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Xu L, Valášek M, Hennrich F, Fischer R, Kappes MM, Mayor M. Degradable Fluorene- and Carbazole-Based Copolymers for Selective Extraction of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Regina Fischer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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2
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Xu L, Valášek M, Hennrich F, Sedghamiz E, Penaloza-Amion M, Häussinger D, Wenzel W, Kappes MM, Mayor M. Enantiomeric Separation of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Acid Cleavable Chiral Polyfluorene. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4699-4709. [PMID: 33626282 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Helical wrapping by conjugated polymer has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for the sorting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) according to their electronic type, chiral index, and even handedness. However, a method of one-step extraction of left-handed (M) and right-handed (P) semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) with subsequent cleavage of the polymer has not yet been published. In this work, we designed and synthesized one pair of acid cleavable polyfluorenes with defined chirality for handedness separation of s-SWCNTs from as-produced nanotubes. Each monomer contains a chiral center on the fluorene backbone in the 9-position, and the amino and carbonyl groups in the 2- and 7-positions maintain the head-to-tail regioselective polymerization resulting in polyimines with strictly all-(R) or all-(S) configuration. The obtained chiral polymers exhibit a strong recognition ability toward left- or right-handed s-SWCNTs from commercially available CoMoCAT SWCNTs with a sorting process requiring only bath sonication and centrifugation. Interestingly, the remaining polymer on each single nanotube, which helps to prevent aggregation, does not interfere with the circular dichroism signals from the nanotube at all. Therefore, we observed all four interband transition peaks (E11, E22, E33, E44) in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the still wrapped optically enriched left-handed and right-handed (6,5) SWCNTs in toluene. Binding energies obtained from molecular dynamics simulations were consistent with our experimental results and showed a significant preference for one specific handedness from each chiral polymer. Moreover, the imine bonds along the polymer chains enable the release of the nanotubes upon acid treatment. After s-SWNT separation, the polymer can be decomposed into monomers and be cleanly removed under mild acidic conditions, yielding dispersant-free handedness sorted s-SWNTs. The monomers can be almost quantitatively recovered to resynthesize the chiral polymer. This approach enables high selective isolation of polymer-free s-SWNT enantiomers for their further applications in carbon nanotube (CNT) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elaheh Sedghamiz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Montserrat Penaloza-Amion
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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3
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Dong H, Wang K, Zhou D, Ito Y, Hu L, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Enrichment and immobilization of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes by dopamine functionalized conjugated polymer. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Wang J, Lei T. Separation of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Using Conjugated Polymer Wrapping. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1548. [PMID: 32668780 PMCID: PMC7407812 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been explored for electronic applications because of their high charge carrier mobility, low-temperature solution processability and mechanical flexibility. Semiconducting SWNTs (s-SWNTs) are also considered an alternative to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. However, large-scale, as-produced SWNTs have poor solubility, and they are mixtures of metallic SWNTs (m-SWNTs) and s-SWNTs, which limits their practical applications. Conjugated polymer wrapping is a promising method to disperse and separate s-SWNTs, due to its high selectivity, high separation yield and simplicity of operation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of the conjugated polymer wrapping method, and discuss possible separation mechanisms for s-SWNTs. We also discuss various parameters that may affect the selectivity and sorting yield. Finally, some electronic applications of polymer-sorted s-SWNTs are introduced. The aim of this review is to provide polymer chemist a basic concept of polymer based SWNT separation, as well as some polymer design strategies, influential factors and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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5
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Wei X, Maimaitiyiming X. Selectable and Releasable Noncovalent Functionalization of Semiconducting SWCNTs by Biethynyl‐2,5‐bis(dodecoxy)benzene Unit‐Containing Conjugated Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of Education; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsAutonomous Region; Institute of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinjiang University Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 P. R. China
| | - Xieraili Maimaitiyiming
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials ChemistryMinistry of Education; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsAutonomous Region; Institute of Applied ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinjiang University Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 P. R. China
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6
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Wei X, Maimaitiyiming X. Enrichment of highly pure large-diameter semiconducting SWCNTs by polyfluorene-containing pyrimidine ring. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32753-32758. [PMID: 35529719 PMCID: PMC9073157 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06819h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of copolymers to extract and purify semiconducting SWCNTs (sc-SWCNTs) and metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) is widely employed. In this paper, the performances of two pyrimidine-alt-dioctylfluorene conjugated polymers in the enrichment of semiconducting SWCNTs are compared, and the subtle structural effects on them are discussed. It was found that both pyrimidine-polymers were more effective in wrapping the semiconducting SWCNTs than the metallic SWCNTs under the co-action of the pyrimidine and fluorene rings. Moreover, methyl groups on the pyrimidine ring of the polymer slightly contributed to the semiconducting purity, and the minor differences of sc-SWCNTs extraction between two pyrimidine-polymers are compared. Additionally, the average diameter of the selected SWCNTs is larger than that of the raw SWCNTs. The experimental results show the excellent selectivity for sc-SWCNT from both co-polymers: the index Φ i values for determining the purity of sc-SWCNTs were increased from 0.408 for P2 to 0.465 for P1, of which the selected sc-SWCNT purity is up to 99.9%. The resulting purity and the inexpensive availability of pyrimidine co-polymers make them suitable to be considered for effective sc-SWCNT enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Educational Ministry of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 Xinjiang P. R. China
| | - Xieraili Maimaitiyiming
- Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Educational Ministry of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 Xinjiang P. R. China
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7
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8
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Liang S, Li H, Flavel BS, Adronov A. Effect of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Composition on Polyfluorene-Based SWCNT Dispersion Selectivity. Chemistry 2018; 24:9799-9806. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4 L8 Canada
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Materials Science; Technische Universität Darmstadt; 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4 L8 Canada
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9
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Ouyang J, Ding J, Lefebvre J, Li Z, Guo C, Kell AJ, Malenfant PRL. Sorting of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Polar Solvents with an Amphiphilic Conjugated Polymer Provides General Guidelines for Enrichment. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1910-1919. [PMID: 29316402 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer extraction (CPE) has been shown to be a highly effective method to isolate high-purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs). In both literature reports and industrial manufacturing, this method has enabled enrichment of sc-SWCNTs with high purity (≥99.9%). High selectivity is typically obtained in nonpolar aromatic solvents, yet polar solvents may provide process improvements in terms of yield, purity and efficiency. Using an amphiphilic fluorene-alt-pyridine conjugated copolymer with hydrophilic side chains, we have investigated the enrichment of sc-SWCNTs in polar solvents. Various conditions such as polymer/SWCNT ratio, solvent polarity, solvent dielectric constant as well as polymer solubility and SWCNT dispersibility were explored in order to optimize the purity and yield of the enriched product. Herein, we provide insights on CPE by demonstrating that a conjugated polymer having a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains provides near full recovery (95%) of sc-SWCNTs using a multiextraction protocol. High purity is also obtained, and differences in chiral selectivity compared to analogous hydrophobic systems were confirmed by optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy as well as photoluminescence excitation mapping. Taking into consideration the solvent dielectric constant, polarity index as well as polymer solubility and SWCNT dispersibility provides a better understanding of structure-property effects on sc-SWCNT enrichment. The resulting hydrophilic SWCNT dispersions demonstrate long-term colloidal stability, making them suitable for ink formulation and high-performance thin-film transistors fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Ouyang
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jianfu Ding
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jacques Lefebvre
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Zhao Li
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Chang Guo
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Arnold J Kell
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Patrick R L Malenfant
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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10
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Fong D, Adronov A. Recent developments in the selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes using conjugated polymers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7292-7305. [PMID: 29163880 PMCID: PMC5672784 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier that impedes the commercialization of single-walled carbon nanotube-related applications is that all known synthetic methods produce a complicated mixture of semiconducting and metallic species. For device applications, pure semiconducting or pure metallic samples are desirable. Thus far, the purification methods that have been identified are capable of separating individual carbon nanotube species on a microgram scale, but purification on a large scale has remained elusive. The use of conjugated polymers to selectively disperse specific nanotube species is a promising approach to resolve the scalability issue, but a comprehensive understanding of the selectivity mechanism has not yet been achieved. Here, several of the trends reported in the literature are outlined to further the rational design of conjugated polymers for nanotube sorting. Numerous variables influence dispersion selectivity, including polymer structure and molecular weight, nanotube type used, sonication temperature, amount of polymer relative to nanotube, and solvent. We have organized these seemingly disparate parameters into two simple categories: conjugated polymer structure, and dispersion preparation conditions. Most importantly, we consider the mechanistic arguments that have been proposed, and provide additional insights based on the observations in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , 1280 Main St. W. , Hamilton , ON , Canada .
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , McMaster University , 1280 Main St. W. , Hamilton , ON , Canada .
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11
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Lefebvre J, Ding J, Li Z, Finnie P, Lopinski G, Malenfant PRL. High-Purity Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Key Enabling Material in Emerging Electronics. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2479-2486. [PMID: 28902990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs) are emerging as a promising material for high-performance, high-density devices as well as low-cost, large-area macroelectronics produced via additive manufacturing methods such as roll-to-roll printing. Proof-of-concept demonstrations have indicated the potential of sc-SWCNTs for digital electronics, radiofrequency circuits, radiation hard memory, improved sensors, and flexible, stretchable, conformable electronics. Advances toward commercial applications bring numerous opportunities in SWCNT materials development and characterization as well as fabrication processes and printing technologies. Commercialization in electronics will require large quantities of sc-SWCNTs, and the challenge for materials science is the development of scalable synthesis, purification, and enrichment methods. While a few synthesis routes have shown promising results in making near-monochiral SWCNTs, gram quantities are available only for small-diameter sc-SWCNTs, which underperform in transistors. Most synthesis routes yield mixtures of SWCNTs, typically 30% metallic and 70% semiconducting, necessitating the extraction of sc-SWCNTs from their metallic counterparts in high purity using scalable postsynthetic methods. Numerous routes to obtain high-purity sc-SWCNTs from raw soot have been developed, including density-gradient ultracentrifugation, chromatography, aqueous two-phase extraction, and selective DNA or polymer wrapping. By these methods (termed sorting or enrichment), >99% sc-SWCNT content can be achieved. Currently, all of these approaches have drawbacks and limitations with respect to electronics applications, such as excessive dilution, expensive consumables, and high ionic impurity content. Excess amount of dispersant is a common challenge that hinders direct inclusion of sc-SWCNTs into electronic devices. At present, conjugated polymer extraction may represent the most practical route to sc-SWCNTs. By the use of polymers with a π-conjugated backbone, sc-SWCNTs with >99.9% purity can be dispersed in organic solvents via a simple sonication and centrifugation process. With 1000 times less excipient and the flexibility to accommodate a broad range of solvents via diverse polymer constructs, inks are readily deployable in solution-based fabrication processes such as aerosol spray, inkjet, and gravure. Further gains in sc-SWCNT purity, among other attributes, are possible with a better understanding of the structure-property relationships that govern conjugated polymer extraction. This Account covers three interlinked topics in SWCNT electronics: metrology, enrichment, and SWCNT transistors fabricated via solution processes. First, we describe how spectroscopic techniques such as optical absorption, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy are applied for sc-SWCNT purity assessment. Stringent requirements for sc-SWCNTs in electronics are pushing the techniques to new levels while serving as an important driver toward the development of quantitative metrology. Next, we highlight recent progress in understanding the sc-SWCNT enrichment process using conjugated polymers, with special consideration given to the effect of doping on the mechanism. Finally, developments in sc-SWCNT-based electronics are described, with emphasis on the performance of transistors utilizing random networks of sc-SWCNTs as the semiconducting channel material. Challenges and advances associated with using polymer-based dielectrics in the unique context of sc-SWCNT transistors are presented. Such transistor packages have enabled the realization of fully printed transistors as well as transparent and even stretchable transistors as a result of the unique and excellent electrical and mechanical properties of sc-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lefebvre
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jianfu Ding
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Zhao Li
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Paul Finnie
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Gregory Lopinski
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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12
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Yu L, Shearer C, Shapter J. Recent Development of Carbon Nanotube Transparent Conductive Films. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13413-13453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LePing Yu
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Cameron Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Joseph Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
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13
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Gu J, Han J, Liu D, Yu X, Kang L, Qiu S, Jin H, Li H, Li Q, Zhang J. Solution-Processable High-Purity Semiconducting SWCNTs for Large-Area Fabrication of High-Performance Thin-Film Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4993-4999. [PMID: 27115426 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For the large-area fabrication of thin-film transistors (TFTs), a new conjugated polymer poly[9-(1-octylonoyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl] is developed to harvest ultrahigh-purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. Combined with spectral and nanodevice characterization, the purity is estimated up to 99.9%. High density and uniform network formed by dip-coating process is liable to fabricate high-performance TFTs on a wafer-scale and the as-fabricated TFTs exhibit a high degree of uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lixing Kang
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Song Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Hehua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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14
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Fong D, Bodnaryk WJ, Rice NA, Saem S, Moran-Mirabal JM, Adronov A. Influence of Polymer Electronics on Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Chemistry 2016; 22:14560-6. [PMID: 27514320 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation and isolation of semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on a large scale remains a barrier to many commercial applications. Selective extraction of semiconducting SWNTs by wrapping and dispersion with conjugated polymers has been demonstrated to be effective, but the structural parameters of conjugated polymers that dictate selectivity are poorly understood. Here, we report nanotube dispersions with a poly(fluorene-co-pyridine) copolymer and its cationic methylated derivative, and show that electron-deficient conjugated π-systems bias the dispersion selectivity toward metallic SWNTs. Differentiation of semiconducting and metallic SWNT populations was carried out by a combination of UV/Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity measurements. These results provide new insight into the rational design of conjugated polymers for the selective dispersion of metallic SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William J Bodnaryk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole A Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sokunthearath Saem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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15
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Imit M, Imin P, Adronov A. Supramolecular interactions of fluorene-based copolymers containing 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and phenazine units with SWNTs. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of an electron-rich ProDOT-containing conjugated polymer and an electron poor phenazine-containing conjugated polymer with single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibits some selectivity for metallic vs. semiconducting structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Imit
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Patigul Imin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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16
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Bodiou L, Gu Q, Guézo M, Delcourt E, Batté T, Lemaitre J, Lorrain N, Guendouz M, Folliot H, Charrier J, Mistry KS, Blackburn JL, Doualan JL, Braud A, Camy P. Guided Photoluminescence from Integrated Carbon-Nanotube-Based Optical Waveguides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6181-6186. [PMID: 26350035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thin films and ridge waveguides based on large-diameter semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) dispersed in a polyfluorene derivative are fabricated and optically characterized. Ridge waveguides are designed with appropriate dimensions for single-mode propagation at 1550 nm. Using multimode ridge waveguides, guided s-SWCNT photoluminescence is demonstrated for the first time in the near-infrared telecommunications window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Bodiou
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Qingyuan Gu
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Maud Guézo
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Enguerran Delcourt
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Thomas Batté
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Jonathan Lemaitre
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Nathalie Lorrain
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Mohammed Guendouz
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Hervé Folliot
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Joël Charrier
- UMR Foton CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INSA Rennes, Enssat, Lannion, F22305, France
| | - Kevin S Mistry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | | | - Jean-Louis Doualan
- Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), UMR CEA-CNRS-ENSICaen-Université de Caen, Caen, F14050, France
| | - Alain Braud
- Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), UMR CEA-CNRS-ENSICaen-Université de Caen, Caen, F14050, France
| | - Patrice Camy
- Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), UMR CEA-CNRS-ENSICaen-Université de Caen, Caen, F14050, France
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17
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Yang H, Bezugly V, Kunstmann J, Filoramo A, Cuniberti G. Diameter-Selective Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes via Polymers: A Competition between Adsorption and Bundling. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9012-9019. [PMID: 26270248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by polyfluorene polymers is studied in this paper. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations, it is demonstrated that diameter selectivity is the result of a competition between bundling of CNTs and adsorption of polymers on CNT surfaces. The preference for certain diameters corresponds to local minima of the binding energy difference between these two processes. Such minima in the diameter dependence occur due to abrupt changes in the CNT's coverage with polymers, and their calculated positions are in quantitative agreement with preferred diameters reported experimentally. The presented approach defines a theoretical framework for the further understanding and improvement of dispersion/extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arianna Filoramo
- DSM/IRAMIS/NIMBE/LICSEN, CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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18
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Wang HS, Wei JP. Emerging enantiomeric resolution materials with homochiral nano-fabrications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11815-11832. [PMID: 26119977 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The major scientific challenge of enantiomeric separation is to develop simple, rapid, and sensitive routine analytical methods. Generally, enantio-resolution is still based on "three-point interaction" theory, which indicates that homochiral sites are needed for enantio-selective interaction. However, in recent years, advanced materials with precise homochiral fabrication at the nanoscale have been synthesized, and have shown great potential in development of high-throughput enantio-resolution methods. This tutorial review summarizes fabrication and applications of homochiral materials for enantio-selective recognition and separation. These materials, which include intrinsic and restructured chiral metal surfaces, plasmonic nanostructures, coordination polymers, organic polymer sensors, and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been applied as sensors or chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for efficient enantio-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Song Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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19
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Han J, Ji Q, Qiu S, Li H, Zhang S, Jin H, Li Q. A versatile approach to obtain a high-purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube dispersion with conjugated polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4712-4. [PMID: 25692965 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) are urgently needed in the development of beyond-silicon nanoelectronics. The utility of conjugated polymers to assist in the sorting of s-SWCNTs has attracted immense attention due to the simplicity of the sorting process and the high selectivity of conjugated polymers for s-SWCNTs. Rather than developing new types of conjugated polymers, this work provides a versatile and facile route for the sorting of s-SWCNTs with improved purity which is far beyond the sensitivity of a spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China.
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20
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Lei T, Lai YC, Hong G, Wang H, Hayoz P, Weitz RT, Chen C, Dai H, Bao Z. Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Selective Dispersion of Large-Diameter Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2946-2954. [PMID: 25711378 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers are used for the selective dispersion of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs). Through rational molecular design to tune the polymer-SWCNT interactions, highly selective dispersions of s-SWCNTs with diameters mainly around 1.5 nm are achieved. The influences of the polymer alkyl side-chain substitution (i.e., branched vs linear side chains) on the dispersing yield and selectivity of s-SWCNTs are investigated. Introducing linear alkyl side chains allows increased polymer-SWCNT interactions through close π-π stacking and improved C-H-π interactions. This work demonstrates that polymer side-chain engineering is an effective method to modulate the polymer-SWCNT interactions and thereby affecting both critical parameters in dispersing yield and selectivity. Using these sorted s-SWCNTs, high-performance SWCNT network thin-film transistors are fabricated. The solution-deposited s-SWCNT transistors yield simultaneously high mobilities of 41.2 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and high on/off ratios of greater than 10(4) . In summary, low-bandgap DPP donor-acceptor polymers are a promising class of polymers for selective dispersion of large-diameter s-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ying-Chih Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pascal Hayoz
- BASF Schweiz AG, GVE/B, Schwarzwaldallee 215, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Thomas Weitz
- BASF SE, GVE/F, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Changxin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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21
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Moore KE, Tune DD, Flavel BS. Double-walled carbon nanotube processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3105-37. [PMID: 25899061 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been the focus of intense research, and the body of literature continues to grow exponentially, despite more than two decades having passed since the first reports. As well as extensive studies of the fundamental properties, this has seen SWCNTs used in a plethora of applications as far ranging as microelectronics, energy storage, solar cells, and sensors, to cancer treatment, drug delivery, and neuronal interfaces. On the other hand, the properties and applications of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) have remained relatively under-explored. This is despite DWCNTs not only sharing many of the same unique characteristics of their single-walled counterparts, but also possessing an additional suite of potentially advantageous properties arising due to the presence of the second wall and the often complex inter-wall interactions that arise. For example, it is envisaged that the outer wall can be selectively functionalized whilst still leaving the inner wall in its pristine state and available for signal transduction. A similar situation arises in DWCNT field effect transistors (FETs), where the outer wall can provide a convenient degree of chemical shielding of the inner wall from the external environment, allowing the excellent transconductance properties of the pristine nanotubes to be more fully exploited. Additionally, DWCNTs should also offer unique opportunities to further the fundamental understanding of the inter-wall interactions within and between carbon nanotubes. However, the realization of these goals has so far been limited by the same challenge experienced by the SWCNT field until recent years, namely, the inherent heterogeneity of raw, as-produced DWCNT material. As such, there is now an emerging field of research regarding DWCNT processing that focuses on the preparation of material of defined length, diameter and electronic type, and which is rapidly building upon the experience gained by the broader SWCNT community. This review describes the background of the field, summarizing some relevant theory and the available synthesis and purification routes; then provides a thorough synopsis of the current state-of-the-art in DWCNT sorting methodologies, outlines contemporary challenges in the field, and discusses the outlook for various potential applications of the resulting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Moore
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel D Tune
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Imit M, Adronov A. Effect of side-chain halogenation on the interactions of conjugated polymers with SWNTs. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation of polyfluorene side-chain ends with bromine or iodine causes significant differences in the nanotube species that are dispersed in solvent, indicating that subtle changes in polymer structure can affect polymer-nanotube interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Imit
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L9S 4M1
| | - A. Adronov
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L9S 4M1
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23
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Gerstel P, Klumpp S, Hennrich F, Poschlad A, Meded V, Blasco E, Wenzel W, Kappes MM, Barner-Kowollik C. Highly Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via Polymer Wrapping: A Combinatorial Study via Modular Conjugation. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:10-15. [PMID: 35632861 DOI: 10.1021/mz400472q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen different "hairy-rod" conjugated polymers, 9,9-dioctylfluorene derivatives entailing 1,2,3-triazole, azomethine, ethynyle, biphenyle, stilbene, and azobenzene lateral units, are synthesized via modular conjugation and are systematically investigated with respect to their ability to selectively disperse SWCNTs. Four polymers of the azomethine type, with unprecedented selectivity toward dispersing (8,7), (7,6), and (9,5) SWCNT species, have been identified. In particular, azomethine polymers, herein applied for the first time for SWCNT dispersion, have been evidenced to be very effective in the highly selective solubilization of SWCNTs. The experimentally observed selectivity results are unambiguously supported by molecular dynamics simulations that account for the geometrical properties and deformation energy landscape of the polymer. Specifically, the calculations accurately and with high precision predict the experimentally observed selectivity for the (7,6) and (9,5) conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gerstel
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymer Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klumpp
- Institut
für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institut
für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Angela Poschlad
- Steinbuch
Centre for Computing (SCC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Velimir Meded
- Institut
für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Dpto.
Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Instituto de
Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institut
für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institut
für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymer Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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24
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Wang CF, Kuo SW, Lin CH, Chen HG, Liao CS, Hung PR. Benzoxazine as a reactive noncovalent dispersant for carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazines can be used as a reactive noncovalent dispersant for carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The benzoxazine coatings improved the compatibility of the CNTs with various organic solvents and retained their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Guang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Siang Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rung Hung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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