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Hyder A, Ali A, Buledi JA, Memon AA, Iqbal M, Bangalni TH, Solangi AR, Thebo KH, Akhtar J. Nanodiamonds: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Enhancing Biomedical Therapies and Diagnostics in Biosensing. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400006. [PMID: 38530037 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have garnered attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NDs synthesis methods, properties, and their uses in biomedical applications. Various synthesis techniques, such as detonation, high-pressure, high-temperature, and chemical vapor deposition, offer distinct advantages in tailoring NDs' size, shape, and surface properties. Surface modification methods further enhance NDs' biocompatibility and enable the attachment of bioactive molecules, expanding their applicability in biological systems. NDs serve as promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, showcasing biocompatibility and the ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents for targeted delivery. Additionally, NDs demonstrate potential in cancer treatment through hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement for improved immune responses. Functionalization of NDs facilitates their utilization in biosensors for sensitive biomolecule detection, aiding in precise diagnostics and rapid detection of infectious diseases. This review underscores the multifaceted role of NDs in advancing biomedical applications. By synthesizing NDs through various methods and modifying their surfaces, researchers can tailor their properties for specific biomedical needs. The ability of NDs to serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles holds promise for targeted therapy, while their applications in hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement offer innovative approaches to cancer treatment and immunization. Furthermore, the integration of NDs into biosensors enhances diagnostic capabilities, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomolecules and infectious diseases. Overall, the diverse functionalities of NDs underscore their potential as valuable tools in nanomedicine, paving the way for advancements in healthcare and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hyder
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering (IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100F190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jamil A Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ali Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur KPK, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Talib Hussain Bangalni
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Amber R Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain Thebo
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Science, 2 Wenhua Rood, Shenyang, China
- Department of Chemistry Mirpur, University of Science and Technology (MUST), 10250 (AJK), Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Javeed Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry Mirpur, University of Science and Technology (MUST), 10250 (AJK), Mirpur, Pakistan
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2
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Wen H, Kordahl D, Kuschnerus IC, Reineck P, Macmillan A, Chang HC, Dwyer C, Chang SLY. Correlative Fluorescence and Transmission Electron Microscopy Assisted by 3D Machine Learning Reveals Thin Nanodiamonds Fluoresce Brighter. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16491-16500. [PMID: 37594320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) draw widespread attention as quantum sensors due to their room-temperature luminescence, exceptional photo- and chemical stability, and biocompatibility. For bioscience applications, NV centers in FNDs offer high-spatial-resolution capabilities that are unparalleled by other solid-state nanoparticle emitters. On the other hand, pursuits to further improve the optical properties of FNDs have reached a bottleneck, with intense debate in the literature over which of the many factors are most pertinent. Here, we describe how substantial progress can be achieved using a correlative transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence (TEMPL) method that we have developed. TEMPL enables a precise correlative analysis of the fluorescence brightness, size, and shape of individual FND particles. Augmented with machine learning, TEMPL can be used to analyze a large, statistically meaningful number of particles. Our results reveal that FND fluorescence is strongly dependent on particle shape, specifically, that thin, flake-shaped particles are up to several times brighter and that fluorescence increases with decreasing particle sphericity. Our theoretical analysis shows that these observations are attributable to the constructive interference of light waves within the FNDs. Our findings have significant implications for state-of-the-art sensing applications, and they offer potential avenues for improving the sensitivity and resolution of quantum sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Kordahl
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana 71104, United States
| | - Inga C Kuschnerus
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Bio Photonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Alexander Macmillan
- BMIF, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Christian Dwyer
- Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy Tools, PO Box 506, Sans Souci, NSW 2219, Australia
- Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Shery L Y Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Zhang T, Wang L, Wang J, Wang Z, Gupta M, Guo X, Zhu Y, Yiu YC, Hui TKC, Zhou Y, Li C, Lei D, Li KH, Wang X, Wang Q, Shao L, Chu Z. Multimodal dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting using robust diamond microparticles on heterogeneous substrate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2507. [PMID: 37130871 PMCID: PMC10154296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of counterfeit products worldwide poses serious threats to economic security and human health. Developing advanced anti-counterfeiting materials with physical unclonable functions offers an attractive defense strategy. Here, we report multimodal, dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting labels based on diamond microparticles containing silicon-vacancy centers. These chaotic microparticles are heterogeneously grown on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition, facilitating low-cost scalable fabrication. The intrinsically unclonable functions are introduced by the randomized features of each particle. The highly stable signals of photoluminescence from silicon-vacancy centers and light scattering from diamond microparticles can enable high-capacity optical encoding. Moreover, time-dependent encoding is achieved by modulating photoluminescence signals of silicon-vacancy centers via air oxidation. Exploiting the robustness of diamond, the developed labels exhibit ultrahigh stability in extreme application scenarios, including harsh chemical environments, high temperature, mechanical abrasion, and ultraviolet irradiation. Hence, our proposed system can be practically applied immediately as anti-counterfeiting labels in diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Opto-Electronics, Peking University, Dongguan, China
| | - Madhav Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yau Chuen Yiu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Primemax Biotech Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Opto-Electronics, Peking University, Dongguan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Opto-Electronics, Peking University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Lei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Pinotsi D, Tian R, Anand P, Miyanishi K, Boss JM, Chang KK, Welter P, So FTK, Terada D, Igarashi R, Shirakawa M, Degen CL, Segawa TF. Distance measurements between 5 nanometer diamonds - single particle magnetic resonance or optical super-resolution imaging? NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1345-1355. [PMID: 36866257 PMCID: PMC9972529 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
5 nanometer sized detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) are studied as potential single-particle labels for distance measurements in biomolecules. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in the crystal lattice can be addressed through their fluorescence and optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of a single particle can be recorded. To achieve single-particle distance measurements, we propose two complementary approaches based on spin-spin coupling or optical super-resolution imaging. As a first approach, we try to measure the mutual magnetic dipole-dipole coupling between two NV centers in close DNDs using a pulse ODMR sequence (DEER). The electron spin coherence time, a key parameter to reach long distance DEER measurements, was prolonged using dynamical decoupling reaching T 2,DD ≈ 20 μs, extending the Hahn echo decay time T 2 by one order of magnitude. Nevertheless, an inter-particle NV-NV dipole coupling could not be measured. As a second approach, we successfully localize the NV centers in DNDs using STORM super-resolution imaging, achieving a localization precision of down to 15 nm, enabling optical nanometer-scale single-particle distance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Pinotsi
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Rui Tian
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany
| | - Pratyush Anand
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Koichiro Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jens M Boss
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich 8091 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kai Chang
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pol Welter
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Frederick T-K So
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-Ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-Ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
- Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 610-0011 Japan
| | - Daiki Terada
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-Ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-Ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
| | - Ryuji Igarashi
- Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 610-0011 Japan
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-Ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-Ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Takuya F Segawa
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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5
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Li W, Kaminski Schierle GS, Lei B, Liu Y, Kaminski CF. Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Super-Resolution Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12495-12543. [PMID: 35759536 PMCID: PMC9373000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction limit of light have gained wide popularity for visualizing cellular structures with nanometric resolution. Following the pace of hardware developments, the availability of new fluorescent probes with superior properties is becoming ever more important. In this context, fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing attention as bright and photostable probes that address many shortcomings of traditional fluorescent probes. The use of NPs for super-resolution imaging is a recent development and this provides the focus for the current review. We give an overview of different super-resolution methods and discuss their demands on the properties of fluorescent NPs. We then review in detail the features, strengths, and weaknesses of each NP class to support these applications and provide examples from their utilization in various biological systems. Moreover, we provide an outlook on the future of the field and opportunities in material science for the development of probes for multiplexed subcellular imaging with nanometric resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China,Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bingfu Lei
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China,B. Lei.
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom,C. F. Kaminski.
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6
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Monitoring Dark-State Dynamics of a Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Nanodiamond by Auto-Correlation Spectroscopy: Photonionization and Recharging. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040979. [PMID: 33920225 PMCID: PMC8070252 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this letter, the photon-induced charge conversion dynamics of a single Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in nanodiamond between two charge states, negative (NV−) and neutral (NV0), is studied by the auto-correlation function. It is observed that the ionization of NV− converts to NV0, which is regarded as the dark state of the NV−, leading to fluorescence intermittency in single NV centers. A new method, based on the auto-correlation calculation of the time-course fluorescence intensity from NV centers, was developed to quantify the transition kinetics and yielded the calculation of transition rates from NV− to NV0 (ionization) and from NV0 to NV− (recharging). Based on our experimental investigation, we found that the NV−-NV0 transition is wavelength-dependent, and more frequent transitions were observed when short-wavelength illumination was used. From the analysis of the auto-correlation curve, it is found that the transition time of NV− to NV0 (ionization) is around 0.1 μs, but the transition time of NV0 to NV− (recharging) is around 20 ms. Power-dependent measurements reveal that the ionization rate increases linearly with the laser power, while the recharging rate has a quadratic increase with the laser power. This difference suggests that the ionization in the NV center is a one-photon process, while the recharging of NV0 to NV− is a two-photon process. This work, which offers theoretical and experimental explanations of the emission property of a single NV center, is expected to help the utilization of the NV center for quantum information science, quantum communication, and quantum bioimaging.
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7
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Storterboom J, Barbiero M, Castelletto S, Gu M. Ground-State Depletion Nanoscopy of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centres in Nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:44. [PMID: 33689036 PMCID: PMC7947094 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy ([Formula: see text]) centre in nanodiamonds (NDs) has been recently studied for applications in cellular imaging due to its better photo-stability and biocompatibility if compared to other fluorophores. Super-resolution imaging achieving 20-nm resolution of [Formula: see text] in NDs has been proved over the years using sub-diffraction limited imaging approaches such as single molecule stochastic localisation microscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Here we show the first demonstration of ground-state depletion (GSD) nanoscopy of these centres in NDs using three beams, a probe beam, a depletion beam and a reset beam. The depletion beam at 638 nm forces the [Formula: see text] centres to the metastable dark state everywhere but in the local minimum, while a Gaussian beam at 594 nm probes the [Formula: see text] centres and a 488-nm reset beam is used to repopulate the excited state. Super-resolution imaging of a single [Formula: see text] centre with a full width at half maximum of 36 nm is demonstrated, and two adjacent [Formula: see text] centres separated by 72 nm are resolved. GSD microscopy is here applied to [Formula: see text] in NDs with a much lower optical power compared to bulk diamond. This work demonstrates the need to control the NDs nitrogen concentration to tailor their application in super-resolution imaging methods and paves the way for studies of [Formula: see text] in NDs' nanoscale interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Storterboom
- Optical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefania Castelletto
- Optical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Laboratory for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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8
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9
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Sow M, Steuer H, Adekanye S, Ginés L, Mandal S, Gilboa B, Williams OA, Smith JM, Kapanidis AN. High-throughput nitrogen-vacancy center imaging for nanodiamond photophysical characterization and pH nanosensing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21821-21831. [PMID: 33103692 PMCID: PMC8329943 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05931e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond has remarkable photophysical properties, including high photostability which allows stable fluorescence emission for hours; as a result, there has been much interest in using nanodiamonds (NDs) for applications in quantum optics and biological imaging. Such applications have been limited by the heterogeneity of NDs and our limited understanding of NV photophysics in NDs, which is partially due to the lack of sensitive and high-throughput methods for photophysical analysis of NDs. Here, we report a systematic analysis of NDs using two-color wide-field epifluorescence imaging coupled to high-throughput single-particle detection of single NVs in NDs with sizes down to 5-10 nm. By using fluorescence intensity ratios, we observe directly the charge conversion of single NV center (NV- or NV0) and measure the lifetimes of different NV charge states in NDs. We also show that we can use changes in pH to control the main NV charge states in a direct and reversible fashion, a discovery that paves the way for performing pH nanosensing with a non-photobleachable probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maabur Sow
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| | - Horst Steuer
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| | - Sanmi Adekanye
- Department of Materials, University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX1 3PHUK
| | - Laia Ginés
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF24 3AAUK
| | - Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF24 3AAUK
| | - Barak Gilboa
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
| | | | - Jason M. Smith
- Department of Materials, University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX1 3PHUK
| | - Achillefs N. Kapanidis
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford OX1 3PUUK
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10
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Wilson ER, Parker LM, Orth A, Nunn N, Torelli M, Shenderova O, Gibson BC, Reineck P. The effect of particle size on nanodiamond fluorescence and colloidal properties in biological media. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:385704. [PMID: 31181558 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are extremely photostable markers and nanoscale sensors, which are increasingly used in biomedical applications. Nanoparticle size is a critical parameter in the majority of these applications. Yet, the effect of particle size on FND's fluorescence and colloidal properties is not well understood today. Here, we investigate the fluorescence and colloidal stability of commercially available high-pressure high-temperature FNDs containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in biological media. Unconjugated FNDs in sizes ranging between 10 nm and 140 nm with an oxidized surface are studied using dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy. We determine their colloidal stability in water, fetal bovine serum, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and complete media. The FNDs' relative fluorescence brightness, the NV charge-state, and the FND fluorescence against media autofluorescence are analyzed as a function of FND size. Our results will enable researchers in biology and beyond to identify the most promising FND particle size for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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11
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Johnstone GE, Cairns GS, Patton BR. Nanodiamonds enable adaptive-optics enhanced, super-resolution, two-photon excitation microscopy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190589. [PMID: 31417755 PMCID: PMC6689623 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particles of diamond in the 5-100 nm size range, known as nanodiamond (ND), have shown promise as robust fluorophores for optical imaging. We demonstrate here that, due to their photostability, they are not only suitable for two-photon imaging, but also allow significant resolution enhancement when combined with computational super-resolution techniques. We observe a resolution of 42.5 nm when processing two-photon images with the Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations algorithm. We show manipulation of the point-spread function of the microscope using adaptive optics. This demonstrates how the photostability of ND can also be of use when characterizing adaptive optics technologies or testing the resilience of super-resolution or aberration correction algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian R. Patton
- Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
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12
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Shakun A, Anyszka R, Sarlin E, Blume A, Vuorinen J. Influence of Surface Modified Nanodiamonds on Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of Silicone Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1104. [PMID: 31261923 PMCID: PMC6681107 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamonds, also known as ultradispersed diamonds, possess versatile chemically active surfaces, which can be adjusted to improve their interaction with elastomers. Such improvements can result in decreased dielectric and viscous losses of the composites without compromising other in-rubber properties, thus making the composites suitable for new demanding applications, such as energy harvesting. However, in most cases, surface modification of nanodiamonds requires the use of strong chemicals and high temperatures. The present study offers a less time-consuming functionalization method at 40 °C via reaction between the epoxy-rings of the modifier and carboxylic groups at the nanodiamond surface. This allows decorating the nanodiamond surface with chemical groups that are able to participate in the crosslinking reaction, thus creating strong interaction between filler and elastomer. Addition of 0.1 phr (parts per hundred rubber) of modified nanodiamonds into the silicone matrix results in about fivefold decreased electric losses at 1 Hz due to a reduced conductivity. Moreover, the mechanical hysteresis loss is reduced more than 50% and dynamic loss tangent at ambient temperature is lowered. Therefore, such materials are recommended for the dielectric energy harvesting application, and they are expected to increase its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Shakun
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Tampere University, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Rafal Anyszka
- Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Essi Sarlin
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Tampere University, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anke Blume
- Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jyrki Vuorinen
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Tampere University, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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13
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Uchiyama H, Saijo S, Kishimoto S, Ishi-Hayase J, Ohno Y. Operando Analysis of Electron Devices Using Nanodiamond Thin Films Containing Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7459-7466. [PMID: 31459842 PMCID: PMC6648530 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Operando analysis of electron devices provides key information regarding their performance enhancement, reliability, thermal management, etc. For versatile operando analysis of devices, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds are potentially useful media owing to their excellent sensitivity to multiple physical parameters. However, in single crystal diamond substrates often used for sensing applications, placing NV centers in contiguity with the active channel is difficult. This study proposes an operando analysis method using a nanodiamond thin film that can be directly formed onto various electron devices by a simple solution-based process. The results of noise analysis of luminescence of the NV centers in nanodiamonds show that the signal-to-noise ratio in optically detected magnetic resonance can be drastically improved by excluding the large 1/f noise of nanodiamonds. Consequently, the magnetic field and increase in temperature caused by the device current could be simultaneously measured in a lithographically fabricated metal microwire as a test device. Moreover, the spatial mapping measurement is demonstrated and shows a similar profile with the numerical calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Uchiyama
- Department
of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Soya Saijo
- School
of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio
University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kishimoto
- Department
of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Junko Ishi-Hayase
- School
of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio
University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ohno
- Department
of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute
of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Zhang Q, Yu H, Barbiero M, Wang B, Gu M. Artificial neural networks enabled by nanophotonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:42. [PMID: 31098012 PMCID: PMC6504946 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing demands of brain science and artificial intelligence create an urgent need for the development of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that can mimic the structural, functional and biological features of human neural networks. Nanophotonics, which is the study of the behaviour of light and the light-matter interaction at the nanometre scale, has unveiled new phenomena and led to new applications beyond the diffraction limit of light. These emerging nanophotonic devices have enabled scientists to develop paradigm shifts of research into ANNs. In the present review, we summarise the recent progress in nanophotonics for emulating the structural, functional and biological features of ANNs, directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zhang
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Haoyi Yu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Martina Barbiero
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Baokai Wang
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
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15
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Nunn N, d’Amora M, Prabhakar N, Panich AM, Froumin N, Torelli MD, Vlasov I, Reineck P, Gibson B, Rosenholm JM, Giordani S, Shenderova O. Fluorescent single-digit detonation nanodiamond for biomedical applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:035010. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aac0c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Reineck P, Lau DWM, Wilson ER, Fox K, Field MR, Deeleepojananan C, Mochalin VN, Gibson BC. Effect of Surface Chemistry on the Fluorescence of Detonation Nanodiamonds. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10924-10934. [PMID: 29088544 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) have unique physical and chemical properties that make them invaluable in many applications. However, DNDs are generally assumed to show weak fluorescence, if any, unless chemically modified with organic molecules. We demonstrate that detonation nanodiamonds exhibit significant and excitation-wavelength-dependent fluorescence from the visible to the near-infrared spectral region above 800 nm, even without the engraftment of organic molecules to their surfaces. We show that this fluorescence depends on the surface functionality of the DND particles. The investigated functionalized DNDs, produced from the same purified DND as well as the as-received polyfunctional starting material, are hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, ethylenediamine, and octadecylamine-terminated. All DNDs are investigated in solution and on a silicon wafer substrate and compared to fluorescent high-pressure high-temperature nanodiamonds. The brightest fluorescence is observed from octadecylamine-functionalized particles and is more than 100 times brighter than the least fluorescent particles, carboxylated DNDs. The majority of photons emitted by all particle types likely originates from non-diamond carbon. However, we locally find bright and photostable fluorescence from nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond in hydrogenated, hydroxylated, and carboxylated detonation nanodiamonds. Our results contribute to understanding the effects of surface chemistry on the fluorescence of DNDs and enable the exploration of the fluorescent properties of DNDs for applications in theranostics as nontoxic fluorescent labels, sensors, nanoscale tracers, and many others where chemically stable and brightly fluorescent nanoparticles with tailorable surface chemistry are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Desmond W M Lau
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Emma R Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Kate Fox
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Matthew R Field
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Cholaphan Deeleepojananan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Vadym N Mochalin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, ‡School of Engineering, and §RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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17
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Barbiero M, Castelletto S, Gan X, Gu M. Spin-manipulated nanoscopy for single nitrogen-vacancy center localizations in nanodiamonds. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17085. [PMID: 30167213 PMCID: PMC6062043 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their exceptional optical and magnetic properties, negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs) have been identified as an indispensable tool for imaging, sensing and quantum bit manipulation. The investigation of the emission behaviors of single NV- centers at the nanoscale is of paramount importance and underpins their use in applications ranging from quantum computation to super-resolution imaging. Here, we report on a spin-manipulated nanoscopy method for nanoscale resolutions of the collectively blinking NV- centers confined within the diffraction-limited region. Using wide-field localization microscopy combined with nanoscale spin manipulation and the assistance of a microwave source tuned to the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) frequency, we discovered that two collectively blinking NV- centers can be resolved. Furthermore, when the collective emitters possess the same ground state spin transition frequency, the proposed method allows the resolving of each single NV- center via an external magnetic field used to split the resonant dips. In spin manipulation, the three-level blinking dynamics provide the means to resolve two NV- centers separated by distances of 23 nm. The method presented here offers a new platform for studying and imaging spin-related quantum interactions at the nanoscale with super-resolution techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Barbiero
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | - Xiaosong Gan
- Center for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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18
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Zhang H, Glenn DR, Schalek R, Lichtman JW, Walsworth RL. Efficiency of Cathodoluminescence Emission by Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Nanodiamonds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1700543. [PMID: 28417543 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Correlated electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging using functionalized nanoparticles is a promising nanoscale probe of biological structure and function. Nanodiamonds (NDs) that contain CL-emitting color centers are particularly well suited for such applications. The intensity of CL emission from NDs is determined by a combination of factors, including particle size, density of color centers, efficiency of energy deposition by electrons passing through the particle, and conversion efficiency from deposited energy to CL emission. This paper reports experiments and numerical simulations that investigate the relative importance of each of these factors in determining CL emission intensity from NDs containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers. In particular, it is found that CL can be detected from NV-doped NDs with dimensions as small as ≈40 nm, although CL emission decreases significantly for smaller NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David R Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Richard Schalek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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19
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Nanoscale Sensing Using Point Defects in Single-Crystal Diamond: Recent Progress on Nitrogen Vacancy Center-Based Sensors. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual, luminescent point defects in solids, so-called color centers, are atomic-sized quantum systems enabling sensing and imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. In this overview, we introduce nanoscale sensing based on individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We discuss two central challenges of the field: first, the creation of highly-coherent, shallow NV centers less than 10 nm below the surface of a single-crystal diamond; second, the fabrication of tip-like photonic nanostructures that enable efficient fluorescence collection and can be used for scanning probe imaging based on color centers with nanoscale resolution.
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20
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Reineck P, Capelli M, Lau DWM, Jeske J, Field MR, Ohshima T, Greentree AD, Gibson BC. Bright and photostable nitrogen-vacancy fluorescence from unprocessed detonation nanodiamond. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:497-502. [PMID: 27942675 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bright and photostable fluorescence from nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is demonstrated in unprocessed detonation nanodiamond particle aggregates. The optical properties of these particles is analyzed using confocal fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence decay measurements, and optically detected magnetic resonance experiments. Two particle populations with distinct optical properties are identified and compared to high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) fluorescent nanodiamonds. We find that the brightness of one detonation nanodiamond particle population is on the same order as that of highly processed fluorescent 100 nm HPHT nanodiamonds. Our results may open the path to a simple and up-scalable route for the production of fluorescent NV nanodiamonds for use in bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - M Capelli
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - D W M Lau
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - J Jeske
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - M R Field
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - T Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - A D Greentree
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - B C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics & School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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21
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Chejanovsky N, Rezai M, Paolucci F, Kim Y, Rendler T, Rouabeh W, Fávaro de Oliveira F, Herlinger P, Denisenko A, Yang S, Gerhardt I, Finkler A, Smet JH, Wrachtrup J. Structural Attributes and Photodynamics of Visible Spectrum Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7037-7045. [PMID: 27700104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Newly discovered van der Waals materials like MoS2, WSe2, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and recently C2N have sparked intensive research to unveil the quantum behavior associated with their 2D structure. Of great interest are 2D materials that host single quantum emitters. h-BN, with a band gap of 5.95 eV, has been shown to host single quantum emitters which are stable at room temperature in the UV and visible spectral range. In this paper we investigate correlations between h-BN structural features and emitter location from bulk down to the monolayer at room temperature. We demonstrate that chemical etching and ion irradiation can generate emitters in h-BN. We analyze the emitters' spectral features and show that they are dominated by the interaction of their electronic transition with a single Raman active mode of h-BN. Photodynamics analysis reveals diverse rates between the electronic states of the emitter. The emitters show excellent photo stability even under ambient conditions and in monolayers. Comparing the excitation polarization between different emitters unveils a connection between defect orientation and the h-BN hexagonal structure. The sharp spectral features, color diversity, room-temperature stability, long-lived metastable states, ease of fabrication, proximity of the emitters to the environment, outstanding chemical stability, and biocompatibility of h-BN provide a completely new class of systems that can be used for sensing and quantum photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Chejanovsky
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rezai
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Federico Paolucci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Youngwook Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Torsten Rendler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wafa Rouabeh
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Herlinger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jurgen H Smet
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Razali WAW, Sreenivasan VKA, Bradac C, Connor M, Goldys EM, Zvyagin AV. Wide-field time-gated photoluminescence microscopy for fast ultrahigh-sensitivity imaging of photoluminescent probes. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:848-858. [PMID: 27264934 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is a fundamental technique for the life sciences, where biocompatible and photostable photoluminescence probes in combination with fast and sensitive imaging systems are continually transforming this field. A wide-field time-gated photoluminescence microscopy system customised for ultrasensitive imaging of unique nanoruby probes with long photoluminescence lifetime is described. The detection sensitivity derived from the long photoluminescence lifetime of the nanoruby makes it possible to discriminate signals from unwanted autofluorescence background and laser backscatter by employing a time-gated image acquisition mode. This mode enabled several-fold improvement of the photoluminescence imaging contrast of discrete nanorubies dispersed on a coverslip. It enabled recovery of the photoluminescence signal emanating from discrete nanorubies when covered by a layer of an organic fluorescent dye, which were otherwise invisible without the use of spectral filtering approaches. Time-gated imaging also facilitated high sensitivity detection of nanorubies in a biological environment of cultured cells. Finally, we monitor the binding kinetics of nanorubies to a functionalised substrate, which exemplified a real-time assay in biological fluids. 3D-pseudo colour images of nanorubies immersed in a highly fluorescent dye solution. Nanoruby photoluminescence is subdued by that of the dye in continuous excitation/imaging (left), however it can be recovered by time-gated imaging (right). At the bottom is schematic diagram of nanoruby assay in a biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan A W Razali
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400, Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Varun K A Sreenivasan
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Andrei V Zvyagin
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Laboratory of Optical Theranostics, N.I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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23
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Nanodiamonds: Behavior in Biological Systems and Emerging Bioapplications. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22861-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Nagl A, Hemelaar SR, Schirhagl R. Improving surface and defect center chemistry of fluorescent nanodiamonds for imaging purposes--a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7521-36. [PMID: 26220715 PMCID: PMC4575388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamonds are widely used for jewelry owing to their superior optical properties accounting for their fascinating beauty. Beyond the sparkle, diamond is highly investigated in materials science for its remarkable properties. Recently, fluorescent defects in diamond, particularly the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV(-)) center, have gained much attention: The NV(-) center emits stable, nonbleaching fluorescence, and thus could be utilized in biolabeling, as a light source, or as a Förster resonance energy transfer donor. Even more remarkable are its spin properties: with the fluorescence intensity of the NV(-) center reacting to the presence of small magnetic fields, it can be utilized as a sensor for magnetic fields as small as the field of a single electron spin. However, a reproducible defect and surface and defect chemistry are crucial to all applications. In this article we review methods for using nanodiamonds for different imaging purposes. The article covers (1) dispersion of particles, (2) surface cleaning, (3) particle size selection and reduction, (4) defect properties, and (5) functionalization and attachment to nanostructures, e.g., scanning probe microscopy tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Robert Hemelaar
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Petrakova V, Rehor I, Stursa J, Ledvina M, Nesladek M, Cigler P. Charge-sensitive fluorescent nanosensors created from nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12307-11. [PMID: 26138745 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We show that fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are among the few types of nanosensors that enable direct optical reading of noncovalent molecular events. The unique sensing mechanism is based on switching between the negatively charged and neutral states of NV centers which is induced by the interaction of the FND surface with charged molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrakova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
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26
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Khalid A, Chung K, Rajasekharan R, Lau DW, Karle TJ, Gibson BC, Tomljenovic-Hanic S. Lifetime Reduction and Enhanced Emission of Single Photon Color Centers in Nanodiamond via Surrounding Refractive Index Modification. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11179. [PMID: 26109500 PMCID: PMC4479985 DOI: 10.1038/srep11179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The negatively-charged nitrogen vacancy (NV(-)) center in diamond is of great interest for quantum information processing and quantum key distribution applications due to its highly desirable long coherence times at room temperature. One of the challenges for their use in these applications involves the requirement to further optimize the lifetime and emission properties of the centers. Our results demonstrate the reduction of the lifetime of NV(-) centers, and hence an increase in the emission rate, achieved by modifying the refractive index of the environment surrounding the nanodiamond (ND). By coating the NDs in a polymer film, experimental results and numerical calculations show an average of 63% reduction in the lifetime and an average enhancement in the emission rate by a factor of 1.6. This strategy is also applicable for emitters other than diamond color centers where the particle refractive index is greater than the refractive index of the surrounding media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khalid
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelvin Chung
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Ranjith Rajasekharan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Desmond W.M. Lau
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Karle
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Brant C. Gibson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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Storteboom J, Dolan P, Castelletto S, Li X, Gu M. Lifetime investigation of single nitrogen vacancy centres in nanodiamonds. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:11327-33. [PMID: 25969227 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.011327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate at room temperature the excited state lifetime of single NV(-)/NV0 in nanodiamonds at a variety of excitation wavelengths from 510 to 570 nm. The average lifetimes of 25 nanodiamonds with similar sizes exhibit constant values over the entire investigated spectral window. We conclude that the variation observed can be attributed to the specific nanodiamonds. Therefore it is sample dependent, rather than related to the photo-physical properties of the defects. Our study is relevant for the potential use of nanodiamonds containing NV in application where the lifetime is used for sensing the local nano-environment.
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Bray K, Previdi R, Gibson BC, Shimoni O, Aharonovich I. Enhanced photoluminescence from single nitrogen-vacancy defects in nanodiamonds coated with phenol-ionic complexes. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4869-4874. [PMID: 25655482 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07510b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds are attracting major attention in the field of bio-sensing and bio-labeling. In this work we demonstrate a robust approach to achieve an encapsulation of individual nanodiamonds with phenol-ionic complexes that enhance the photoluminescence from single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. We show that single NV centres in the coated nanodiamonds also exhibit shorter lifetimes, opening another channel for high resolution sensing. We propose that the nanodiamond encapsulation reduces the non-radiative decay pathways of the NV color centers. Our results provide a versatile and assessable way to enhance photoluminescence from nanodiamond defects that can be used in a variety of sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Bray
- School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
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Montalti M, Cantelli A, Battistelli G. Nanodiamonds and silicon quantum dots: ultrastable and biocompatible luminescent nanoprobes for long-term bioimaging. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4853-921. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-stability and low-toxicity of silicon quantum dots and fluorescent nanodiamonds for long-termin vitroandin vivobioimaging are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Cantelli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - G. Battistelli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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Kaviani M, Deák P, Aradi B, Frauenheim T, Chou JP, Gali A. Proper surface termination for luminescent near-surface NV centers in diamond. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4772-7. [PMID: 25054621 DOI: 10.1021/nl501927y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
By accurate quantum mechanical simulations, we show that typical diamond surfaces possess image states with sub-bandgap energies, and compromise the photostability of NV centers placed within a few nm of the surface. This occurs due to the mixture of the NV-related gap states and the surface image states, which is a novel and distinct process from the well-established band bending effect. We also find that certain types of coverages on the diamond surface may lead to blinking or bleaching due to the presence of acceptor surface states. We identify a combination of surface terminators that is perfect for NV-center based nanoscale sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Kaviani
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen , Am Fallturm 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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Somogyi B, Gali A. Computational design of in vivo biomarkers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:143202. [PMID: 24651562 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/14/143202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots) are very promising agents for bioimaging applications because their optical properties are superior compared to those of conventional organic dyes. However, not all the properties of these quantum dots suit the stringent criteria of in vivo applications, i.e. their employment in living organisms that might be of importance in therapy and medicine. In our review, we first summarize the properties of an 'ideal' biomarker needed for in vivo applications. Despite recent efforts, no such hand-made fluorescent quantum dot exists that may be considered as 'ideal' in this respect. We propose that ab initio atomistic simulations with predictive power can be used to design 'ideal' in vivo fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles. We briefly review such ab initio methods that can be applied to calculate the electronic and optical properties of very small nanocrystals, with extra emphasis on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT which are the most suitable approaches for the description of these systems. Finally, we present our recent results on this topic where we investigated the applicability of nanodiamonds and silicon carbide nanocrystals for in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Somogyi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
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Perevedentseva E, Lin YC, Jani M, Cheng CL. Biomedical applications of nanodiamonds in imaging and therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:2041-60. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds have attracted remarkable scientific attention for bioimaging and therapeutic applications owing to their low toxicity with many cell lines, convenient surface properties and stable fluorescence without photobleaching. Newer techniques are being applied to enhance fluorescence. Interest is also growing in exploring the possibilities for modifying the nanodiamond surface and functionalities by attaching various biomolecules of interest for interaction with the targets. The potential of Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence properties of nanodiamonds has been explored for bioimaging and drug delivery tracing. The interest in nanodiamonds’ biological/medical application appears to be continuing with enhanced focus. In this review an attempt is made to capture the scope, spirit and recent developments in the field of nanodiamonds for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Perevedentseva
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2 Da Hsueh Rd, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Lin
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2 Da Hsueh Rd, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Mona Jani
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2 Da Hsueh Rd, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2 Da Hsueh Rd, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
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Gu M, Cao Y, Castelletto S, Kouskousis B, Li X. Super-resolving single nitrogen vacancy centers within single nanodiamonds using a localization microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:17639-46. [PMID: 23938636 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.017639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we show super-resolving single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with a sub-20 nanometer resolution in a wide-field localization microscope based on the discovery of photoluminescence blinking in high-pressure high-temperature nanodiamonds (NDs). The photon statistics reveals that NDs containing not only single but also multiple NV centers show photoluminescence blinking. The combination of an atomic force microscope and an optical localization microscope built on the blinking feature enables the optically resolved two NV centers within single NDs for the first time. Our method establishes new avenues for studying nanoscale photon dynamics associated with single NV centers within NDs together with ND-based ultra-sensitive bioimaging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- Center for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia.
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