1
|
Lim H, Kim M, Kim Y, Choo S, Kim TE, Han J, Han BJ, Lim CS, Nam J. Continuous On-Chip Cell Washing Using Viscoelastic Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1658. [PMID: 37763821 PMCID: PMC10535438 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Medium exchange of particles/cells to a clean buffer with a low background is essential for biological, chemical, and clinical research, which has been conventionally conducted using centrifugation. However, owing to critical limitations, such as possible cell loss and physical stimulation of cells, microfluidic techniques have been adopted for medium exchange. This study demonstrates a continuous on-chip washing process in a co-flow system using viscoelastic and Newtonian fluids. The co-flow system was constructed by adding a small amount of biocompatible polymer (xanthan gum, XG) to a sample containing particles or cells and introducing Newtonian fluids as sheath flows. Polymer concentration-dependent and particle size-dependent lateral migration of particles in the co-flow system were examined, and then the optimal concentration and the critical particle size for medium exchange were determined at the fixed total flow rate of 100 μL/min. For clinical applications, the continuous on-chip washing of white blood cells (WBCs) in lysed blood samples was demonstrated, and the washing performance was evaluated using a scanning spectrophotometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of AI Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeongmu Kim
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 21987, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Choo
- College of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Eun Kim
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 21987, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Han
- Department of Mechanical and Control Technologies, Seoul Cyber University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joe Han
- Department of Digital Biotech, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 08307, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 21987, Republic of Korea
- Department of Digital Biotech, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Bari D, Timr S, Guiral M, Giudici-Orticoni MT, Seydel T, Beck C, Petrillo C, Derreumaux P, Melchionna S, Sterpone F, Peters J, Paciaroni A. Diffusive Dynamics of Bacterial Proteome as a Proxy of Cell Death. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:93-102. [PMID: 36712493 PMCID: PMC9881203 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Temperature variations have a big impact on bacterial metabolism and death, yet an exhaustive molecular picture of these processes is still missing. For instance, whether thermal death is determined by the deterioration of the whole or a specific part of the proteome is hotly debated. Here, by monitoring the proteome dynamics of E. coli, we clearly show that only a minor fraction of the proteome unfolds at the cell death. First, we prove that the dynamical state of the E. coli proteome is an excellent proxy for temperature-dependent bacterial metabolism and death. The proteome diffusive dynamics peaks at about the bacterial optimal growth temperature, then a dramatic dynamical slowdown is observed that starts just below the cell's death temperature. Next, we show that this slowdown is caused by the unfolding of just a small fraction of proteins that establish an entangling interprotein network, dominated by hydrophobic interactions, across the cytoplasm. Finally, the deduced progress of the proteome unfolding and its diffusive dynamics are both key to correctly reproduce the E. coli growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Bari
- Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di
Fisica e Geologia, Via
A. Pascoli, 06123Perugia PG, Italy
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, 38400Saint-Martin-d’Héres, France
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Stepan Timr
- Laboratoire
de Biochimie Théorique (UPR9080), CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005Paris, France
- Institut
de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005Paris, France
- J.
Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 182 23Prague 8, Czechia
| | - Marianne Guiral
- Laboratoire
de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, BIP, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13400Marseille, France
| | | | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 38000Grenoble, France
| | | | - Caterina Petrillo
- Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di
Fisica e Geologia, Via
A. Pascoli, 06123Perugia PG, Italy
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- Laboratoire
de Biochimie Théorique (UPR9080), CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005Paris, France
- Institut
de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005Paris, France
| | - Simone Melchionna
- ISC-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
Sapienza, 00185Rome, Italy
- Lexma
Technology1337 Massachusetts
Avenue, Arlington, Massachusetts02476, United States
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- Laboratoire
de Biochimie Théorique (UPR9080), CNRS, Université de Paris Cité, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005Paris, France
- Institut
de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005Paris, France
| | - Judith Peters
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, 38400Saint-Martin-d’Héres, France
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 38000Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Paciaroni
- Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di
Fisica e Geologia, Via
A. Pascoli, 06123Perugia PG, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garcia J, Felix M, Cordobés F, Guerrero A. Effect of solvent and additives on the electrospinnability of BSA solutions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
4
|
Comparing of Frequency Shift and Impedance Analysis Method Based on QCM Sensor for Measuring the Blood Viscosity. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103804. [PMID: 35632216 PMCID: PMC9147212 DOI: 10.3390/s22103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood viscosity measurements are crucial for the diagnosis of cardiovascular and hematological diseases. Traditional blood viscosity measurements have obvious limitations because of their expensive equipment usage and large sample consumption. In this study, blood viscosity was measured by the oscillating circuit method and impedance analysis method based on single QCM. In addition, the effectiveness of two methods with high precision and less sample is proved by the experiments. Moreover, compared to the result from a standard rotational viscometer, the maximum relative errors of the proposed oscillating circuit method and impedance analysis method are ±5.2% and ±1.8%, respectively. A reliability test is performed by repeated measurement (N = 5), and the result shows that the standard deviation about 0.9% of impedance analysis is smaller than that of oscillating circuit method. Therefore, the impedance analysis method is superior. Further, the repeatability of impedance analysis method was evaluated by regression analysis method, and the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.965 demonstrated that it had excellent reproducibility.
Collapse
|
5
|
Del Giudice F, Barnes C. Rapid Temperature-Dependent Rheological Measurements of Non-Newtonian Solutions Using a Machine-Learning Aided Microfluidic Rheometer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3617-3628. [PMID: 35167252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofluids such as synovial fluid, blood plasma, and saliva contain several proteins which impart non-Newtonian properties to the biofluids. The concentration of such protein macromolecules in biofluids is regarded as an important biomarker for the diagnosis of several health conditions, including cardiovascular disorders, joint quality, and Alzheimer's. Existing technologies for the measurements of macromolecules in biofluids are limited; they require a long turnaround time, or require complex protocols, thus calling for alternative, more suitable, methodologies aimed at such measurements. According to the well-established relations for polymer solutions, the concentration of macromolecules in solutions can also be derived via measurement of rheological properties such as shear-viscosity and the longest relaxation time. We here introduce a microfluidic rheometer for rapid simultaneous measurement of shear viscosity and longest relaxation time of non-Newtonian solutions at different temperatures. At variance with previous technologies, our microfluidic rheometer provides a very short turnaround time of around 2 min or less thanks to the implementation of a machine-learning algorithm. We validated our platform on several aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide). We also performed measurements on hyaluronic acid solutions in the clinical range for joint grade assessment. We observed monotonic behavior with the concentration for both rheological properties, thus speculating on their use as potential rheo-markers, i.e., rheological biomarkers, across several disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Swansea University Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Barnes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Swansea University Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Del Giudice F. A Review of Microfluidic Devices for Rheological Characterisation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:167. [PMID: 35208292 PMCID: PMC8877273 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rheological characterisation of liquids finds application in several fields ranging from industrial production to the medical practice. Conventional rheometers are the gold standard for the rheological characterisation; however, they are affected by several limitations, including high costs, large volumes required and difficult integration to other systems. By contrast, microfluidic devices emerged as inexpensive platforms, requiring a little sample to operate and fashioning a very easy integration into other systems. Such advantages have prompted the development of microfluidic devices to measure rheological properties such as viscosity and longest relaxation time, using a finger-prick of volumes. This review highlights some of the microfluidic platforms introduced so far, describing their advantages and limitations, while also offering some prospective for future works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Méndez-Mora L, Cabello-Fusarés M, Ferré-Torres J, Riera-Llobet C, Krishnevskaya E, Trejo-Soto C, Payán-Pernía S, Hernández-Rodríguez I, Morales-Indiano C, Alarcón T, Vives-Corrons JL, Hernandez-Machado A. Blood Rheological Characterization of β-Thalassemia Trait and Iron Deficiency Anemia Using Front Microrheometry. Front Physiol 2021; 12:761411. [PMID: 34744796 PMCID: PMC8566979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.761411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to develop a hematocrit-independent method for the detection of beta-thalassemia trait (β-TT) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), through the rheological characterization of whole blood samples from different donors. The results obtained herein are the basis for the development of a front microrheometry point-of-care device for the diagnosis and clinical follow-up of β-TT patients suffering hematological diseases and alterations in the morphology of the red blood cell (RBC). The viscosity is calculated as a function of the mean front velocity by detecting the sample fluid-air interface advancing through a microfluidic channel. Different viscosity curves are obtained for healthy donors, β-TT and IDA samples. A mathematical model is introduced to compare samples of distinct hematocrit, classifying the viscosity curve patterns with respect to the health condition of blood. The viscosity of the fluid at certain shear rate values varies depending on several RBC factors such as shape and size, hemoglobin (Hb) content, membrane rigidity and hematocrit concentration. Blood and plasma from healthy donors are used as reference. To validate their potential clinical value as a diagnostic tool, the viscosity results are compared to those obtained by the gold-standard method for RBC deformability evaluation, the Laser-Optical Rotational Red Cell Analyzer (LoRRCA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Méndez-Mora
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Ferré-Torres
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Riera-Llobet
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Krishnevskaya
- Red Cell Pathology and Hematopoietic Disorders (Rare Anemias) Unit, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Claudia Trejo-Soto
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Salvador Payán-Pernía
- Red Blood Cell Disorders Unit, Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Hernández-Rodríguez
- Hematology Service, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristian Morales-Indiano
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Tomas Alarcón
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan-Lluis Vives-Corrons
- Red Cell Pathology and Hematopoietic Disorders (Rare Anemias) Unit, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Aurora Hernandez-Machado
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Microrheometer for Biofluidic Analysis: Electronic Detection of the Fluid-Front Advancement. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060726. [PMID: 34203063 PMCID: PMC8235303 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The motivation for this study was to develop a microdevice for the precise rheological characterization of biofluids, especially blood. The method presented was based on the principles of rheometry and fluid mechanics at the microscale. Traditional rheometers require a considerable amount of space, are expensive, and require a large volume of sample. A mathematical model was developed that, combined with a proper experimental model, allowed us to characterize the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids at different shear rates. The technology presented here is the basis of a point-of-care device capable of describing the nonlinear rheology of biofluids by the fluid/air interface front velocity characterization through a microchannel. The proposed microrheometer uses a small amount of sample to deliver fast and accurate results, without needing a large laboratory space. Blood samples from healthy donors at distinct hematocrit percentages were the non-Newtonian fluid selected for the study. Water and plasma were employed as testing Newtonian fluids for validation of the system. The viscosity results obtained for the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were consistent with pertinent studies cited in this paper. In addition, the results achieved using the proposed method allowed distinguishing between blood samples with different characteristics.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mustafa A, Eser A, Aksu AC, Kiraz A, Tanyeri M, Erten A, Yalcin O. A micropillar-based microfluidic viscometer for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:107-115. [PMID: 33070846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel viscosity measurement technique based on measuring the deflection of flexible (poly) dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars is presented. The experimental results show a nonlinear relationship between fluid viscosity and the deflection of micropillars due to viscoelastic properties of PDMS. A calibration curve, demonstrating this nonlinear relationship, is generated, and used to determine the viscosity of an unknown fluid. Using our method, viscosity measurements for Newtonian fluids (glycerol/water solutions) can be performed within 2-100 cP at shear rates γ = 60.5-398.4 s-1. We also measured viscosity of human whole blood samples (non-Newtonian fluid) yielding 2.7-5.1 cP at shear rates γ = 120-345.1 s-1, which compares well with measurements using conventional rotational viscometers (3.6-5.7 cP). With a sensitivity better than 0.5 cP, this method has the potential to be used as a portable microfluidic viscometer for real-time rheological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mustafa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Physics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Eser
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Cenk Aksu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Kiraz
- Department of Physics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Electrical Engineering Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melikhan Tanyeri
- Department of Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Ahmet Erten
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Yalcin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kang YJ. Blood Viscoelasticity Measurement Using Interface Variations in Coflowing Streams under Pulsatile Blood Flows. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030245. [PMID: 32111057 PMCID: PMC7142492 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Blood flows in microcirculation are determined by the mechanical properties of blood samples, which have been used to screen the status or progress of diseases. To achieve this, it is necessary to measure the viscoelasticity of blood samples under a pulsatile blood condition. In this study, viscoelasticity measurement is demonstrated by quantifying interface variations in coflowing streams. To demonstrate the present method, a T-shaped microfluidic device is designed to have two inlets (a, b), one outlet (a), two guiding channels (blood sample channel, reference fluid channel), and one coflowing channel. Two syringe pumps are employed to infuse a blood sample at a sinusoidal flow rate. The reference fluid is supplied at a constant flow rate. Using a discrete fluidic circuit model, a first-order linear differential equation for the interface is derived by including two approximate factors (F1 = 1.094, F2 = 1.1087). The viscosity and compliance are derived analytically as viscoelasticity. The experimental results showed that compliance is influenced substantially by the period. The hematocrit and diluent contributed to the varying viscosity and compliance. The viscoelasticity varied substantially for red blood cells fixed with higher concentrations of glutaraldehyde solution. The experimental results showed that the present method has the ability to monitor the viscoelasticity of blood samples under a sinusoidal flow-rate pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim BJ, Lee YS, Zhbanov A, Yang S. A physiometer for simultaneous measurement of whole blood viscosity and its determinants: hematocrit and red blood cell deformability. Analyst 2019; 144:3144-3157. [PMID: 30942211 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a microfluidic-based physiometer capable of measuring whole blood viscosity, hematocrit, and red blood cell (RBC) deformability on a chip is introduced. The physiometer consists of two major parts: a hydrodynamic component for whole blood viscosity measurement and an electronic component for hematocrit and RBC deformability measurement. In the hydrodynamic component, the whole blood is infused with phosphate buffered saline as a reference fluid for estimation of the whole blood viscosity. At a given flow rate, ten sets of whole blood viscosity readings are successfully obtained over a wide range of shear rates; this is achieved via a series of geometrically optimized microchannel arrays. In the electronic component, analysis of the whole blood impedance spectrum under flowing conditions reveals the electrical characteristics of the blood: the cytoplasm resistance (Rcytoplsm), plasma resistance (Rplasma), and RBC membrane capacitance (constant phase element). The hematocrit is estimated from Rcytoplsm and Rplasma, while the RBC deformation index is determined from the membrane capacitance change of the RBC. Each unique function is experimentally demonstrated and compared to the corresponding gold standard method. The whole blood viscosity measured using the physiometer is 0.8 ± 1.4% in normalized difference compared to that using a rotational cone-and-plate viscometer. For the hematocrit measurement, the coefficient of variation for the physiometer ranges from 0.3 to 1.2% which is lower than the one obtained from centrifugation. In the deformability measurement, there is a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.97) between the deformation index acquired by image processing and the change in the membrane capacitance acquired by using the physiometer. The effects of the hematocrit and RBC deformability on the whole blood viscosity are also demonstrated. For simultaneous and reliable measurement on a chip, a physiometer equipped with a temperature-control system is prepared. Lab-made software enables the measurement of the three target indices and the temperature control in an automated manner. By using this system, the temperature is controlled to 36.9 ± 0.2 °C which greatly matches with the target temperature (37.0 °C) and it is varied from 25 °C to 43 °C. The developed physiometer is potentially applicable for a comprehensive analysis of biophysical indices in whole blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang YJ, Lee SJ. In vitro and ex vivo measurement of the biophysical properties of blood using microfluidic platforms and animal models. Analyst 2019; 143:2723-2749. [PMID: 29740642 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00231b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Haemorheologically impaired microcirculation, such as blood clotting or abnormal blood flow, causes interrupted blood flows in vascular networks. The biophysical properties of blood, including blood viscosity, blood viscoelasticity, haematocrit, red blood bell (RBC) aggregation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and RBC deformability, have been used to monitor haematological diseases. In this review, we summarise several techniques for measuring haemorheological properties, such as blood viscosity, RBC deformability and RBC aggregation, using in vitro microfluidic platforms. Several methodologies for the measurement of haemorheological properties with the assistance of an extracorporeal rat bypass loop are also presented. We briefly discuss several emerging technologies for continuous, long-term, multiple measurements of haemorheological properties under in vitro or ex vivo conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kang YJ. Microfluidic-Based Technique for Measuring RBC Aggregation and Blood Viscosity in a Continuous and Simultaneous Fashion. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E467. [PMID: 30424400 PMCID: PMC6187833 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemorheological properties such as viscosity, deformability, and aggregation have been employed to monitor or screen patients with cardiovascular diseases. To effectively evaluate blood circulating within an in vitro closed circuit, it is important to quantify its hemorheological properties consistently and accurately. A simple method for measuring red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and blood viscosity is proposed for analyzing blood flow in a microfluidic device, especially in a continuous and simultaneous fashion. To measure RBC aggregation, blood flows through three channels: the left wide channel, the narrow channel and the right wide channel sequentially. After quantifying the image intensity of RBCs aggregated in the left channel () and the RBCs disaggregated in the right channel (), the RBC aggregation index (AIPM) is obtained by dividing by . Simultaneously, based on a modified parallel flow method, blood viscosity is obtained by detecting the interface between two fluids in the right wide channel. RBC aggregation and blood viscosity were first evaluated under constant and pulsatile blood flows. AIPM varies significantly with respect to blood flow rate (for both its amplitude and period) and the concentration of the dextran solution used. According to our quantitative comparison between the proposed aggregation index (AIPM) and the conventional aggregation index (AICM), it is found that AIPM provides consistent results. Finally, the suggested method is employed to obtain the RBC aggregation and blood viscosity of blood circulating within an in vitro fluidic circuit. The experimental results lead to the conclusion that the proposed method can be successfully used to measure RBC aggregation and blood viscosity, especially in a continuous and simultaneous fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Microfluidic viscometry using magnetically actuated micropost arrays. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200345. [PMID: 30016366 PMCID: PMC6049921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe development of a microfluidic viscometer based on arrays of magnetically actuated micro-posts. Quantitative viscosities over a range of three orders of magnitude were determined for samples of less than 20 μL. This represents the first demonstration of quantitative viscometry using driven flexible micropost arrays. Critical to the success of our system is a comprehensive analytical model that includes the mechanical and magnetic properties of the actuating posts, the optical readout, and fluid-structure interactions. We found that alterations of the actuator beat shape as parameterized by the dimensionless “sperm number” must be taken into account to determine the fluid properties from the measured actuator dynamics. Beyond our particular system, the model described here can provide dynamics predictions for a broad class of flexible microactuator designs. We also show how the model can guide the design of new arrays that expand the accessible range of measurements.
Collapse
|
15
|
Oh S, Choi S. 3D-Printed Capillary Circuits for Calibration-Free Viscosity Measurement of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E314. [PMID: 30424247 PMCID: PMC6082256 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Measuring viscosity is important for the quality assurance of liquid products, as well as for monitoring the viscosity of clinical fluids as a potential hemodynamic biomarker. However, conventional viscometers and their microfluidic counterparts typically rely on bulky and expensive equipment, and lack the ability for rapid and field-deployable viscosity analysis. To address these challenges, we describe 3D-printed capillary circuits (3D-CCs) for equipment- and calibration-free viscosity measurement of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. A syringe, modified with an air chamber serving as a pressure buffer, generates and maintains a set pressure to drive the pressure-driven flows of test fluids through the 3D-CCs. The graduated fluidic chambers of the 3D-CCs serve as a flow meter, enabling simple measurement of the flow rates of the test fluids flowing through the 3D-CCs, which is readable with the naked eye. The viscosities of the test fluids can be simply calculated from the measured flow rates under a set pressure condition without the need for peripheral equipment and calibration. We demonstrate the multiplexing capability of the 3D-CC platform by simultaneously measuring different Newtonian-fluid samples. Further, we demonstrate that the shear-rate dependence of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid can be analyzed simultaneously under various shear-rate conditions with the 3D-CC platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea.
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sklodowska K, Debski PR, Michalski JA, Korczyk PM, Dolata M, Zajac M, Jakiela S. Simultaneous Measurement of Viscosity and Optical Density of Bacterial Growth and Death in a Microdroplet. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E251. [PMID: 30424184 PMCID: PMC6187717 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a novel method for the assessment of droplet viscosity moving inside microfluidic channels. The method allows for the monitoring of the rate of the continuous growth of bacterial culture. It is based on the analysis of the hydrodynamic resistance of a droplet that is present in a microfluidic channel, which affects its motion. As a result, we were able to observe and quantify the change in the viscosity of the dispersed phase that is caused by the increasing population of interacting bacteria inside a size-limited system. The technique allows for finding the correlation between the viscosity of the medium with a bacterial culture and its optical density. These features, together with the high precision of the measurement, make our viscometer a promising tool for various experiments in the field of analytical chemistry and microbiology, where the rigorous control of the conditions of the reaction and the monitoring of the size of bacterial culture are vital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sklodowska
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel R Debski
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek A Michalski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 17 Lukasiewicza Street, 09400 Plock, Poland.
| | - Piotr M Korczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Miroslaw Dolata
- Department of Econophysics and Physics Application, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Miroslaw Zajac
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Jakiela
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oh S, Kim B, Choi S. A 3D-Printed Multichannel Viscometer for High-Throughput Analysis of Frying Oil Quality. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051625. [PMID: 29783728 PMCID: PMC5982248 DOI: 10.3390/s18051625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viscosity as a sensitive measure of material changes is a potential quality-control parameter for simple and rapid assessment of frying oil quality. However, conventional viscometers require improvements in throughput, portability, cost-effectiveness and usability to be widely adopted for quality-control applications. Here we present a 3D-printed multichannel viscometer for simple, inexpensive and multiplexed viscosity measurement. The multichannel viscometer enables both parallel actuation of multiple fluid flows by pressing the plunger of the viscometer by hand and direct measurement of their relative volumes dispensed with naked eye. Thus, the unknown viscosities of test fluids can be simultaneously determined by the volume ratios between a reference fluid of known viscosity and the test fluids of unknown viscosity. With a 4-plex version of the multichannel viscometer, we demonstrated that the viscometer is effective for rapid examination of the degradation of a vegetable oil during deep frying of potato strips and the recovery of used frying oil after treatment with an adsorbent agent to remove frying by-products. The measurement results obtained by the multichannel viscometer were highly correlated with those obtained using a commercial oil tester. We also demonstrated the multiplexing capability of the viscometer, fabricating a 10-plex version of the viscometer and measuring the viscosities of ten test liquids at the same time. Collectively, these results indicate that the 3D-printed multichannel viscometer represents a valuable tool for high-throughput examination of frying oil quality in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea.
| | - Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea.
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kopp MR, Arosio P. Microfluidic Approaches for the Characterization of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1228-1236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
19
|
Microfluidic-Based Measurement Method of Red Blood Cell Aggregation under Hematocrit Variations. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092037. [PMID: 28878199 PMCID: PMC5620946 DOI: 10.3390/s17092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are considered to be promising biomarkers for effectively monitoring blood rheology at extremely low shear rates. In this study, a microfluidic-based measurement technique is suggested to evaluate RBC aggregation under hematocrit variations due to the continuous ESR. After the pipette tip is tightly fitted into an inlet port, a disposable suction pump is connected to the outlet port through a polyethylene tube. After dropping blood (approximately 0.2 mL) into the pipette tip, the blood flow can be started and stopped by periodically operating a pinch valve. To evaluate variations in RBC aggregation due to the continuous ESR, an EAI (Erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate Aggregation Index) is newly suggested, which uses temporal variations of image intensity. To demonstrate the proposed method, the dynamic characterization of the disposable suction pump is first quantitatively measured by varying the hematocrit levels and cavity volume of the suction pump. Next, variations in RBC aggregation and ESR are quantified by varying the hematocrit levels. The conventional aggregation index (AI) is maintained constant, unrelated to the hematocrit values. However, the EAI significantly decreased with respect to the hematocrit values. Thus, the EAI is more effective than the AI for monitoring variations in RBC aggregation due to the ESR. Lastly, the proposed method is employed to detect aggregated blood and thermally-induced blood. The EAI gradually increased as the concentration of a dextran solution increased. In addition, the EAI significantly decreased for thermally-induced blood. From this experimental demonstration, the proposed method is able to effectively measure variations in RBC aggregation due to continuous hematocrit variations, especially by quantifying the EAI.
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of Aggregation on the Hydrodynamic Properties of Bovine Serum Albumin. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2250-2259. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
21
|
Kim BJ, Lee SY, Jee S, Atajanov A, Yang S. Micro-Viscometer for Measuring Shear-Varying Blood Viscosity over a Wide-Ranging Shear Rate. SENSORS 2017. [PMID: 28632151 PMCID: PMC5492087 DOI: 10.3390/s17061442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a micro-viscometer is developed for measuring shear-varying blood viscosity over a wide-ranging shear rate. The micro-viscometer consists of 10 microfluidic channel arrays, each of which has a different micro-channel width. The proposed design enables the retrieval of 10 different shear rates from a single flow rate, thereby enabling the measurement of shear-varying blood viscosity with a fixed flow rate condition. For this purpose, an optimal design that guarantees accurate viscosity measurement is selected from a parametric study. The functionality of the micro-viscometer is verified by both numerical and experimental studies. The proposed micro-viscometer shows 6.8% (numerical) and 5.3% (experimental) in relative error when compared to the result from a standard rotational viscometer. Moreover, a reliability test is performed by repeated measurement (N = 7), and the result shows 2.69 ± 2.19% for the mean relative error. Accurate viscosity measurements are performed on blood samples with variations in the hematocrit (35%, 45%, and 55%), which significantly influences blood viscosity. Since the blood viscosity correlated with various physical parameters of the blood, the micro-viscometer is anticipated to be a significant advancement for realization of blood on a chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Seung Yeob Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Solkeun Jee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Arslan Atajanov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Sung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gupta S, Wang WS, Vanapalli SA. Microfluidic viscometers for shear rheology of complex fluids and biofluids. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:043402. [PMID: 27478521 PMCID: PMC4947045 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rich diversity of man-made complex fluids and naturally occurring biofluids is opening up new opportunities for investigating their flow behavior and characterizing their rheological properties. Steady shear viscosity is undoubtedly the most widely characterized material property of these fluids. Although widely adopted, macroscale rheometers are limited by sample volumes, access to high shear rates, hydrodynamic instabilities, and interfacial artifacts. Currently, microfluidic devices are capable of handling low sample volumes, providing precision control of flow and channel geometry, enabling a high degree of multiplexing and automation, and integrating flow visualization and optical techniques. These intrinsic advantages of microfluidics have made it especially suitable for the steady shear rheology of complex fluids. In this paper, we review the use of microfluidics for conducting shear viscometry of complex fluids and biofluids with a focus on viscosity curves as a function of shear rate. We discuss the physical principles underlying different microfluidic viscometers, their unique features and limits of operation. This compilation of technological options will potentially serve in promoting the benefits of microfluidic viscometry along with evincing further interest and research in this area. We intend that this review will aid researchers handling and studying complex fluids in selecting and adopting microfluidic viscometers based on their needs. We conclude with challenges and future directions in microfluidic rheometry of complex fluids and biofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - William S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Siva A Vanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kang YJ. Continuous and simultaneous measurement of the biophysical properties of blood in a microfluidic environment. Analyst 2016; 141:6583-6597. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new measurement method is proposed to quantify blood viscosity, blood viscoelasticity, and RBC aggregation, in a continuous and simultaneous fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Chosun University
- Gwangju
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hudson SD, Sarangapani P, Pathak JA, Migler KB. A Microliter Capillary Rheometer for Characterization of Protein Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:678-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Pathak JA, Sologuren RR, Narwal R. Do clustering monoclonal antibody solutions really have a concentration dependence of viscosity? Biophys J 2013; 104:913-23. [PMID: 23442970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein solution rheology data in the biophysics literature have incompletely identified factors that govern hydrodynamics. Whereas spontaneous protein adsorption at the air/water (A/W) interface increases the apparent viscosity of surfactant-free globular protein solutions, it is demonstrated here that irreversible clusters also increase system viscosity in the zero shear limit. Solution rheology measured with double gap geometry in a stress-controlled rheometer on a surfactant-free Immunoglobulin solution demonstrated that both irreversible clusters and the A/W interface increased the apparent low shear rate viscosity. Interfacial shear rheology data showed that the A/W interface yields, i.e., shows solid-like behavior. The A/W interface contribution was smaller, yet nonnegligible, in double gap compared to cone-plate geometry. Apparent nonmonotonic composition dependence of viscosity at low shear rates due to irreversible (nonequilibrium) clusters was resolved by filtration to recover a monotonically increasing viscosity-concentration curve, as expected. Although smaller equilibrium clusters also existed, their size and effective volume fraction were unaffected by filtration, rendering their contribution to viscosity invariant. Surfactant-free antibody systems containing clusters have complex hydrodynamic response, reflecting distinct bulk and interface-adsorbed protein as well as irreversible cluster contributions. Literature models for solution viscosity lack the appropriate physics to describe the bulk shear viscosity of unstable surfactant-free antibody solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai A Pathak
- Formulations Sciences Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wunderlich BK, Bausch AR. Differential capillary viscometer for measurement of non-Newtonian fluids. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42921k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
27
|
Wu J, Zheng G, Lee LM. Optical imaging techniques in microfluidics and their applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3566-75. [PMID: 22878811 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have undergone rapid development in recent years and provide a lab-on-a-chip solution for many biomedical and chemical applications. Optical imaging techniques are essential in microfluidics for observing and extracting information from biological or chemical samples. Traditionally, imaging in microfluidics is achieved by bench-top conventional microscopes or other bulky imaging systems. More recently, many novel compact microscopic techniques have been developed to provide a low-cost and portable solution. In this review, we provide an overview of optical imaging techniques used in microfluidics followed with their applications. We first discuss bulky imaging systems including microscopes and interferometer-based techniques, then we focus on compact imaging systems that can be better integrated with microfluidic devices, including digital in-line holography and scanning-based imaging techniques. The applications in biomedicine or chemistry are also discussed along with the specific imaging techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Wu
- Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Song W, Psaltis D. Optofluidic membrane interferometer: An imaging method for measuring microfluidic pressure and flow rate simultaneously on a chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:44110-4411011. [PMID: 22662062 PMCID: PMC3364809 DOI: 10.1063/1.3664693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel image-based method to measure the on-chip microfluidic pressure and flow rate simultaneously by using the integrated optofluidic membrane interferometers (OMIs). The device was constructed with two layers of structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on a glass substrate by multilayer soft lithography. The OMI consists of a flexible air-gap optical cavity which upon illumination by monochromatic light generates interference patterns that depends on the pressure. These interference patterns were captured with a microscope and analyzed by computer based on a pattern recognition algorithm. Compared with the previous techniques for pressure sensing, this method offers several advantages including low cost, simple fabrication, large dynamic range, and high sensitivity. For pressure sensing, we demonstrate a dynamic range of 0-10 psi with an accuracy of ±2% of full scale. Since multiple OMIs can be integrated into a single chip for detecting pressures at multiple locations simultaneously, we also demonstrated a microfluidic flow sensing by measuring the differential pressure along a channel. Thanks to the simple fabrication that is compatible with normal microfluidics, such OMIs can be easily integrated into other microfluidic systems for in situ fluid monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhou Song
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bramanti E, Ferrari C, Angeli V, Onor M, Synovec RE. Characterization of BSA unfolding and aggregation using a single-capillary viscometer and dynamic surface tension detector. Talanta 2011; 85:2553-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Nelson WC, Kavehpour HP, Kim CJCJ. A miniature capillary breakup extensional rheometer by electrostatically assisted generation of liquid filaments. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2424-31. [PMID: 21655586 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A micromachined chip capable of generating liquid microfilaments has been developed for a miniature version of the Capillary Breakup Extensional Rheometer (CaBER®). The proposed system is exceptionally simple and compact because liquid samples are actuated by voltages administered on-chip, which therefore requires only electrical connections (rather than a linear motor, an integral part of the CaBER®). Since chip features are photolithographically defined, the miniature rheometer can handle sub-microlitre samples. Following the CaBER®, we show that a commercial LED micrometer effectively measures diameters of filaments generated by the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) forces. Since negligible electric fields are sustained within the liquid far away from the measurement region, the applied EWOD voltage does not influence tested material properties. Through breakup experiments using a wide range of Newtonian and complex fluids (e.g., glycerol, xanthan gum, dilute polystyrene, and dilute solutions of various molecular weight polyethylene oxide) we demonstrate a versatile testing platform for scarce and precious samples such as biochemical fluids and novel materials. Measured Newtonian and complex dynamics agree well with published theories and experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt C Nelson
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Choi S, Lee MG, Park JK. Microfluidic parallel circuit for measurement of hydraulic resistance. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:034110. [PMID: 20877656 PMCID: PMC2946092 DOI: 10.1063/1.3486609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic parallel circuit that directly compares the test channel of an unknown hydraulic resistance with the reference channel with a known resistance, thereby measuring the unknown resistance without any measurement setup, such as standard pressure gauges. Many of microfluidic applications require the precise transport of fluid along a channel network with complex patterns. Therefore, it is important to accurately characterize and measure the hydraulic resistance of each channel segment, and determines whether the device principle works well. However, there is no fluidic device that includes features, such as the ability to diagnose microfluidic problems by measuring the hydraulic resistance of a microfluidic component in microscales. To address the above need, we demonstrate a simple strategy to measure an unknown hydraulic resistance, by characterizing the hydraulic resistance of microchannels with different widths and defining an equivalent linear channel of a microchannel with repeated patterns of a sudden contraction and expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|