Knoll AC, Yamada T, Hirayama T, Morin FO, Igarashi J, Doya K, Yamazaki T. Embodied bidirectional simulation of a spiking cortico-basal ganglia-cerebellar-thalamic brain model and a mouse musculoskeletal body model distributed across computers including the supercomputer Fugaku. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1269848. [PMID: 37867618 PMCID: PMC10585105 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1269848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Embodied simulation with a digital brain model and a realistic musculoskeletal body model provides a means to understand animal behavior and behavioral change. Such simulation can be too large and complex to conduct on a single computer, and so distributed simulation across multiple computers over the Internet is necessary. In this study, we report our joint effort on developing a spiking brain model and a mouse body model, connecting over the Internet, and conducting bidirectional simulation while synchronizing them. Specifically, the brain model consisted of multiple regions including secondary motor cortex, primary motor and somatosensory cortices, basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus, whereas the mouse body model, provided by the Neurorobotics Platform of the Human Brain Project, had a movable forelimb with three joints and six antagonistic muscles to act in a virtual environment. Those were simulated in a distributed manner across multiple computers including the supercomputer Fugaku, which is the flagship supercomputer in Japan, while communicating via Robot Operating System (ROS). To incorporate models written in C/C++ in the distributed simulation, we developed a C++ version of the rosbridge library from scratch, which has been released under an open source license. These results provide necessary tools for distributed embodied simulation, and demonstrate its possibility and usefulness toward understanding animal behavior and behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kuniyoshi
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rin Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Omura
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carlos Enrique Gutierrez
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Zhe Sun
- Image Processing Research Team, Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
- Computational Engineering Applications Unit, Head Office for Information Systems and Cybersecurity, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Benedikt Feldotto
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ugo Albanese
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alois C. Knoll
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Taiki Yamada
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hirayama
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fabrice O. Morin
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jun Igarashi
- Computational Engineering Applications Unit, Head Office for Information Systems and Cybersecurity, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenji Doya
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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Bing Z, Knak L, Cheng L, Morin FO, Huang K, Knoll A. Meta-Reinforcement Learning in Nonstationary and Nonparametric Environments. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 2023; PP:1-15. [PMID: 37224358 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2023.3270298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent state-of-the-art artificial agents lack the ability to adapt rapidly to new tasks, as they are trained exclusively for specific objectives and require massive amounts of interaction to learn new skills. Meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) addresses this challenge by leveraging knowledge learned from training tasks to perform well in previously unseen tasks. However, current meta-RL approaches limit themselves to narrow parametric and stationary task distributions, ignoring qualitative differences and nonstationary changes between tasks that occur in the real world. In this article, we introduce a Task-Inference-based meta-RL algorithm using explicitly parameterized Gaussian variational autoencoders (VAEs) and gated Recurrent units (TIGR), designed for nonparametric and nonstationary environments. We employ a generative model involving a VAE to capture the multimodality of the tasks. We decouple the policy training from the task-inference learning and efficiently train the inference mechanism on the basis of an unsupervised reconstruction objective. We establish a zero-shot adaptation procedure to enable the agent to adapt to nonstationary task changes. We provide a benchmark with qualitatively distinct tasks based on the half-cheetah environment and demonstrate the superior performance of TIGR compared with state-of-the-art meta-RL approaches in terms of sample efficiency (three to ten times faster), asymptotic performance, and applicability in nonparametric and nonstationary environments with zero-shot adaptation. Videos can be viewed at https://videoviewsite.wixsite.com/tigr.
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Bing Z, Brucker M, Morin FO, Li R, Su X, Huang K, Knoll A. Complex Robotic Manipulation via Graph-Based Hindsight Goal Generation. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 2022; 33:7863-7876. [PMID: 34181552 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2021.3088947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement learning algorithms, such as hindsight experience replay (HER) and hindsight goal generation (HGG), have been able to solve challenging robotic manipulation tasks in multigoal settings with sparse rewards. HER achieves its training success through hindsight replays of past experience with heuristic goals but underperforms in challenging tasks in which goals are difficult to explore. HGG enhances HER by selecting intermediate goals that are easy to achieve in the short term and promising to lead to target goals in the long term. This guided exploration makes HGG applicable to tasks in which target goals are far away from the object's initial position. However, the vanilla HGG is not applicable to manipulation tasks with obstacles because the Euclidean metric used for HGG is not an accurate distance metric in such an environment. Although, with the guidance of a handcrafted distance grid, grid-based HGG can solve manipulation tasks with obstacles, a more feasible method that can solve such tasks automatically is still in demand. In this article, we propose graph-based hindsight goal generation (G-HGG), an extension of HGG selecting hindsight goals based on shortest distances in an obstacle-avoiding graph, which is a discrete representation of the environment. We evaluated G-HGG on four challenging manipulation tasks with obstacles, where significant enhancements in both sample efficiency and overall success rate are shown over HGG and HER. Videos can be viewed at https://videoviewsite.wixsite.com/ghgg.
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Feldotto B, Eppler JM, Jimenez-Romero C, Bignamini C, Gutierrez CE, Albanese U, Retamino E, Vorobev V, Zolfaghari V, Upton A, Sun Z, Yamaura H, Heidarinejad M, Klijn W, Morrison A, Cruz F, McMurtrie C, Knoll AC, Igarashi J, Yamazaki T, Doya K, Morin FO. Deploying and Optimizing Embodied Simulations of Large-Scale Spiking Neural Networks on HPC Infrastructure. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:884180. [PMID: 35662903 PMCID: PMC9160925 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.884180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulating the brain-body-environment trinity in closed loop is an attractive proposal to investigate how perception, motor activity and interactions with the environment shape brain activity, and vice versa. The relevance of this embodied approach, however, hinges entirely on the modeled complexity of the various simulated phenomena. In this article, we introduce a software framework that is capable of simulating large-scale, biologically realistic networks of spiking neurons embodied in a biomechanically accurate musculoskeletal system that interacts with a physically realistic virtual environment. We deploy this framework on the high performance computing resources of the EBRAINS research infrastructure and we investigate the scaling performance by distributing computation across an increasing number of interconnected compute nodes. Our architecture is based on requested compute nodes as well as persistent virtual machines; this provides a high-performance simulation environment that is accessible to multi-domain users without expert knowledge, with a view to enable users to instantiate and control simulations at custom scale via a web-based graphical user interface. Our simulation environment, entirely open source, is based on the Neurorobotics Platform developed in the context of the Human Brain Project, and the NEST simulator. We characterize the capabilities of our parallelized architecture for large-scale embodied brain simulations through two benchmark experiments, by investigating the effects of scaling compute resources on performance defined in terms of experiment runtime, brain instantiation and simulation time. The first benchmark is based on a large-scale balanced network, while the second one is a multi-region embodied brain simulation consisting of more than a million neurons and a billion synapses. Both benchmarks clearly show how scaling compute resources improves the aforementioned performance metrics in a near-linear fashion. The second benchmark in particular is indicative of both the potential and limitations of a highly distributed simulation in terms of a trade-off between computation speed and resource cost. Our simulation architecture is being prepared to be accessible for everyone as an EBRAINS service, thereby offering a community-wide tool with a unique workflow that should provide momentum to the investigation of closed-loop embodiment within the computational neuroscience community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Feldotto
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Benedikt Feldotto
| | - Jochen Martin Eppler
- Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute for Advanced Simulation, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Cristian Jimenez-Romero
- Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute for Advanced Simulation, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Carlos Enrique Gutierrez
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ugo Albanese
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Eloy Retamino
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, Research Centre for Information and Communication Technologies, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Viktor Vorobev
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vahid Zolfaghari
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alex Upton
- Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), ETH Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Zhe Sun
- Image Processing Research Team, Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
- Computational Engineering Applications Unit, Head Office for Information Systems and Cybersecurity, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaura
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morteza Heidarinejad
- Computational Engineering Applications Unit, Head Office for Information Systems and Cybersecurity, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Wouter Klijn
- Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute for Advanced Simulation, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Abigail Morrison
- Simulation and Data Lab Neuroscience, Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute for Advanced Simulation, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Research Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6), Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich, Germany
- Computer Science 3-Software Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felipe Cruz
- Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), ETH Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Colin McMurtrie
- Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), ETH Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alois C. Knoll
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jun Igarashi
- Computational Engineering Applications Unit, Head Office for Information Systems and Cybersecurity, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Doya
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Fabrice O. Morin
- Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bing Z, Sewisy AE, Zhuang G, Walter F, Morin FO, Huang K, Knoll A. Toward Cognitive Navigation: Design and Implementation of a Biologically Inspired Head Direction Cell Network. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 2022; 33:2147-2158. [PMID: 34860654 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2021.3128380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a vital cognitive function of animals, the navigation skill is first built on the accurate perception of the directional heading in the environment. Head direction cells (HDCs), found in the limbic system of animals, are proven to play an important role in identifying the directional heading allocentrically in the horizontal plane, independent of the animal's location and the ambient conditions of the environment. However, practical HDC models that can be implemented in robotic applications are rarely investigated, especially those that are biologically plausible and yet applicable to the real world. In this article, we propose a computational HDC network that is consistent with several neurophysiological findings concerning biological HDCs and then implement it in robotic navigation tasks. The HDC network keeps a representation of the directional heading only relying on the angular velocity as an input. We examine the proposed HDC model in extensive simulations and real-world experiments and demonstrate its excellent performance in terms of accuracy and real-time capability.
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Feldotto B, Morin FO, Knoll A. The Neurorobotics Platform Robot Designer: Modeling Morphologies for Embodied Learning Experiments. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:856727. [PMID: 35548779 PMCID: PMC9083454 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.856727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The more we investigate the principles of motion learning in biological systems, the more we reveal the central role that body morphology plays in motion execution. Not only does anatomy define the kinematics and therefore the complexity of possible movements, but it now becomes clear that part of the computation required for motion control is offloaded to body dynamics (a phenomenon referred to as “Morphological Computation.”) Consequentially, a proper design of body morphology is essential to carry out meaningful simulations on motor control of robotic and musculoskeletal systems. The design should not be fixed for simulation experiments beforehand, but is a central research aspect in every motion learning experiment that requires continuous adaptation during the experimental phase. We herein introduce a plugin for the 3D modeling suite Blender that enables researchers to design morphologies for simulation experiments in, particularly but not restricted to, the Neurorobotics Platform. We include design capabilities for both musculoskeletal bodies, as well as robotic systems in the Robot Designer. Thereby, we hope to not only foster understanding of biological motions and enabling better robot designs, but enabling true Neurorobotic experiments that may consist of biomimetic models such as tendon-driven robot as a mix of both or a transition between both biology and technology. This plugin helps researchers design and parameterize models with a Graphical User Interface and thus simplifies and speeds up the overall design process.
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Bing Z, Alvarez E, Cheng L, Morin FO, Li R, Su X, Huang K, Knoll A. Robotic Manipulation in Dynamic Scenarios via Bounding-Box-Based Hindsight Goal Generation. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 2021; PP:1-14. [PMID: 34762592 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2021.3124366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By relabeling past experience with heuristic or curriculum goals, state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms such as hindsight experience replay (HER), hindsight goal generation (HGG), and graph-based HGG (G-HGG) have been able to solve challenging robotic manipulation tasks in multigoal settings with sparse rewards. HGG outperforms HER in challenging tasks in which goals are difficult to explore by learning from a curriculum, in which intermediate goals are selected based on the Euclidean distance to target goals. G-HGG enhances HGG by selecting intermediate goals from a precomputed graph representation of the environment, which enables its applicability in an environment with stationary obstacles. However, G-HGG is not applicable to manipulation tasks with dynamic obstacles, since its graph representation is only valid in static scenarios and fails to provide any correct information to guide the exploration. In this article, we propose bounding-box-based HGG (Bbox-HGG), an extension of G-HGG selecting hindsight goals with the help of image observations of the environment, which makes it applicable to tasks with dynamic obstacles. We evaluate Bbox-HGG on four challenging manipulation tasks, where significant enhancements in both sample efficiency and overall success rate are shown over state-of-the-art algorithms. The videos can be viewed at https://videoviewsite.wixsite.com/bbhgg.
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Aicardi C, Akintoye S, Fothergill BT, Guerrero M, Klinker G, Knight W, Klüver L, Morel Y, Morin FO, Stahl BC, Ulnicane I. Ethical and Social Aspects of Neurorobotics. Sci Eng Ethics 2020; 26:2533-2546. [PMID: 32700245 PMCID: PMC7550362 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interdisciplinary field of neurorobotics looks to neuroscience to overcome the limitations of modern robotics technology, to robotics to advance our understanding of the neural system's inner workings, and to information technology to develop tools that support those complementary endeavours. The development of these technologies is still at an early stage, which makes them an ideal candidate for proactive and anticipatory ethical reflection. This article explains the current state of neurorobotics development within the Human Brain Project, originating from a close collaboration between the scientific and technical experts who drive neurorobotics innovation, and the humanities and social sciences scholars who provide contextualising and reflective capabilities. This article discusses some of the ethical issues which can reasonably be expected. On this basis, the article explores possible gaps identified within this collaborative, ethical reflection that calls for attention to ensure that the development of neurorobotics is ethically sound and socially acceptable and desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simisola Akintoye
- Institute for Law, Justice and Society, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - B Tyr Fothergill
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Manuel Guerrero
- Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics (CRB), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Bioethics and Medical Humanities, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - William Knight
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Lars Klüver
- The Danish Board of Technology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Bernd Carsten Stahl
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Inga Ulnicane
- Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
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Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Morin FO, Fujita H. Specific Transport of Target Molecules by Motor Proteins in Microfluidic Channels. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1618-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bottier C, Fattaccioli J, Tarhan MC, Yokokawa R, Morin FO, Kim B, Collard D, Fujita H. Active transport of oil droplets along oriented microtubules by kinesin molecular motors. Lab Chip 2009; 9:1694-1700. [PMID: 19495452 DOI: 10.1039/b822519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the active transport of liquid cargos in the form of oil-in-water emulsion droplets loaded on kinesin motor proteins moving along oriented microtubules. We analyze the motility properties of the kinesin motors (velocity and run length) and find that the liquid cargo in the form of oil droplets does not alter the motor function of the kinesin molecules. This work provides a novel method for handling only a few molecules/particles encapsulated inside the oil droplets and represents a key finding for the integration of kinesin-based active transport into nanoscale lab-on-a-chip devices. We also investigate the effect of the diameter of the droplets on the motility properties of the kinesin motors. The velocity is approximately constant irrespective of the diameter of the droplets whereas we highlight a strong increase of the run length when the diameter of the droplets increases. We correlate these results with the number of kinesin motors involved in the transport process and find an excellent agreement between our experimental result and a theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bottier
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS, Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo University, 153-5805, Tokyo, Japan.
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Morin FO, Takamura Y, Tamiya E. Investigating neuronal activity with planar microelectrode arrays: achievements and new perspectives. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:131-43. [PMID: 16198254 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal networks underlie memory storage and information processing in the human brain, and ultimately participate in what Eccles referred to as "the creation of consciousness". Moreover, as physiological dysfunctions of neurons almost always translate into serious health issues, the study of the dynamics of neuronal networks has become a major avenue of research, as well as their response to pharmacological tampering. Planar microelectrode arrays represent a unique tool to investigate such dynamics and interferences, as they allow one to observe the activity of neuronal networks spread in both space and time. We will here review the major results obtained with microelectrode arrays and give an overview of the latest technological developments in the field, including our own efforts to develop the potential of this already powerful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice O Morin
- School of Chemical Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi-shi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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