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Princiotta Cariddi L, Mauri M, Cosentino M, Versino M, Marino F. Alzheimer’s Disease: From Immune Homeostasis to Neuroinflammatory Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13008. [PMID: 36361799 PMCID: PMC9658357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common cause in the world of progressive cognitive decline. Although many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been proposed, in recent years, neuroinflammation has been hypothesized to be an important contributing factor of Alzheimer’s Disease pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation can occur through the combined action of the Central Nervous System resident immune cells and adaptive peripheral immune system. In the past years, immunotherapies for neurodegenerative diseases have focused wrongly on targeting protein aggregates Aβ plaques and NFT treatment. The role of both innate and adaptive immune cells has not been fully clarified, but several data suggest that immune system dysregulation plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Recent studies have focused especially on the role of the adaptive immune system and have shown that inflammatory markers are characterized by increased CD4+ Teff cells’ activities and reduced circulating CD4+ Treg cells. In this review, we discuss the key role of both innate and adaptive immune systems in the degeneration and regeneration mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease, with a focus on how the crosstalk between these two systems is able to sustain brain homeostasis or shift it to a neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Princiotta Cariddi
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Mauri
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Versino
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi Hospital, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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2
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Butterfield TR, Hanna DB, Kaplan RC, Xue X, Kizer JR, Durkin HG, Kassaye SG, Nowicki M, Tien PC, Topper ET, Floris-Moore MA, Titanji K, Fischl MA, Heath S, Palmer CS, Landay AL, Anzinger JJ. Elevated CD4 + T-cell glucose metabolism in HIV+ women with diabetes mellitus. AIDS 2022; 36:1327-1336. [PMID: 35727147 PMCID: PMC9329261 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation are characteristic of HIV infection and diabetes mellitus, with CD4 + T-cell metabolism implicated in the pathogenesis of each disease. However, there is limited information on CD4 + T-cell metabolism in HIV+ persons with diabetes mellitus. We examined CD4 + T-cell glucose metabolism in HIV+ women with and without diabetes mellitus. DESIGN A case-control study was used to compare CD4 + T-cell glucose metabolism in women with HIV with or without diabetes mellitus. METHODS Nondiabetic (HIV+DM-, N = 20) or type 2 diabetic HIV+ women with (HIV+DM+, N = 16) or without (HIV+DMTx+, N = 18) antidiabetic treatment were identified from the WIHS and matched for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status and CD4 + cell count. CD4 + T-cell immunometabolism was examined by flow cytometry, microfluidic qRT-PCR of metabolic genes, and Seahorse extracellular flux analysis of stimulated CD4 + T cells. RESULTS HIV+DM+ displayed a significantly elevated proportion of CD4 + T cells expressing the immunometabolic marker GLUT1 compared with HIV+DMTx+ and HIV+DM- ( P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively). Relative expression of genes encoding key enzymes for glucose metabolism pathways were elevated in CD4 + T cells of HIV+DM+ compared with HIV+DMTx+ and HIV+DM-. T-cell receptor (TCR)-activated CD4 + T cells from HIV+DM+ showed elevated glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation compared with HIV+DM-. CONCLUSION CD4 + T cells from HIV+DM+ have elevated glucose metabolism. Treatment of diabetes mellitus among women with HIV may partially correct CD4 + T-cell metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xiaonan Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Helen G Durkin
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth T Topper
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle A Floris-Moore
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kehmia Titanji
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret A Fischl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sonya Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Clovis S Palmer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua J Anzinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies - Mona, Kingston
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation in obese patients can cause a series of metabolic diseases. There are a variety of immune cells in adipose tissue, and studies have shown that T cells are associated with adipose tissue inflammation. This review aims to describe the current understanding of the relationship between T cells and adipose tissue inflammation, with a focus on regulation by T cell subtypes. Studies have shown that Th1, Th17 and CD8+ T cells, which are important T cell subsets, can promote the development of adipose tissue inflammation, whereas Treg cells protect against inflammation, suggesting that targeting the mechanism by which T cell subtypes regulate adipose tissue inflammation is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating obesity. T cells play important roles in regulating obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation, thus providing new research directions for the treatment of obesity. More studies are needed to clarify how T cell subtypes regulate adipose tissue inflammation to identify new treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Gryzik S, Hoang Y, Lischke T, Mohr E, Venzke M, Kadner I, Poetzsch J, Groth D, Radbruch A, Hutloff A, Baumgrass R. Identification of a super-functional Tfh-like subpopulation in murine lupus by pattern perception. eLife 2020; 9:53226. [PMID: 32441253 PMCID: PMC7274784 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated cytokine expression by T cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the identification of the corresponding pathogenic subpopulations is a challenge, since a distinction between physiological variation and a new quality in the expression of protein markers requires combinatorial evaluation. Here, we were able to identify a super-functional follicular helper T cell (Tfh)-like subpopulation in lupus-prone NZBxW mice with our binning approach "pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)". PRI uncovered a subpopulation of IL-21+ IFN-γhigh PD-1low CD40Lhigh CXCR5- Bcl-6- T cells specifically expanded in diseased mice. In addition, these cells express high levels of TNF-α and IL-2, and provide B cell help for IgG production in an IL-21 and CD40L dependent manner. This super-functional T cell subset might be a superior driver of autoimmune processes due to a polyfunctional and high cytokine expression combined with Tfh-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gryzik
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yen Hoang
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timo Lischke
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elodie Mohr
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Venzke
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Kadner
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Josephine Poetzsch
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Abstract
: Elite controllers or suppressors control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. We used the intact proviral DNA assay to approximate the size of the inducible latent reservoir in elite suppressors and found that, while the median frequency of both total and intact proviral DNA was markedly lower than the frequencies seen in chronic progressors on antiretroviral therapy there was no significant difference in the ratio of intact to total proviral DNA between elite suppressors and chronic progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abena Kr Kwaa
- Department of Medicine, Center For AIDS Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine
| | - Caroline C Garliss
- Department of Medicine, Center For AIDS Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine
| | | | | | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Center For AIDS Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine
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6
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Qin L, Qiu Z, Hsieh E, Geng T, Zhao J, Zeng X, Wan L, Xie J, Ramendra R, Routy JP, Li T. Association between lymphocyte subsets and cytomegalovirus infection status among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16997. [PMID: 31574798 PMCID: PMC6775378 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the association between different lymphocyte subsets and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed a retrospective study among SLE patients with CMV infection and collected patient socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as their recorded circulating lymphocyte subsets. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between CMV infection status and lymphocyte subset counts. We included 125 hospitalized patients with SLE, consisting of 88 with documented CMV infection and 37 without any evidence of CMV or other infections. Among the 88 CMV-infected patients, 65 (73.8%) patients developed CMV disease and 23 (26.2%) presented as CMV viremia. Compared to uninfected patients (1520 ± 101 cells/μL), lymphocytes remained stable among those with CMV viremia (1305 ± 272 cells/μL, P = .995). However, compared to their uninfected counterparts, there was a marked decrease in lymphocytes among patients with CMV disease (680 ± 513 cells/μL, P < .001). Analysis of lymphocyte subsets via flow cytometry showed that CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and natural killer cell counts were lower among those with CMV disease compared to those with CMV viremia and those without infection. Further, multivariable analysis showed that total lymphocyte (odds ratio [OR] 0.999, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.998-1.000, P = .007) and CD4+ T cell counts (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.992-0.998, P = .003) were negatively associated with CMV disease. Our findings support a potential inverse relationship between lymphopenia, specifically CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia, and CMV disease among hospitalized SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research
| | - Zhifeng Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Evelyn Hsieh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Taoran Geng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research
| | | | | | - Lu Wan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rayoun Ramendra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University
| | - Jean Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research
- Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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7
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Shannon B, Yi TJ, Perusini S, Gajer P, Ma B, Humphrys MS, Thomas-Pavanel J, Chieza L, Janakiram P, Saunders M, Tharao W, Huibner S, Shahabi K, Ravel J, Rebbapragada A, Kaul R. Association of HPV infection and clearance with cervicovaginal immunology and the vaginal microbiota. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1310-1319. [PMID: 28120845 PMCID: PMC5526752 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may increase HIV risk. Since other genital infections enhance HIV susceptibility by inducing inflammation, we assessed the impact of HPV infection and clearance on genital immunology and the cervico-vaginal microbiome. Genital samples were collected from 65 women for HPV testing, immune studies and microbiota assessment; repeat HPV testing was performed after 6 months. All participants were HIV-uninfected and free of bacterial STIs. Cytobrush-derived T cell and dendritic cell subsets were assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry. Undiluted cervico-vaginal secretions were used to determine cytokine levels by multiplex ELISA, and to assess bacterial community composition and structure by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Neither HPV infection nor clearance were associated with broad differences in cervical T cell subsets or cytokines, although HPV clearance was associated with increased Langerhans cells and HPV infection with elevated IP-10 and MIG. Individuals with HPV more frequently had a high diversity cervico-vaginal microbiome (community state type IV) and were less likely to have an L. gasseri predominant microbiome. In summary, HPV infection and/or subsequent clearance was not associated with inflammation or altered cervical T cell subsets, but associations with increased Langerhans cells and the composition of the vaginal microbiome warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shannon
- Departments of Medicine (BS, TJY, SH, KS, RK), Immunology (BS, TJY, RK), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (AR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - TJ Yi
- Departments of Medicine (BS, TJY, SH, KS, RK), Immunology (BS, TJY, RK), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (AR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Perusini
- Public Health Ontario – Toronto Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Gajer
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - B Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - MS Humphrys
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - J Thomas-Pavanel
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LC, JT, MS, PJ, WT)
| | - L Chieza
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LC, JT, MS, PJ, WT)
| | - P Janakiram
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LC, JT, MS, PJ, WT)
| | - M Saunders
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LC, JT, MS, PJ, WT)
| | - W Tharao
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LC, JT, MS, PJ, WT)
| | - S Huibner
- Departments of Medicine (BS, TJY, SH, KS, RK), Immunology (BS, TJY, RK), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (AR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Shahabi
- Departments of Medicine (BS, TJY, SH, KS, RK), Immunology (BS, TJY, RK), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (AR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - A Rebbapragada
- Departments of Medicine (BS, TJY, SH, KS, RK), Immunology (BS, TJY, RK), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (AR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Public Health Ontario – Toronto Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Kaul
- Departments of Medicine (BS, TJY, SH, KS, RK), Immunology (BS, TJY, RK), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (AR), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LC, JT, MS, PJ, WT)
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8
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Ghare SS, Joshi-Barve S, Moghe A, Patil M, Barker DF, Gobejishvili L, Brock GN, Cave M, McClain CJ, Barve SS. Coordinated histone H3 methylation and acetylation regulate physiologic and pathologic fas ligand gene expression in human CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 2014; 193:412-21. [PMID: 24899502 PMCID: PMC5096587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells is mainly controlled at transcriptional initiation. To elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms regulating physiologic and pathologic FasL transcription, TCR stimulation-responsive promoter histone modifications in normal and alcohol-exposed primary human CD4+ T cells were examined. TCR stimulation of normal and alcohol-exposed cells led to discernible changes in promoter histone H3 lysine trimethylation, as documented by an increase in the levels of transcriptionally permissive histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation and a concomitant decrease in the repressive histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation. Moreover, acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9), a critical feature of the active promoter state that is opposed by histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation, was significantly increased and was essentially mediated by the p300-histone acetyltransferase. Notably, the degree of these coordinated histone modifications and subsequent recruitment of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II were significantly enhanced in alcohol-exposed CD4+ T cells and were commensurate with the pathologic increase in the levels of FasL mRNA. The clinical relevance of these findings is further supported by CD4+ T cells obtained from individuals with a history of heavy alcohol consumption, which demonstrate significantly greater p300-dependent H3K9 acetylation and FasL expression. Overall, these data show that, in human CD4+ T cells, TCR stimulation induces a distinct promoter histone profile involving a coordinated cross-talk between histone 3 lysine 4 and H3K9 methylation and acetylation that dictates the transcriptional activation of FasL under physiologic, as well as pathologic, conditions of alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Ghare
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Akshata Moghe
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Madhuvanti Patil
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - David F Barker
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Guy N Brock
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Matthew Cave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Shirish S Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
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9
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Matic J, Deeg J, Scheffold A, Goldstein I, Spatz JP. Fine tuning and efficient T cell activation with stimulatory aCD3 nanoarrays. Nano Lett 2013; 13:5090-7. [PMID: 24111628 PMCID: PMC3834297 DOI: 10.1021/nl4022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD3 (aCD3) nanoarrays fabricated by self-assembled nanopatterning combined with site-directed protein immobilization techniques represent a novel T cell stimulatory platform that allows tight control over ligand orientation and surface density. Here, we show that activation of primary human CD4+ T cells, defined by CD69 upregulation, IL-2 production and cell proliferation, correlates with aCD3 density on nanoarrays. Immobilization of aCD3 through nanopatterning had two effects: cell activation was significantly higher on these surfaces than on aCD3-coated plastics and allowed unprecedented fine-tuning of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Matic
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department
of Cellular Immunology, Clinics for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German
Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Immunology
Core Laboratory, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel
Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler
Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of mycobacteria and Escherichia coli reactive T cells in intestinal biopsies from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The biopsies were obtained by colonoscopy from adult patients with active CD (n = 5) and active UC (n = 4). The number of CD4+ T cell clones expanded and screened from each patient varied from 383 to 3972 giving a total of 16639 individual clones. The T cell clones were tested for responses to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and E. coli. The cytokine profile of 42 individual T cell clones from four CD patients was assessed. RESULTS The frequency of mycobacteria reactive T cell clones in CD patients ranged from 0.17 to 1.63% and was higher (p = 0.038) than the frequency of E. coli reactive T cells ranging from 0 to 0.18%. No or very low numbers of mycobacteria reactive clones were detected in three UC patients while the fourth UC patient had a frequency similar to what was observed in CD patients. The frequencies of E. coli reactive T cell clones in UC patients ranged from 0 to 0.52%. T cell clones (n = 42) from CD patients all produced IL-17 and/or IFN-γ. Several clones were also able to produce IL-10. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of intestinal tissue resident T cells reactive to mycobacteria suggests that an adaptive immune response have taken place and argues that these bacteria may contribute to the chronic inflammation in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Olsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Immunology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut E Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Center for Immune Regulation and Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection affects 170 million people worldwide, and the majority of individuals exposed to HCV develop chronic hepatitis leading to progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer. The natural history of HCV infection is influenced by genetic and environmental factors of which chronic alcohol use is an independent risk factor for cirrhosis in HCV-infected individuals. Both the hepatitis C virus and alcohol damage the liver and result in immune alterations contributing to both decreased viral clearance and liver injury. This review will capture the major components of the interactions between alcohol and HCV infection to provide better understanding for the molecular basis of the dangerous combination of alcohol use and HCV infection. Common targets of HCV and alcohol involve innate immune recognition and dendritic cells, the critical cell type in antigen presentation and antiviral immunity. In addition, both alcohol and HCV affect intracellular processes critical for hepatocyte and immune cell functions including mitochondrial and proteasomal activation. Finally, both chronic alcohol use and hepatitis C virus infection increase the risk of hepatocellular cancer. The common molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological interactions between alcohol and HCV include the modulation of cytokine production, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4 signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. LPS-induced chronic inflammation is not only a major cause of progressive liver injury and fibrosis, but it can also contribute to modification of the tissue environment and stem cells to promote hepatocellular cancer development. Alteration of these processes by alcohol and HCV produces an environment of impaired antiviral immune response, greater hepatocellular injury, and activation of cell proliferation and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Corresponding authors: Gyongyi Szabo, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, LRB215 University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 Tel: (508) 856-5275 FAX: (508) 856-4770, , H. Joe Wang, PhD, Division of Metabolism and Health Effect, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, room 2029, MSC 9304, Bethesda, MD 20892-9304, Tel: 301-451-0747, Fax: 301-594-0673,
| | - Jack R. Wands
- The Liver Research Center, Brown Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI02903
| | - Ahmet Eken
- The Liver Research Center, Brown Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI02903
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Dept Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Liver Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS66160
| | - Keigo Machida
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - H. Joe Wang
- Division of Metabolism and Health Effects, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
- Corresponding authors: Gyongyi Szabo, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, LRB215 University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 Tel: (508) 856-5275 FAX: (508) 856-4770, , H. Joe Wang, PhD, Division of Metabolism and Health Effect, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, room 2029, MSC 9304, Bethesda, MD 20892-9304, Tel: 301-451-0747, Fax: 301-594-0673,
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12
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Freitag TL, Cham C, Sung HH, Beilhack GF, Durinovic-Belló I, Patel SD, Bronson RT, Schuppan D, Sønderstrup G. Human risk allele HLA-DRB1*0405 predisposes class II transgenic Ab0 NOD mice to autoimmune pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:281-91. [PMID: 20303356 PMCID: PMC2902648 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) underlies 5%-11% of cases of chronic pancreatitis. An association between AIP and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*0405/DQB1*0401 haplotype has been reported, but linkage disequilibrium has precluded the identification of predisposing HLA gene(s). We studied the role of single HLA genes in the development of AIP in transgenic mice. METHODS CD4(+) T-cell-negative I-Abeta chain(-/-) (Ab0) mice develop AIP spontaneously, likely due to dysregulation of CD8(+) T- cell responses. We generated Ab0 nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice transgenic for HLA-DR*0405, leading to rescue of CD4(+) T cells; we compared their susceptibility to AIP with HLA-DQ8 or HLA-DR*0401 (single) transgenic, or HLA-DR*0405/DQ8 (double) transgenic mice. RESULTS CD4(+) T-cell-competent HLA-DR*0405 transgenic Ab0 NOD mice develop AIP with high prevalence after sublethal irradiation and adoptive transfer of CD90(+) T cells, leading to complete pancreatic atrophy. HLA-DR*0405 transgenic mice can also develop unprovoked AIP, whereas HLA-DR*0401, HLA-DQ8, and HLA-DR*0405/DQ8 transgenic Ab0 NOD controls all remained normal, even after irradiation and adoptive transfer of CD90(+) T cells. Pancreas histology in HLA-DR*0405 transgenic mice was characterized by destructive infiltration of the exocrine tissue with CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Mice with complete pancreatic atrophy lost weight, developed fat stools, and had reduced levels of serum lipase activity. CONCLUSIONS Because HLA-DR*0405 expression fails to protect mice from AIP, the HLA-DRB1*0405 allele appears to be an important risk factor for AIP on the HLA-DRB1*0405/DQB1*0401 haplotype. This humanized mouse model should be useful for studying immunopathogenesis, diagnostic markers, and therapy of human AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L. Freitag
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Candace Cham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Sung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Georg F. Beilhack
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ivana Durinovic-Belló
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salil D. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Grete Sønderstrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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O’Shaughnessy MJ, Vogtenhuber C, Sun K, Sitcheran R, Baldwin AS, Murphy WJ, Dang L, Jaffee B, Palmer E, Serody JS, Blazar BR. Ex vivo inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling in alloreactive T-cells prevents graft-versus-host disease. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:452-62. [PMID: 19260829 PMCID: PMC2680009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ex vivo induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness by costimulatory pathway blockade or exposure to immunoregulatory cytokines has been shown to inhibit proliferation, IL-2 production, and the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) capacity of adoptively transferred T-cells. We hypothesized that inhibition of the intracellular NF-kappaB pathway in alloreactive T-cells, which is critical for T-cell activation events including IL-2 transcription, could lead to alloantigen hyporesponsiveness and loss of GVHD capacity. We demonstrate that treatment of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures with PS1145, a potent inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, can induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness to alloantigen in primary and secondary responses while preserving in vitro responses to potent mitogenic stimulation. GVHD lethality in recipients of ex vivo PS1145-treated cells was profoundly inhibited. Parking of control or PS1145-treated MLR cells in syngeneic Rag(-/-) recipients resulted in intact contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses. However, GVHD lethality capacity also was restored, suggesting that lymphopenic expansion uncoupled alloantigen hyporesponsiveness. These results indicate that the NF-kappaB pathway is a critical regulator of alloresponses and provide a novel small molecule inhibitor based approach that is effective in preventing early posttransplant GVHD lethality but that also permits donor T-cell responses to recover after a period of lymphopenic expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. O’Shaughnessy
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - C. Vogtenhuber
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - K. Sun
- University of Nevada, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Sitcheran
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A. S. Baldwin
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W. J. Murphy
- University of Nevada, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Dang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B. Jaffee
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E. Palmer
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Research, University Hospital-Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. S. Serody
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B. R. Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Abstract
Psychological stress has been implicated in both the onset and exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our research has focused on the role of stress at the onset of MS, using the mouse model Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelination. Theiler's virus is a natural pathogen of mice that causes a persistent infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and inflammatory immune-mediated demyelination that is very similar to MS. Our research has shown that restraint stress sufficiently increases corticosterone secretion to cause immunosuppression. Stressed mice develop decreased innate and adaptive immune responses, including decreased chemokine and cytokine responses, to virus, which leads to increased viral replication within the CNS. Higher levels of virus then cause increased later demyelinating disease. These findings may have important implications in our understanding of the interactions between stress and the development of autoimmune diseases induced by infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.
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15
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Larrieu P, Ouisse LH, Guilloux Y, Jotereau F, Fonteneau JF. A HLA-DQ5 restricted Melan-A/MART-1 epitope presented by melanoma tumor cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1565-75. [PMID: 17318652 PMCID: PMC11031014 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Melan-A/MART1 is a melanocytic differentiation antigen expressed by tumor cells of the majority of melanoma patients and, as such, is considered as a good target for melanoma immunotherapy. Nonetheless, the number of class I and II restricted Melan-A epitopes identified so far remains limited. Here we describe a new Melan-A/MART-1 epitope recognized in the context of HLA-DQa1*0101 and HLA-DQb1*0501, -DQb1*0502 or -DQb1*0504 molecules by a CD4+ T cell clone. This clone was obtained by in vitro stimulation of PBMC from a healthy donor by the Melan-A51-73 peptide previously reported to contain a HLA-DR4 epitope. The Melan-A51-73 peptide, therefore contains both HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQ5 restricted epitope. We further show that Melan-A51-63 is the minimal peptide optimally recognized by the HLA-DQ5 restricted CD4+ clone. Importantly, this clone specifically recognizes and kills tumor cell lines expressing Melan-A and either HLA-DQb1*0501, -DQb1*0504 or -DQb1*0502 molecules. Moreover, we could detect CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-gamma in response to Melan-A51-63 and Melan-A51-73 peptides among tumor infiltrating and blood lymphocytes from HLA-DQ5+ patients. This suggests that spontaneous CD4+ T cell responses against this HLA-DQ5 epitope occur in vivo. Together these data significantly increase the fraction of melanoma patients susceptible to benefit from a Melan-A class II restricted vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Larrieu
- INSERM U601, Institut de biologie, 9 quai moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- INSERM U601, Institut de biologie, 9 quai moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
| | - Yannick Guilloux
- INSERM U601, Institut de biologie, 9 quai moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
- Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Francine Jotereau
- INSERM U601, Institut de biologie, 9 quai moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
- Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
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Harcourt G, Gomperts E, Donfield S, Klenerman P. Diminished frequency of hepatitis C virus specific interferon gamma secreting CD4+ T cells in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. Gut 2006; 55:1484-7. [PMID: 16543291 PMCID: PMC1629042 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.083758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfection is a common and complex clinical problem in which loss of immunological control of HCV occurs, with increased HCV viral load and more aggressive liver disease. Cellular immune responses, particularly secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) appear to be important in the control of HCV, and a detectable HCV specific CD4 response is associated with clearance of the virus. HCV specific CD8+ T cell responses, weak in chronic HCV infection, have been shown to be further impaired in HIV coinfection and this CD8+ T cell deficiency is related to the decline in CD4 T cell count. AIMS To compare the CD4 T cell response to HCV in HIV/HCV coinfected and HCV monoinfected individuals and to determine the relationship of responses with declining CD4 count. PATIENTS The study subjects were a cohort of 68 HCV monoinfected and 67 HCV/HIV coinfected haemophiliac children and adolescents (the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study) who were followed for a seven year period. METHODS We analysed IFN-gamma secreting CD4+ responses to HCV proteins and peptides and HIV p24 antigen using an ELISpot assay. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in HCV specific responses among those who were HIV coinfected (10/67 v 36/68; p<0.0001) both in numbers of responders and frequency of specific cells. This did not appear to be closely related to CD4 count. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in HCV specific CD4 T cells in coinfection provide a cellular mechanism for the loss of control of HCV in coinfected individuals, even in those with relatively preserved CD4+ T cell counts and CD4+ T cell responses to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harcourt
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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17
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Abstract
Failure to sustain antiviral T cell responses is a hallmark of persistent hepatitis C virus infection. Early loss of T cell proliferative capacity after acute disease appears to be an important component of this process. T cell function may, however, be restored in vitro with interleukin 2
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9TU, UK.
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18
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Folgori A, Spada E, Pezzanera M, Ruggeri L, Mele A, Garbuglia AR, Perrone MP, Del Porto P, Piccolella E, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Vitelli A. Early impairment of hepatitis C virus specific T cell proliferation during acute infection leads to failure of viral clearance. Gut 2006; 55:1012-9. [PMID: 16484505 PMCID: PMC1856340 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.080077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cellular mediated immunity (CMI) is thought to play a key role in resolution of primary hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are also generated during acute infection in individuals who become chronic, suggesting that they developed a defective CMI. The aim of this study was to verify if and when such immune dysfunction is established by measuring the breadth, magnitude, function, and duration of CMI in a large cohort of subjects during the natural course of acute HCV infection. METHODS CMI was comprehensively studied by prospective sampling of 31 HCV acutely infected subjects enrolled at the onset of infection and followed for a median period of one year. RESULTS Our results indicated that while at the onset of acute HCV infection a measurable CMI with effector function was detected in the majority of subjects, after approximately six months less than 10% of chronically infected individuals displayed significant CMI compared with 70% of subjects who cleared the virus. We showed that progressive disappearance of HCV specific T cells from the peripheral blood of chronic patients was due to an impaired ability to proliferate that could be rescued in vitro by concomitant exposure to interleukin 2 and the antigen. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence of strong and multispecific T cell responses with a sustained ability to proliferate in response to antigen stimulation as reliable pharmacodynamic measures of a protective CMI during acute infection, and suggest that early impairment of proliferation may contribute to loss of T cell response and chronic HCV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Folgori
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P Angeletti, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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19
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Westendorf AM, Templin M, Geffers R, Deppenmeier S, Gruber AD, Probst-Kepper M, Hansen W, Liblau RS, Gunzer F, Bruder D, Buer J. CD4+ T cell mediated intestinal immunity: chronic inflammation versus immune regulation. Gut 2005; 54:60-9. [PMID: 15591505 PMCID: PMC1774349 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.037663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that chronic inflammatory bowel disease may be a consequence of antigen specific recognition by appropriate T cells which expand and induce immunopathology. AIMS We wished to investigate whether autoreactive CD4+ T cells can initiate the disease on recognition of enterocyte specific antigens directly and if induction of mucosal tolerance occurs. METHODS Transgenic mice (VILLIN-HA) were generated that showed specific expression of haemagglutinin from influenza virus A exclusively in enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium. To investigate the impact of enterocyte specific haemagglutinin expression in an autoimmune environment, we mated VILLIN-HA mice with T cell receptor (TCR)-HA mice expressing an alpha/beta-TCR, which recognises an MHC class II restricted epitope of haemagglutinin, and analysed the HA specific T cells for induction of autoimmunity or tolerance. RESULTS In VILLIN-HAxTCR-HA mice, incomplete central deletion of HA specific lymphocytes occurred. Peripheral HA specific lymphocytes showed an activated phenotype and increased infiltration into the intestinal mucosa, but not into other organs of double transgenic mice. Enterocyte specific lamina propria lymphocytes showed a dose dependent proliferative response on antigen stimulation whereas the proliferative capacity of intraepithelial lymphocytes was reduced. Mucosal lymphocytes from VILLIN-HAxTCR-HA mice secreted lower amounts of interferon gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 but higher levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and IL-6. Mucosal immune reactions were accompanied by broad changes in the gene expression profile with expression of proinflammatory genes, but strikingly also a remarkable set of genes discussed in the context of peripheral induction of regulatory T cells, including IL-10, Nrp-1, and Foxp3. CONCLUSIONS Enterocyte specific antigen expression is sufficient to trigger a specific CD4+ T cell response leading to mucosal infiltration. In our model, progression to overt clinical disease was counteracted most likely by induction of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Westendorf
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increasing evidence implicating intestinal immune responses to dietary proteins in the pathogenesis of type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1D). Here we investigated the association between intestinal pathology and dietary factors in T1D by examining the mucosal architecture in the BB rat model. METHODS BB control (BBc) and diabetes prone (BBdp) rats were fed either a diabetes retardant hydrolysed casein based diet or one of two cereal based diets that promote the development of diabetes. Intestinal architecture was assessed in the jejunum by microdissection, histology, and immunohistology, and by measuring peroxidase activity and brush border invertase levels. RESULTS Enteropathy was present in BBdp rats soon after weaning, as assessed by increases in crypt length and in the proliferative activity of crypt epithelial cells in the jejunum, and this remained constant until 120 days of age. There was also a decrease in invertase activity, as well as increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, increased levels of mucosal peroxidase activity, and infiltration of the mucosa by CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Equivalent enteropathy was present at all times in BBdp rats and was not influenced by the nature of the diet or by thymectomy at three weeks at age, procedures which prevent the development of diabetes. CONCLUSION Enteropathy is a consistent feature in the diabetes prone BB rat but it precedes the onset of insulitis and appears to be due to mechanisms distinct from those which cause diabetes. The beneficial effects of the diabetes retardant hydrolysed casein diet on diabetes are not due to an effect on intestinal architecture per se but mucosal damage may be necessary for the development of autoreactivity in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Graham
- Department of Immunology and Bacteriology, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
The reasons why cancer cells are not destroyed by the immune system are likely to be similar, in most cases, to the reasons why normal cells are not destroyed by the immune system. Unfortunately for tumor immunologists, these reasons have not yet been fully elucidated. What is known, however, is that the lack of autoimmune destruction of normal tissue after immune activation is a finely regulated, highly orchestrated sequence of events. Viewed in this light, it is interesting to conceptualize the derangement of the tumor genome not merely as an engine that enables cancer cells to dodge immune recognition. The dysregulation characteristic of the transformed genome is also what makes tumor immunity, a specialized form of autoimmunity, possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Restifo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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22
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De Paoli P, Vaccher E, Tedeschi R, Caffau C, Zanussi S, Bortolin MT, Crepaldi C, Spina M, Tirelli U. Lymphocyte subsets and viral load in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and chemotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001; 50:157-62. [PMID: 11419183 PMCID: PMC11036840 DOI: 10.1007/s002620100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab is a novel antitumor agent used in association with chemotherapy (CT) for the treatment of high-grade/intermediate non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) in HIV-negative populations. This therapeutic combination is currently also being explored in HIV-positive patients with NHL (HIV-NHL). The objective of our study was to determine CD4 and CD8T cell counts, HIV plasma viremia and proviral load in patients with CD20-positive HIV-NHL treated with Rituximab plus CT and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We studied eight patients with HIV-NHL treated by anti-CD20 and CT before, after three, and after six cycles of therapy; CD4, CD8 and CD19 lymphocyte subsets were measured by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. HIV plasma viremia was determined by the b-DNA assay, and proviral load by a quantitative competitive PCR. CD4T cell counts remained stable after three cycles of therapy, while a significant reduction of this subset was present at the end of therapy. HIV plasma viremia was significantly reduced after the third cycle, but returned to pretreatment levels at the end of therapy; we also observed individual fluctuations of proviral load during therapy, this marker being increased in two out of three patients at the end of therapy. These observations suggest that Rituximab plus CT accelerated the rate of CD4 depletion and of HIV replication in the peripheral blood of HIV-NHL patients and that HAART may be able to delay these effects.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- HIV/metabolism
- HIV Seropositivity/immunology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- P. De Paoli
- />Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana, 33081 Aviano, Italy e-mail: Tel.: +39-04-34659404 Fax: +39-04-34659402, , , , IT
| | - E. Vaccher
- />Medical Oncology A, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy, , , , IT
| | - R. Tedeschi
- />Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana, 33081 Aviano, Italy e-mail: Tel.: +39-04-34659404 Fax: +39-04-34659402, , , , IT
| | - C. Caffau
- />Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana, 33081 Aviano, Italy e-mail: Tel.: +39-04-34659404 Fax: +39-04-34659402, , , , IT
| | - S. Zanussi
- />Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana, 33081 Aviano, Italy e-mail: Tel.: +39-04-34659404 Fax: +39-04-34659402, , , , IT
| | - M. T. Bortolin
- />Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana, 33081 Aviano, Italy e-mail: Tel.: +39-04-34659404 Fax: +39-04-34659402, , , , IT
| | - C. Crepaldi
- />Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana, 33081 Aviano, Italy e-mail: Tel.: +39-04-34659404 Fax: +39-04-34659402, , , , IT
| | - M. Spina
- />Medical Oncology A, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy, , , , IT
| | - U. Tirelli
- />Medical Oncology A, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy, , , , IT
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Pulaski BA, Clements VK, Pipeling MR, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Immunotherapy with vaccines combining MHC class II/CD80+ tumor cells with interleukin-12 reduces established metastatic disease and stimulates immune effectors and monokine induced by interferon gamma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000; 49:34-45. [PMID: 10782864 PMCID: PMC11037012 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Because they are difficult to treat, animal models of widespread, established metastatic cancer are rarely used to test novel immunotherapies. Two such mouse models are used in this report to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy and to probe the mechanisms of a novel combination immunotherapy consisting of the cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) combined with a previously described vaccine based on MHC class II, CD80-expressing cells. BALB/c mice with 3-week established primary 4T1 mammary carcinomas up to 6 mm in diameter and with extensive, spontaneous lung metastases show a significant reduction in lung metastases following a 3-week course of immunotherapy consisting of weekly injections of the cell-based vaccine plus injections of IL-12 three times per week. C57BL/6 mice with 7-day established intravenous B16 melF10 lung metastases show a similar response following immunotherapy with IL-12 plus a vaccine based on B16 MHC class II, CD80-expressing cells. In both systems the combination therapy of cells plus IL-12 is more effective than IL-12 or the cellular vaccine alone, although, in the 4T1 system, optimal activity does not require MHC class II and CD80 expression in the vaccine cells. The cell-based vaccines were originally designed to activate tumor-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes specifically and thereby provide helper activity to tumor-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and IL-12 was added to the therapy to facilitate T helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) differentiation. In vivo depletion experiments for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and tumor challenge experiments in beige/nude/XID immunodeficient mice demonstrate that the therapeutic effect is not exclusively dependent on a single cell population, suggesting that T and NK cells are acting together to optimize the response. IL-12 may also be enhancing the immunotherapy via induction of the chemokine Mig (monokine induced by interferon gamma), because reverse PCR experiments demonstrate that Mig is present in the lungs of mice receiving therapy and is most likely synthesized by the tumor cells. These results demonstrate that the combination therapy of systemic IL-12 and a cell-based vaccine is an effective agent for the treatment of advanced, disseminated metastatic cancers in experimental mouse models and that multiple effector cell populations and anti-angiostatic factors are likely to mediate the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Pulaski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21250, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Most melanoma cell lines express HLA class II antigens constitutively or can be induced to do so with interferon gamma (IFNgamma). We have previously demonstrated that peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells proliferate in response to HLA-class-II-antigen-mediated peptide presentation by melanoma cells in vitro and produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) and (IFNgamma). We asked whether the responding T cells kill the tumor cells and, if so, whether direct cell contact was required. METHODS Two HLA class II(+) melanoma cell lines derived from metastases were co-cultured with a human CD4(+) T cell clone specific for influenza hemagglutinin peptide (HA). T cells, melanoma, and HA were co-cultured for 48 h. Melanoma cells with and without HA and/or T cells served as controls. After 36 h, the medium was removed for cytokine analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twelve hours later non-adherent cells were washed away and the adherent melanoma cells were trypsinized and counted. Dual-chamber culture plates were used to determine whether cell contact and/or exposure to cytokine were required for tumor cell death. RESULTS Melanoma cell counts were over 80% lower in wells containing T cells than in wells with melanoma and peptide alone (P < 0.05). ELISA of supernatants revealed production of IFNgamma and IL-10 by the responding T cells. Direct T cell contact with tumor cells was not required for tumor cell death, as melanoma cells were killed when they shared medium but had no contact with T cells responding to peptide presentation by HLA-class-II-antigen-positive melanoma cells in a separate chamber. Blocking antibody to IFNgamma but not IL-10 prevented melanoma cell death at levels of cytokine similar to that present in co-culture assays. CONCLUSIONS Peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells kill melanoma cells in vitro when they recognize peptide presented by the tumor cell in the context of HLA class II antigen. Direct cell contact is not required, suggesting that it is a cytokine-mediated event. Immunotherapy, using primed CD4(+) T cells and peptide, may be beneficial in patients whose tumors express HLA class II antigens or can be induced to do so with IFNgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Brady
- />Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA e-mail: , , , , US
| | - Fei Lee
- />Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA e-mail: , , , , US
| | - H. Petrie
- />Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y., USA, , , , US
| | - David D. Eckels
- />Blood Research Institute of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis., USA, , , , US
| | - Janet S. Lee
- />Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y., USA, , , , US
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