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Wagner LS, Prymak O, Schaller T, Beuck C, Loza K, Niemeyer F, Gumbiowski N, Kostka K, Bayer P, Heggen M, Oliveira CLP, Epple M. The Molecular Footprint of Peptides on the Surface of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) Is Governed by Steric Demand. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4266-4281. [PMID: 38640461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles were functionalized with peptides of two to seven amino acids that contained one cysteine molecule as anchor via a thiol-gold bond and a number of alanine residues as nonbinding amino acid. The cysteine was located either in the center of the molecule or at the end (C-terminus). For comparison, gold nanoparticles were also functionalized with cysteine alone. The particles were characterized by UV spectroscopy, differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This confirmed the uniform metal core (2 nm diameter). The hydrodynamic diameter was probed by 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy and showed an increase in thickness of the hydrated peptide layer with increasing peptide size (up to 1.4 nm for heptapeptides; 0.20 nm per amino acid in the peptide). 1H NMR spectroscopy of water-dispersed nanoparticles showed the integrity of the peptides and the effect of the metal core on the peptide. Notably, the NMR signals were very broad near the metal surface and became increasingly narrow in a distance. In particular, the methyl groups of alanine can be used as probe for the resolution of the NMR spectra. The number of peptide ligands on each nanoparticle was determined using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy. It decreased with increasing peptide length from about 100 for a dipeptide to about 12 for a heptapeptide, resulting in an increase of the molecular footprint from about 0.1 to 1.1 nm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Sofie Wagner
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Nina Gumbiowski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kostka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
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2
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Bartolomei B, Sbacchi M, Rosso C, Günay-Gürer A, Zdražil L, Cadranel A, Kralj S, Guldi DM, Prato M. Synthetic Strategies for the Selective Functionalization of Carbon Nanodots Allow Optically Communicating Suprastructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316915. [PMID: 38059678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface of Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) stands as a rich chemical platform, able to regulate the interactions between particles and external species. Performing selective functionalization of these nanoscale entities is of practical importance, however, it still represents a considerable challenge. In this work, we exploited the organic chemistry toolbox to install target functionalities on the CND surface, while monitoring the chemical changes on the material's outer shell through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following this, we investigated the use of click chemistry to covalently connect CNDs of different nature en-route towards covalent suprastructures with unprecedent molecular control. The different photophysical properties of the connected particles allowed their optical communication in the excited state. This work paves the way for the development of selective and addressable CND building blocks which can act as modular nanoscale synthons that mirror the long-established reactivity of molecular organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Sbacchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Current address: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ayse Günay-Gürer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Zdražil
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, (INQUIMAE), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Materials Synthesis Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Shao L, Yang F, Su Y, Li W, Zhang J, Xu H, Huang B, Sun M, Mu Y, Zhang Y, Yu F. Design and Synthesis of Oleanolic Acid Trimers to Enhance Inhibition of Influenza Virus Entry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1759-1765. [PMID: 34795865 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major threat to millions of people worldwide. Entry inhibitors are of particular interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for influenza. We have previously discovered oleanolic acid (OA) to be a mild influenza hemagglutinin (HA) inhibitor. In this work, inspired by the 3D structure of HA as a homotrimeric receptor, we designed and synthesized 15 OA trimers with different linkers and central region via the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. All of the OA trimers were evaluated for their antiviral activities in vitro, and 12c, 12e, 13c, and 13d were observed to exhibit robust potency (IC50 in the submicromolar range) against influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus that was stronger than that observed with oseltamivir. In addition, these compounds also displayed strong biological activity against A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 and B/Sichuan/531/2018 (BV). The results of hemagglutination inhibition assays and surface plasmon resonance binding assays suggest that these OA trimers may interrupt the interaction between the HA protein of influenza virus and the host cell sialic acid receptor, thus blocking viral entry. These findings highlight the utility of multivalent OA conjugates to enhance the ligand-target interactions in anti-influenza virus drug design and are also helpful for studying antiviral drugs derived from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shao
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yangqing Su
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratories, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518132, China
| | - Boxuan Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Mengsi Sun
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratories, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518132, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratories, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518132, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Peters EH, Mayor M. Alkyne‐Monofunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles as Massive Molecular Building Blocks. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Henrik Peters
- Departement of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns‐Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Departement of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns‐Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) Sun Yat‐Sen University (SYSU) Xingang Xi Rd. 135 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
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Wang Y, Zhu X. Nanofabrication within unimolecular nanoreactors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12698-12711. [PMID: 32525189 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02674c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been a research focus over the last three decades owing to their unique properties and extensive applications. It is crucial to precisely control the features of NPs including topology, architecture, composition, size, surface and assembly because these features will affect their properties and then applications. Ingenious nanofabrication strategies have been developed to precisely control these features of NPs, especially for templated nanofabrication within predesigned nanoreactors. Compared with conventional nanoreactors (hard templates and supramolecular nanoreactors), unimolecular nanoreactors exhibit (1) covalently stable nanostructures uninfluenced by environmental variations, (2) extensively regulated features of the structure including topology, composition, size, surface and valence due to the rapid development of polymer chemistry, and (3) effective encapsulation of abundant guests with or without strong interaction to achieve the function of loading, delivery and conversion of guests. Thus, unimolecular nanoreactors have shown fascinating prospects as templates for nanofabrication. Various NPs with expected topologies (sphere, rod, tube, branch, and ring), architectures (compact, hollow, core-shell, and necklace-like), compositions (metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, doping, alloy, silica, and composite), sizes (generally 1-100 nm), surface properties (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, reactivity, valence and responsivity) and assemblies (oligomer, chain, and aggregate) can be fabricated easily within reasonably designed unimolecular nanoreactors in a programmable way. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the properties and types of unimolecular nanoreactors, a condensed summary of representative methodologies of nanofabrication within various unimolecular nanoreactors and a predicted outlook of the potential further developments of this charming nanofabrication approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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McNelles SA, Pantaleo JL, Meichsner E, Adronov A. Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition-Mediated Step-Growth Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. McNelles
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Julia L. Pantaleo
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Eric Meichsner
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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van der Meer SB, Loza K, Wey K, Heggen M, Beuck C, Bayer P, Epple M. Click Chemistry on the Surface of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) for Covalent Ligand Attachment Followed by NMR Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7191-7204. [PMID: 31039607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (core diameter 2 nm) were surface-conjugated with azide groups by attaching the azide-functionalized tripeptide lysine(N3)-cysteine-asparagine with ∼117 molecules on each nanoparticle. A covalent surface modification with alkyne-containing molecules was then possible by copper-catalyzed click chemistry. The successful clicking to the nanoparticle surface was demonstrated with 13C-labeled propargyl alcohol. All steps of the nanoparticle surface conjugation were verified by extensive NMR spectroscopy on dispersed nanoparticles. The particle diameter and the dispersion state were assessed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), and 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy. The clicking of fluorescein (FAM-alkyne) gave strongly fluorescing ultrasmall nanoparticles that were traced inside eukaryotic cells. The uptake of these nanoparticles after 24 h by HeLa cells was very efficient and showed that the nanoparticles even penetrated the nuclear membrane to a very high degree (in contrast to dissolved FAM-alkyne alone that did not enter the cell). About 8 fluorescein molecules were clicked to each nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Beatrice van der Meer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Karolin Wey
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstr. 5-7 , 45117 Essen , Germany
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8
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Sels A, Salassa G, Cousin F, Lee LT, Bürgi T. Covalently bonded multimers of Au 25(SBut) 18 as a conjugated system. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12754-12762. [PMID: 29946605 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic dithiol linkers were used to prepare aggregates of Au25(SR)18 clusters (SR: thiolate) via ligand exchange reactions. Fractions of different aggregate sizes were separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The aggregates were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (including diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, DOSY) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). At a 2 : 1 cluster : dithiol ratio, small aggregates (dimers, trimers) and also larger aggregates consisting of 10-20 Au25 clusters were formed, according to DOSY, besides unreacted (monomeric) Au25(SR)18. MALDI mass spectrometry shows signals consistent with dimers and trimers (doubly charged). The SAXS curves for the small aggregates can be well fitted by a pearl-necklace model. For the bigger aggregates the SAXS curves evidence a characteristic separation distance between the clusters within the aggregates, which is imposed by the length of the linker. The SAXS curves of these larger aggregates can be well fitted with a core-shell sphere model with a sticky hard-sphere structure factor, in agreement with closely packed aggregates. The absorption spectra of smaller aggregates resemble those of individual Au25(SR)18 clusters; however, and most importantly, the larger aggregates show completely different, less structured spectra with a new band emerging at 840 nm. We assign this drastic change in the absorption spectra and the new band to the electronic coupling between the clusters through the all aromatic linker. In accordance with this view, the aggregates formed with a linker containing methylene groups, thus breaking conjugation, do not show the band at 840 nm. By the addition of monothiols to the larger aggregates their size can be reduced through an "unlinking" reaction. This reaction also affects the band at 840 nm, which moves to higher energy when reducing the aggregate size, as would be expected within a particle in a box model. The electronic coupling between the clusters through the linker is the basis for future applications in nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Sels
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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9
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Lehmann M, Peters EH, Mayor M. Size Matters: Influence of Gold-to-Ligand Ratio and Sulfur-Sulfur Distance of Linear Thioether Heptamers on the Size of Gold Nanoparticles. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel
| | - Erich Henrik Peters
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P.O. Box 3640 DE-76021 Karlsruhe
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU); XinGangXi Rd. 135 Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
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10
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Ruiz-Botella S, Vidossich P, Ujaque G, Peris E, Beer PD. Tripodal halogen bonding iodo-azolium receptors for anion recognition. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28082j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation and anion binding properties of 1,3,5-tri-substituted benzene platform-based tripodal receptors containing halogen bonding (XB) iodo-imidazolium and iodo-triazolium motifs, and hydrogen bonding (HB) analogues are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Ruiz-Botella
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universitat Jaume I
- 12071 Castellón
- Spain
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Catalonia
- Spain
| | - Gregori Ujaque
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Catalonia
- Spain
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM)
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universitat Jaume I
- 12071 Castellón
- Spain
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
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Lehmann M, Peters EH, Mayor M. Linear Tetraphenylmethane-Based Thioether Oligomers Stabilising an Entire Gold Nanoparticle by Enwrapping. Chemistry 2016; 22:2261-5. [PMID: 26690321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel linear thioether-based ligand subunit with a tetraphenylmethane core used in the stabilisation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are presented. Mono-, tri, penta- and heptamers of the ligand have been synthesised and used to stabilise AuNPs by enwrapping. With the exception of the monomer, all ligands provide reliable long-term stability and redispersibility for the coated nanoparticles in common organic solvents. Despite variation of the oligomer length, all stable particles were of the same size within error tolerance (1.16±0.32 nm for the trimer, 1.15±0.30 nm for the pentamer, 1.17±0.34 nm for the heptamer), as investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These findings suggest that not only the number of sulfur atoms in the ligand, but also its bulkiness play a crucial role in stabilising the AuNPs. These findings are supported by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), showing that AuNPs stabilised by the penta- or heptamer are passivated by a single ligand. Thermal stability measurements suggest a correlation between ligand coverage and thermal stability, further supporting these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Henrik Peters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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12
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Liao J, Blok S, van der Molen SJ, Diefenbach S, Holleitner AW, Schönenberger C, Vladyka A, Calame M. Ordered nanoparticle arrays interconnected by molecular linkers: electronic and optoelectronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:999-1014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of metal nanoparticles in an organic matrix have attracted a lot of interest due to their diverse electronic and optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices
- Department of Electronics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Sander Blok
- Leiden Institute of Physics
- Universiteit Leiden
- 2333 CA Leiden
- Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Diefenbach
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department
- Technische Universtität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)
| | - Alexander W. Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department
- Technische Universtität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)
| | | | - Anton Vladyka
- Department of Physics
- Universität Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Michel Calame
- Department of Physics
- Universität Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute
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