1
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Yang H, Sun L, Chen R, Xiong Z, Yu W, Liu Z, Chen H. Biomimetic dendritic polymeric microspheres induce enhanced T cell activation and expansion for adoptive tumor immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122048. [PMID: 36842237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of bioactive materials are currently developed to expand T cells ex vivo for adoptive T cell immunotherapy, also known as called artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs). However, almost all the reported designs exhibit relatively smooth surface modified with T cell activating biomolecules, and therefore cannot well mimic the dendritic morphological characteristics of dendritic cells (DCs), the most important type of natural antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with high specific surface areas. Here, we propose a hydrophilic monomer-mediated surface morphology control strategy to synthesize biocompatible dendritic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microspheres for constructing aAPCs with surface morphology mimicking natural APCs (e.g., DCs). Interestingly, when maintaining the same ligands density, dendritic polymeric microspheres-based aAPCs (DPM beads) can more efficiently expand CD8+ T cells than that with smooth surfaces. Moreover, adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expanded by the DPM beads show significant antitumor effect of B16-OVA tumor bearing mice. Therefore, we provide a new concept for constructing biomimetic aAPCs with enhanced T cell expansion ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lele Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zijian Xiong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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2
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Neumann HR, Selhuber-Unkel C. High-throughput micro-nanostructuring by microdroplet inkjet printing. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2372-2380. [PMID: 30254832 PMCID: PMC6142749 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of micrometer-sized structures comprised of nanoparticles in defined patterns and densities is highly important in many fields, ranging from nano-optics to biosensor technologies and biomaterials. A well-established method to fabricate quasi-hexagonal patterns of metal nanoparticles is block copolymer micelle nanolithography, which relies on the self-assembly of metal-loaded micelles on surfaces by a dip-coating or spin-coating process. Using this method, the spacing of the nanoparticles is controlled by the size of the micelles and by the coating conditions. Whereas block copolymer micelle nanolithography is a high-throughput method for generating well-ordered nanoparticle patterns at the nanoscale, so far it has been inefficient in generating a hierarchical overlay structure at the micrometer scale. Here, we show that by combining block copolymer micelle nanolithography with inkjet printing, hierarchical patterns of gold nanoparticles in the form of microstructures can be achieved in a high-throughput process. Inkjet printing was used to generate droplets of the micelle solution on surfaces, resulting in printed circles that contain patterns of gold nanoparticles with an interparticle spacing between 25 and 42 nm. We tested this method on different silicon and nickel-titanium surfaces and the generated patterns were found to depend on the material type and surface topography. Based on the presented strategy, we were able to achieve patterning times of a few seconds and produce quasi-hexagonal micro-nanopatterns of gold nanoparticles on smooth surfaces. Hence, this method is a high-throughput method that can be used to coat surfaces with nanoparticles in a user-defined pattern at the micrometer scale. As the nanoparticles provide a chemical contrast on the surface, they can be further functionalized and are therefore highly relevant for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrikje R Neumann
- Biocompatible Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Biocompatible Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Cai H, Depoil D, Muller J, Sheetz MP, Dustin ML, Wind SJ. Spatial Control of Biological Ligands on Surfaces Applied to T Cell Activation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1584:307-331. [PMID: 28255709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present techniques, based on molecular-scale nanofabrication and selective self-assembly, for the presentation of biomolecules of interest (ligands, receptors, etc.) on a surface with precise spatial control and arbitrary geometry at the single-molecule level. Metallic nanodot arrays are created on glass coverslips and are then used as anchors for the immobilization of biological ligands via thiol linking chemistry. The nanodot size is controlled by both lithography and metallization. The reagent concentration in self-assembly can be adjusted to ensure single-molecule occupancy for a given dot size. The surrounding glass is backfilled by a protein-repellent layer to prevent nonspecific adsorption. Moreover, bifunctional surfaces are created, whereby a second ligand is presented on the background, which is frequently a requirement for simulating complex cellular functions involving more than one key ligand. This platform serves as a novel and powerful tool for molecular and cellular biology, e.g., to study the fundamental mechanisms of receptor-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - David Depoil
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Muller
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA.,National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Shalom J Wind
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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4
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Cai H, Wolfenson H, Depoil D, Dustin ML, Sheetz MP, Wind SJ. Molecular Occupancy of Nanodot Arrays. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4173-83. [PMID: 26966946 PMCID: PMC5337305 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule nanodot arrays, in which a biomolecule of choice (protein, nucleic acid, etc.) is bound to a metallic nanoparticle on a solid substrate, are becoming an increasingly important tool in the study of biomolecular and cellular interactions. We have developed an on-chip measurement protocol to monitor and control the molecular occupancy of nanodots. Arrays of widely spaced nanodots and nanodot clusters were fabricated on glass surfaces by nanolithography and functionalized with fluorescently labeled proteins. The molecular occupancy was determined by monitoring individual fluorophore bleaching events, while accounting for fluorescence quenching effects. We found that the occupancy can be interpreted as a packing problem, and depends on nanodot size and binding ligand concentration, where the latter is easily adjusted to compensate the flexibility of dimension control in nanofabrication. The results are scalable with nanodot cluster size, extending to large area close packed arrays. As an example, the nanoarray platform was used to probe the geometric requirement of T-cell activation at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David Depoil
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Sheetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shalom J. Wind
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Loger K, Engel A, Haupt J, Li Q, Lima de Miranda R, Quandt E, Lutter G, Selhuber-Unkel C. Cell adhesion on NiTi thin film sputter-deposited meshes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:611-616. [PMID: 26652414 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds for tissue engineering enable the possibility to fabricate and form biomedical implants in vitro, which fulfill special functionality in vivo. In this study, free-standing Nickel–Titanium(NiTi) thin film mesheswere produced by means of magnetron sputter deposition.Meshes contained precisely defined rhombic holes in the size of 440 to 1309 μm2 and a strut width ranging from 5.3 to 9.2 μm. The effective mechanical properties of the microstructured superelastic NiTi thin film were examined by tensile testing. These results will be adapted for the design of the holes in the film. The influence of hole and strut dimensions on the adhesion of sheep autologous cells (CD133+) was studied after 24 h and after seven days of incubation. Optical analysis using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that cell adhesion depends on the structural parameters of the mesh. After 7 days in cell culture a large part of the mesh was covered with aligned fibrous material. Cell adhesion is particularly facilitated on meshes with small rhombic holes of 440 μm2 and a strut width of 5.3 μm. Our results demonstrate that free-standing NiTi thin film meshes have a promising potential for applicationsin cardiovascular tissue engineering, particularly for the fabrication of heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Loger
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - A Engel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - J Haupt
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Q Li
- Biocompatible Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - R Lima de Miranda
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Germany; ACQUANDAS GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - E Quandt
- Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - G Lutter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Selhuber-Unkel
- Biocompatible Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Germany
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6
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Andersen AS, Sutherland DS, Ogaki R. Hierarchical protein patterning by meso to molecular scale self-assembly. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:415302. [PMID: 26392048 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/41/415302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous protein patterning methodologies are used extensively for biomedical research and development. We have developed a novel bottom-up protein patterning method using a combination of self-assembly processes in the meso to molecular scale range to allow hierarchical protein patterns to be straightforwardly fabricated with low cost over large areas. As a proof of principle, we patterned vitronectin in various dimensional hierarchies using meso to nanoscale colloids and self-assembled monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Andersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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7
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Kadem LF, Lamprecht C, Purtov J, Selhuber-Unkel C. Controlled Self-Assembly of Hexagonal Nanoparticle Patterns on Nanotopographies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:9261-9265. [PMID: 26267815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diblock copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCML) is a versatile and efficient method to cover large surface areas with hexagonally ordered arrays of metal nanoparticles, in which the nanoparticles are equally spaced. However, this method falls short of providing a controlled allocation of such regular nanoparticle arrays with specific spacing into micropatterns. We present here a quick and high-throughput method to generate quasi-hexagonal nanoparticle structures with well-defined interparticle spacing on segments of nanotopographic Si substrates. The topographic height of these segments plays a dominant role in dictating the spacing between the gold nanoparticles, as the nanoparticle arrangement is controlled by immersion forces and by their self-assembly within the segments. Our novel strategy of employing a single-step BCML routine is a highly promising method for the fabrication of regular gold nanopatterns in micropatterns for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith F Kadem
- Institute for Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - Constanze Lamprecht
- Institute for Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - Julia Purtov
- Institute for Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute for Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
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8
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Tran H, Ronaldson K, Bailey NA, Lynd NA, Killops KL, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Campos LM. Hierarchically ordered nanopatterns for spatial control of biomolecules. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11846-53. [PMID: 25363506 PMCID: PMC4246004 DOI: 10.1021/nn505548n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The development and study of a benchtop, high-throughput, and inexpensive fabrication strategy to obtain hierarchical patterns of biomolecules with sub-50 nm resolution is presented. A diblock copolymer of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide), PS-b-PEO, is synthesized with biotin capping the PEO block and 4-bromostyrene copolymerized within the polystyrene block at 5 wt %. These two handles allow thin films of the block copolymer to be postfunctionalized with biotinylated biomolecules of interest and to obtain micropatterns of nanoscale-ordered films via photolithography. The design of this single polymer further allows access to two distinct superficial nanopatterns (lines and dots), where the PEO cylinders are oriented parallel or perpendicular to the substrate. Moreover, we present a strategy to obtain hierarchical mixed morphologies: a thin-film coating of cylinders both parallel and perpendicular to the substrate can be obtained by tuning the solvent annealing and irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kacey Ronaldson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nevette A. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kato L. Killops
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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9
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Meyerbröker N, Zharnikov M. Hydrogel nanomembranes as templates for patterned deposition of nanoparticles on arbitrary substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14729-14735. [PMID: 25019522 DOI: 10.1021/am504358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of nanoparticles (NPs) on solid supports are usually restricted to a particular substrate or a class of substrates. Here we present a procedure that decouples the patterning step from the target substrate, enabling the fabrication of custom designed NP assemblies on nearly any solid support, including nonflat ones. The procedure relies on a hydrogel template prepared on the primary, conductive substrate and transferred to the target support as a sacrificial nanomembrane. The template is structured by electron beam lithography (EBL) which seals predefined areas of poly(ethylene glycol) based hydrogel film, making them inert to NP deposition in contrast to pristine areas that adsorb NPs in high densities. The deposition of NPs, occurring from an aqueous solution into the transferred membrane, follows EBL generated structure, delivering the desired NP pattern on the target support after removal of the organic matrix. Efficiency and flexibility of the procedure is illustrated by creating a variety of representative submicrometer patterns of densely packed gold and silver NPs on glass, including a useful pattern of a miniaturized quick-response code. The arrangement of NPs in these patterns corresponds to the negative image of EBL generated template. This significantly reduces the exposure time for designs where large areas covered with NPs are separated by thin, NP-free stripes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Meyerbröker
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Adutler-Lieber S, Zaretsky I, Platzman I, Deeg J, Friedman N, Spatz JP, Geiger B. Engineering of synthetic cellular microenvironments: implications for immunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:100-11. [PMID: 24951031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss novel synthetic approaches for studying the interactions of cells with their microenvironment. Notably, critical cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, migration, and fate determination, are tightly regulated by interactions with neighboring cells, and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Given the huge complexity of natural cellular environments, and their rich molecular and physical diversity, the mission of understanding "environmental signaling" at a molecular-mechanistic level appears to be extremely challenging. To meet these challenges, attempts have been made in recent years to design synthetic matrices with defined chemical and physical properties, which, artificial though they may be, could reveal basic "design principles" underlying the physiological processes. Here, we summarize recent developments in the characterization of the chemical and physical properties of cell sensing and adhesion, as well as the design and use of engineered, micro- to nanoscale patterned and confined environments, for systematic, comprehensive modulation of the cells' environment. The power of these biomimetic surfaces to highlight environmental signaling events in cells, and in immune cells in particular, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Adutler-Lieber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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11
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Matic J, Deeg J, Scheffold A, Goldstein I, Spatz JP. Fine tuning and efficient T cell activation with stimulatory aCD3 nanoarrays. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5090-7. [PMID: 24111628 PMCID: PMC3834297 DOI: 10.1021/nl4022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD3 (aCD3) nanoarrays fabricated by self-assembled nanopatterning combined with site-directed protein immobilization techniques represent a novel T cell stimulatory platform that allows tight control over ligand orientation and surface density. Here, we show that activation of primary human CD4+ T cells, defined by CD69 upregulation, IL-2 production and cell proliferation, correlates with aCD3 density on nanoarrays. Immobilization of aCD3 through nanopatterning had two effects: cell activation was significantly higher on these surfaces than on aCD3-coated plastics and allowed unprecedented fine-tuning of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Matic
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department
of Cellular Immunology, Clinics for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German
Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Immunology
Core Laboratory, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel
Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler
Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
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12
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Malainou A, Tsougeni K, Ellinas K, Petrou PS, Constantoudis V, Sarantopoulou E, Awsiuk K, Bernasik A, Budkowski A, Markou A, Panagiotopoulos I, Kakabakos SE, Gogolides E, Tserepi A. Plasma-Assisted Nanoscale Protein Patterning on Si Substrates via Colloidal Lithography. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13743-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407810x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Malainou
- Department of Microelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Process, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K. Tsougeni
- Department of Microelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Process, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K. Ellinas
- Department of Microelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Process, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - P. S. Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - V. Constantoudis
- Department of Microelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Process, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - E. Sarantopoulou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - K. Awsiuk
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - A. Bernasik
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - A. Budkowski
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - A. Markou
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - I. Panagiotopoulos
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - S. E. Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - E. Gogolides
- Department of Microelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Process, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - A. Tserepi
- Department of Microelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Process, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
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13
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Deeg J, Axmann M, Matic J, Liapis A, Depoil D, Afrose J, Curado S, Dustin M, Spatz JP. T cell activation is determined by the number of presented antigens. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5619-26. [PMID: 24117051 PMCID: PMC3828117 DOI: 10.1021/nl403266t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Antigen recognition is a key event during T cell activation. Here, we introduce nanopatterned antigen arrays that mimic the antigen presenting cell surface during T cell activation. The assessment of activation related events revealed the requirement of a minimal density of 90-140 stimulating major histocompatibility complex class II proteins (pMHC) molecules per μm(2). We demonstrate that these substrates induce T cell responses in a pMHC dose-dependent manner and that the number of presented pMHCs dominates over local pMHC density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Deeg
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Axmann
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jovana Matic
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Liapis
- Skirball
Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - David Depoil
- Skirball
Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jehan Afrose
- Skirball
Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Silvia Curado
- Skirball
Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael
L. Dustin
- Skirball
Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Kennedy
Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology
and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University
of Oxford, Oxford, OX37FY, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Han SW, Lee S, Hong J, Jang E, Lee T, Koh WG. Mutiscale substrates based on hydrogel-incorporated silicon nanowires for protein patterning and microarray-based immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 45:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Pearson AC, Linford MR, Harb JN, Davis RC. Dual patterning of a poly(acrylic acid) layer by electron-beam and block copolymer lithographies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7433-7438. [PMID: 23342948 DOI: 10.1021/la304486x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show the controllable patterning of palladium nanoparticles in both one and two dimensions using electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching of a thin film of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). After the initial patterning of the PAA, a monolayer of polystyrene-b-poly-2-vinylpyridine micelles is spun cast onto the surface. A short reactive ion etch is then used to transfer the micelle pattern into the patterned poly(acrylic acid). Finally, PdCl2 is loaded from solution into the patterned poly(acrylic acid) features, and a reactive-ion etching process is used to remove the remaining polymer and form Pd nanoparticles. This method yields location-controlled patches of nanoparticles, including single- and double-file lines and nanoparticle pairs. A locational accuracy of 9 nm or less in one direction was achieved by optimizing the size of the PAA features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Pearson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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16
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Kristensen SH, Pedersen GA, Ogaki R, Bochenkov V, Nejsum LN, Sutherland DS. Complex protein nanopatterns over large areas via colloidal lithography. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6158-68. [PMID: 23333875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of biomolecules at the nanoscale provides a powerful method to investigate cellular adhesion processes. A novel method for patterning is presented that is based on colloidal monolayer templating combined with multiple and angled deposition steps. Patterns of gold and SiO2 layers are used to generate complex protein nanopatterns over large areas. Simple circular patches or more complex ring structures are produced in addition to hierarchical patterns of smaller patches. The gold regions are modified through alkanethiol chemistry, which enables the preparation of extracellular matrix proteins (vitronectin) or cellular ligands (the extracellular domain of E-cadherin) in the nanopatterns, whereas the selective poly(l-lysine)-poly(ethylene glycol) functionalization of the SiO2 matrix renders it protein repellent. Cell studies, as a proof of principle, demonstrate the potential for using sets of systematically varied samples with simpler or more complex patterns for studies of cellular adhesive behavior and reveal that the local distribution of proteins within a simple patch critically influences cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine H Kristensen
- iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Li Y, Zhang J, Liu W, Li D, Fang L, Sun H, Yang B. Hierarchical polymer brush nanoarrays: a versatile way to prepare multiscale patterns of proteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2126-2132. [PMID: 23429856 DOI: 10.1021/am3031757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a versatile way to prepare multiscale and gradient patterns of proteins. The protein patterns are fabricated by conjugating proteins covalently on patterns of polymer brush that are prepared by techniques combining colloidal lithography with photolithography, and two-step colloidal lithography. Taking advantages of this technique, the parameters of protein patterns, such as height, diameters, periods, and distances between two dots, can be arbitrarily tuned. In addition, the protein patterns with varies of architectures, such as microdiscs, microstripes, microrings, microtriangles, microgrids, etc., consisting of protein nanodots, are prepared and the sample size is up to 4 cm(2). The as-prepared patterns of fibronectin can promote the cell adhesion and cell location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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18
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Özdemir B, Seidenstücker A, Plettl A, Ziemann P. Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:886-94. [PMID: 24367758 PMCID: PMC3869346 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
THE BASIC IDEA OF USING HEXAGONALLY ORDERED ARRAYS OF AU NANOPARTICLES (NP) ON TOP OF A GIVEN SUBSTRATE AS A MASK FOR THE SUBSEQUENT ANISOTROPIC ETCHING IN ORDER TO FABRICATE CORRESPONDINGLY ORDERED ARRAYS OF NANOPILLARS MEETS TWO SERIOUS OBSTACLES: The position of the NP may change during the etching process and, thus, the primary pattern of the mask deteriorates or is completely lost. Furthermore, the NP are significantly eroded during etching and, consequently, the achievable pillar height is strongly restricted. The present work presents approaches on how to get around both problems. For this purpose, arrays of Au NPs (starting diameter 12 nm) are deposited on top of silica substrates by applying diblock copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCML). It is demonstrated that evaporated octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) layers act as stabilizer on the NP position, which allows for an increase of their size up to 50 nm by an electroless photochemical process. In this way, ordered arrays of silica nanopillars are obtained with maximum heights of 270 nm and aspect ratios of 5:1. Alternatively, the NP position can be fixed by a short etching step with negligible mask erosion followed by cycles of growing and reactive ion etching (RIE). In that case, each cycle is started by photochemically re-growing the Au NP mask and thereby completely compensating for the erosion due to the previous cycle. As a result of this mask repair method, arrays of silica nanopillar with heights up to 680 nm and aspect ratios of 10:1 are fabricated. Based on the given recipes, the approach can be applied to a variety of materials like silicon, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Özdemir
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Alfred Plettl
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Ziemann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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19
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Zhu M, Baffou G, Meyerbröker N, Polleux J. Micropatterning thermoplasmonic gold nanoarrays to manipulate cell adhesion. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7227-7233. [PMID: 22808995 DOI: 10.1021/nn302329c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reversibly control the interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surface receptors such as integrins would allow one to investigate reciprocal signaling circuits between cells and their surrounding environment. Engineering microstructured culture substrates functionalized with switchable molecules remains the most adopted strategy to manipulate surface adhesive properties, although these systems exhibit limited reversibility and require sophisticated preparation procedures. Here, we report a straightforward protocol to fabricate biofunctionalized micropatterned gold nanoarrays that favor one-dimensional cell migration and function as plasmonic nanostoves to physically block and orient the formation of new adhesion sites. Being reversible and not restricted spatiotemporally, thermoplasmonic approaches will open new opportunities to further study the complex connections between ECM and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Baffou G, Bon P, Savatier J, Polleux J, Zhu M, Merlin M, Rigneault H, Monneret S. Thermal imaging of nanostructures by quantitative optical phase analysis. ACS NANO 2012; 6:2452-8. [PMID: 22305011 DOI: 10.1021/nn2047586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an optical microscopy technique aimed at characterizing the heat generation arising from nanostructures, in a comprehensive and quantitative manner. Namely, the technique permits (i) mapping the temperature distribution around the source of heat, (ii) mapping the heat power density delivered by the source, and (iii) retrieving the absolute absorption cross section of light-absorbing structures. The technique is based on the measure of the thermal-induced refractive index variation of the medium surrounding the source of heat. The measurement is achieved using an association of a regular CCD camera along with a modified Hartmann diffraction grating. Such a simple association makes this technique straightforward to implement on any conventional microscope with its native broadband illumination conditions. We illustrate this technique on gold nanoparticles illuminated at their plasmonic resonance. The spatial resolution of this technique is diffraction limited, and temperature variations weaker than 1 K can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Baffou
- Institut Fresnel, UMR CNRS 7249, Domaine Universitaire Saint-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France.
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21
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Li Y, Zhang J, Fang L, Jiang L, Liu W, Wang T, Cui L, Sun H, Yang B. Polymer brush nanopatterns with controllable features for protein pattern applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Palma M, Abramson JJ, Gorodetsky AA, Penzo E, Gonzalez RL, Sheetz MP, Nuckolls C, Hone J, Wind SJ. Selective biomolecular nanoarrays for parallel single-molecule investigations. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7656-9. [PMID: 21528859 DOI: 10.1021/ja201031g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to direct the self-assembly of biomolecules on surfaces with true nanoscale control is key for the creation of functional substrates. Herein we report the fabrication of nanoscale biomolecular arrays via selective self-assembly on nanopatterned surfaces and minimized nonspecific adsorption. We demonstrate that the platform developed allows for the simultaneous screening of specific protein-DNA binding events at the single-molecule level. The strategy presented here is generally applicable and enables high-throughput monitoring of biological activity in real time and with single-molecule resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Palma
- Department of Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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23
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Ogaki R, Cole MA, Sutherland DS, Kingshott P. Microcup arrays featuring multiple chemical regions patterned with nanoscale precision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1876-1881. [PMID: 21404334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ogaki
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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24
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Deeg JA, Louban I, Aydin D, Selhuber-Unkel C, Kessler H, Spatz JP. Impact of local versus global ligand density on cellular adhesion. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1469-76. [PMID: 21425841 PMCID: PMC3806292 DOI: 10.1021/nl104079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
α(v)β(3) integrin-mediated cell adhesion is crucially influenced by how far ligands are spaced apart. To evaluate the impact of local ligand density versus global ligand density of a given surface, we used synthetic micronanostructured cell environments with user-defined ligand spacing and patterns to investigate cellular adhesion. The development of stable focal adhesions, their number, and size as well as the cellular adhesion strength proved to be influenced by local more than global ligand density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch A. Deeg
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany & Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Louban
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany & Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Aydin
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany & Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Organic Chemistry und Biochemistry, Lehrstuhl II, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany & Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Nanopatterning by block copolymer micelle nanolithography and bioinspired applications. Biointerphases 2011; 6:MR1-12. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3536839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Kruss S, Wolfram T, Martin R, Neubauer S, Kessler H, Spatz JP. Stimulation of cell adhesion at nanostructured teflon interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5499-5506. [PMID: 20972983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kruss
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metal Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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27
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Aydin D, Louban I, Perschmann N, Blümmel J, Lohmüller T, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Haas TL, Walczak H, Kessler H, Fiammengo R, Spatz JP. Polymeric substrates with tunable elasticity and nanoscopically controlled biomolecule presentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15472-80. [PMID: 20831282 DOI: 10.1021/la103065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in recent years, nanopatterning of hydrated polymeric systems such as hydrogels still represents a major challenge. Here, we employ block copolymer nanolithography to arrange gold nanoparticles on a solid template, followed by the transfer of the pattern to a polymeric hydrogel. In the next step, these nanoparticles serve as specific anchor points for active biomolecules. We demonstrate the engineering of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel surfaces with respect to elasticity, nanopatterning, and functionalization with biomolecules. For the first time, biomolecule arrangement on the nanometer scale and substrate stiffness can be varied independently from each other. Young's moduli, a measure of the compliance of the substrates, can be tuned over 4 orders of magnitude, including the values for all of the different tissues found in the human body. Structured hydrogels can be used to pattern any histidine-tagged protein as exemplified for his-protein A as an acceptor for immunoglobulin. When cell-adhesion-promoting peptide cRGDfK is selectively coupled to gold nanoparticles, the surfaces provide cues for cell-surface interaction and allow for the study of the modulation of cellular adhesion by the mechanical properties of the environment. Therefore, these substrates represent a unique multipurpose platform for studying receptor/ligand interactions with adhering cells, mechanotransduction, and cell-adhesion-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aydin
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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