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Chen B, Zhang X, Gao Q, Yang D, Chen J, Chang X, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cui M, Wang S, Li H, Flavel BS, Chen J. The Development of Carbon/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells through Interface Passivation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2306993. [PMID: 38233212 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Passivating contactsin heterojunction (HJ) solar cells have shown great potential in reducing recombination losses, and thereby achieving high power conversion efficiencies in photovoltaic devices. In this direction, carbon nanomaterials have emerged as a promising option for carbon/silicon (C/Si) HJsolar cells due to their tunable band structure, wide spectral absorption, high carrier mobility, and properties such as multiple exciton generation. However, the current limitations in efficiency and active area have hindered the industrialization of these devices. In this review, they examine the progress made in overcoming these constraints and discuss the prospect of achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) C/Si HJ devices. A C/Si HJ solar cell is also designed by introducing an innovative interface passivation strategy to further boost the PCE and accelerate the large area preparationof C/Si devices. The physical principle, device design scheme, and performanceoptimization approaches of this passivated C/Si HJ cells are discussed. Additionally, they outline potential future pathways and directions for C/Si HJ devices, including a reduction in their cost to manufacture and their incorporation intotandem solar cells. As such, this review aims to facilitate a deeperunderstanding of C/Si HJ solar cells and provide guidance for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xuan Chang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuhua Bai
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Mengnan Cui
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Province-Ministry Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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2
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Settele S, Schrage CA, Jung S, Michel E, Li H, Flavel BS, Hashmi ASK, Kruss S, Zaumseil J. Ratiometric fluorescent sensing of pyrophosphate with sp³-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:706. [PMID: 38267487 PMCID: PMC10808354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate is a key molecule in many biological processes from DNA synthesis to cell metabolism. Here we introduce sp3-functionalized (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with red-shifted defect emission as near-infrared luminescent probes for the optical detection and quantification of inorganic pyrophosphate. The sensing scheme is based on the immobilization of Cu2+ ions on the SWNT surface promoted by coordination to covalently attached aryl alkyne groups and a triazole complex. The presence of Cu2+ ions on the SWNT surface causes fluorescence quenching via photoinduced electron transfer, which is reversed by copper-complexing analytes such as pyrophosphate. The differences in the fluorescence response of sp3-defect to pristine nanotube emission enables reproducible ratiometric measurements in a wide concentration window. Biocompatible, phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-coated SWNTs with such sp3 defects are employed for the detection of pyrophosphate in cell lysate and for monitoring the progress of DNA synthesis in a polymerase chain reaction. This robust ratiometric and near-infrared luminescent probe for pyrophosphate may serve as a starting point for the rational design of nanotube-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - C Alexander Schrage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany
| | - Elena Michel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany.
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, D-47057, Germany.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
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3
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Ma C, Schrage CA, Gretz J, Akhtar A, Sistemich L, Schnitzler L, Li H, Tschulik K, Flavel BS, Kruss S. Stochastic Formation of Quantum Defects in Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Nano 2023; 17:15989-15998. [PMID: 37527201 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Small perturbations in the structure of materials significantly affect their properties. One example is single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which exhibit chirality-dependent near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence. They can be modified with quantum defects through the reaction with diazonium salts, and the number or distribution of these defects determines their photophysics. However, the presence of multiple chiralities in typical SWCNT samples complicates the identification of defect-related emission features. Here, we show that quantum defects do not affect aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) of different SWCNT chiralities into different phases, which suggests low numbers of defects. For bulk samples, the bandgap emission (E11) of monochiral (6,5)-SWCNTs decreases, and the defect-related emission feature (E11*) increases with diazonium salt concentration and represents a proxy for the defect number. The high purity of monochiral samples from ATPE allows us to image NIR fluorescence contributions (E11 = 986 nm and E11* = 1140 nm) on the single SWCNT level. Interestingly, we observe a stochastic (Poisson) distribution of quantum defects. SWCNTs have most likely one to three defects (for low to high (bulk) quantum defect densities). Additionally, we verify this number by following single reaction events that appear as discrete steps in the temporal fluorescence traces. We thereby count single reactions via NIR imaging and demonstrate that stochasticity plays a crucial role in the optical properties of SWCNTs. These results show that there can be a large discrepancy between ensemble and single particle experiments/properties of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | | | - Juliana Gretz
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Anas Akhtar
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Linda Sistemich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Lena Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76344, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76344, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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Rust C, Schill E, Garrity O, Spari M, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Reich S, Flavel BS. Radial Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes via Dead-End Filtration. Small 2023; 19:e2207684. [PMID: 36775908 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration is a facile method to globally align single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in large area films with a 2D order parameter, S2D , approaching unity. Uniaxial alignment has been achieved using pristine and hot-embossed membranes but more sophisticated geometries have yet to be investigated. In this work, three different patterns with radial symmetry and an area of 3.8 cm2 are created. Two of these patterns are replicated by the filtered SWCNTs and S2D values of ≈0.85 are obtained. Each of the radially aligned SWCNT films is characterized by scanning cross-polarized microscopy in reflectance and laser imaging in transmittance with linear, radial, and azimuthal polarized light fields. The former is used to define a novel indicator akin to the 2D order parameter using Malu's law, yielding 0.82 for the respective film. The films are then transferred to a flexible printed circuit board and terminal two-probe electrical measurements are conducted to explore the potential of those new alignment geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elias Schill
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Oisín Garrity
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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5
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Zhou X, Wan L, Li H, Yang X, Chen J, Ge K, Yan J, Zhang C, Gao Q, Zhang X, Guo J, Li F, Wang J, Song D, Wang S, Flavel BS, Chen J. Multi-Carrier Generation in Organic-Passivated Black Silicon Solar Cells with Industrially Feasible Processes. Small 2023; 19:e2205848. [PMID: 36564362 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate inverse Auger effect within bulk silicon can result in multiple carrier generation. Observation of this effect is reliant upon low high-energy photon reflectance and high-quality surface passivation. In the photovoltaics industry, metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) to afford black silicon (b-Si) can provide a low high-energy photon reflectance. However, an industrially feasible and cheaper technology to conformally passivate the outer-shell defects of these nanowires is currently lacking. Here, a technology is introduced to infiltrate black silicon nanopores with a simple and vacuum-free organic passivation layer that affords millisecond-level minority carrier lifetimes and matches perfectly with existing solution-based processing of the MACE black silicon. Advancements such as the demonstration of an excellent passivation effect whilst also being low reflectance provide a new technological route for inverse Auger multiple carrier generation and an industrially feasible technical scheme for the development of the MACE b-Si solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Lu Wan
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von- Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Xueliang Yang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Kunpeng Ge
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & Technology, Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Baoding, 071051, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Das Solar Co., Ltd., No 43 Bailing South Road, Quzhou Green Industry Clustering Zone, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 324022, China
| | - Dengyuan Song
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
- Das Solar Co., Ltd., No 43 Bailing South Road, Quzhou Green Industry Clustering Zone, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 324022, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von- Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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Rust C, Shapturenka P, Spari M, Jin Q, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Zheng M, Adel T, Walker ARH, Fagan JA, Flavel BS. The Impact of Carbon Nanotube Length and Diameter on their Global Alignment by Dead-End Filtration. Small 2023; 19:e2206774. [PMID: 36549899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration has proven to effectively prepare macroscopically (3.8 cm2 ) aligned thin films from solutionbased single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). However, to make this technique broadly applicable, the role of SWCNT length and diameter must be understood. To date, most groups report the alignment of unsorted, large diameter (≈1.4 nm) SWCNTs, but systematic studies on their small diameter are rare (≈0.78 nm). In this work, films with an area of A = 3.81 cm2 and a thickness of ≈40 nm are prepared from length-sorted fractions comprising of small and large diameter SWCNTs, respectively. The alignment is characterized by cross-polarized microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, absorption and Raman spectroscopy. For the longest fractions (Lavg = 952 nm ± 431 nm, Δ = 1.58 and Lavg = 667 nm ± 246 nm, Δ = 1.55), the 2D order parameter, S2D, values of ≈0.6 and ≈0.76 are reported for the small and large diameter SWCNTs over an area of A = 625 µm2 , respectively. A comparison of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory calculations with the aligned domain size is then used to propose a law identifying the required length of a carbon nanotube with a given diameter and zeta potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pavel Shapturenka
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Qihao Jin
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Tehseen Adel
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Chen J, Chen J, Chang X, Guo J, Gao Q, Zhang X, Liu C, Yang X, Zhou X, Chen B, Li F, Wang J, Yan X, Song D, Li H, Flavel BS, Wang S. Organic Passivation of Deep Defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Film for Geometry-Simplified Compound Solar Cells. Research 2023; 6:0084. [PMID: 37011251 PMCID: PMC10059681 DOI: 10.34133/research.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Diverse defects in copper indium gallium diselenide solar cells cause nonradiative recombination losses and impair device performance. Here, an organic passivation scheme for surface and grain boundary defects is reported, which employs an organic passivation agent to infiltrate the copper indium gallium diselenide thin films. A transparent conductive passivating (TCP) film is then developed by incorporating metal nanowires into the organic polymer and used in solar cells. The TCP films have a transmittance of more than 90% in the visible and nearinfrared spectra and a sheet resistance of ~10.5 Ω/sq. This leads to improvements in the open-circuit voltage and the efficiency of the organic passivated solar cells compared with control cells and paves the way for novel approaches to copper indium gallium diselenide defect passivation and possibly other compound solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- Hebei University, Wusi east No. 180, Baoding, CHINA
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xuan Chang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Chenxu Liu
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xueliang Yang
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Advanced Passivation Technology Lab, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & Technology, Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Baoding 071051, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Das Solar Co., Ltd. No 43 Bailing South Road, Quzhou Green Industry Clustering Zone, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 324022, China
| | | | - Dengyuan Song
- Das Solar Co., Ltd. No 43 Bailing South Road, Quzhou Green Industry Clustering Zone, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 324022, China
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Shufang Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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8
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Wieland L, Li H, Zhang X, Chen J, Flavel BS. Ternary PM6:Y6 Solar Cells with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Small Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wieland
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Materials Science Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2 Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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9
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Erkens M, Levshov D, Wenseleers W, Li H, Flavel BS, Fagan JA, Popov VN, Avramenko M, Forel S, Flahaut E, Cambré S. Efficient Inner-to-Outer Wall Energy Transfer in Highly Pure Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Revealed by Detailed Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2022; 16:16038-16053. [PMID: 36167339 PMCID: PMC9620404 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coaxial stacking of two single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into a double-wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT), forming a so-called one-dimensional van der Waals structure, leads to synergetic effects that dramatically affect the optical and electronic properties of both layers. In this work, we explore these effects in purified DWCNT samples by combining absorption, wavelength-dependent infrared fluorescence-excitation (PLE), and wavelength-dependent resonant Raman scattering (RRS) spectroscopy. Purified DWCNTs are obtained by careful solubilization that strictly avoids ultrasonication or by electronic-type sorting, both followed by a density gradient ultracentrifugation to remove unwanted SWCNTs that could obscure the DWCNT characterization. Chirality-dependent shifts of the radial breathing mode vibrational frequencies and transition energies of the inner and outer DWCNT walls with respect to their SWCNT analogues are determined by advanced two-dimensional fitting of RRS and PLE data of DWCNT and their reference SWCNT samples. This exhaustive data set verifies that fluorescence from the inner DWCNT walls of well-purified samples is severely quenched through efficient energy transfer from the inner to the outer DWCNT walls. Combined analysis of the PLE and RRS results further reveals that this transfer is dependent on the inner and outer wall chirality, and we identify the specific combinations dominant in our DWCNT samples. These obtained results demonstrate the necessity and value of a combined structural characterization approach including PLE and RRS spectroscopy for bulk DWCNT samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksiem Erkens
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dmitry Levshov
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Wenseleers
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Fagan
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 20899 Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Marina Avramenko
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Salomé Forel
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratoire
des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT,
UMR 5085, CNRS-INP-UPS, Université
Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Sofie Cambré
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Forel S, Li H, van Bezouw S, Campo J, Wieland L, Wenseleers W, Flavel BS, Cambré S. Diameter-dependent single- and double-file stacking of squaraine dye molecules inside chirality-sorted single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale 2022; 14:8385-8397. [PMID: 35635153 PMCID: PMC9202598 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The filling of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with dye molecules has become a novel path to add new functionalities through the mutual interaction of confined dyes and host SWCNTs. In particular cases, the encapsulated dye molecules form strongly interacting molecular arrays and these result in severely altered optical properties of the dye molecules. Here, we present the encapsulation of a squaraine dye inside semiconducting chirality-sorted SWCNTs with diameters ranging from ∼1.15 nm, in which the dye molecules can only be encapsulated in a single-file molecular arrangement, up to ∼1.5 nm, in which two or three molecular files can fit side-by-side. Through the chirality-selective observation of energy transfer from the dye molecules to the surrounding SWCNTs, we find that the absorption wavelength of the dye follows a peculiar SWCNT diameter dependence, originating from the specific stacking of the dye inside the host SWCNTs. Corroborated by a theoretical model, we find that for each SWCNT diameter, the dye molecules adopt a close packing geometry, resulting in tunable optical properties of the hybrid when selecting a specific SWCNT chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Forel
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Lyon, France
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.
| | - Stein van Bezouw
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Campo
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Laura Wieland
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität at Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Wim Wenseleers
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.
| | - Sofie Cambré
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
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11
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Sebastian FL, Zorn NF, Settele S, Lindenthal S, Berger FJ, Bendel C, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. Absolute Quantification of sp 3 Defects in Semiconducting Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3542-3548. [PMID: 35420437 PMCID: PMC9059186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects creates red-shifted emission features in the near-infrared and boosts their photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). While multiple synthetic routes for the selective introduction of sp3 defects have been developed, a convenient metric to precisely quantify the number of defects on a SWCNT lattice is not available. Here, we present a direct and simple quantification protocol based on a linear correlation of the integrated Raman D/G+ signal ratios and defect densities as extracted from PLQY measurements. Corroborated by a statistical analysis of single-nanotube emission spectra at cryogenic temperature, this method enables the quantitative evaluation of sp3 defect densities in (6,5) SWCNTs with an error of ±3 defects per micrometer and the determination of oscillator strengths for different defect types. The developed protocol requires only standard Raman spectroscopy and is independent of the defect configuration, dispersion solvent, and nanotube length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bendel
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Nißler R, Müller AT, Dohrman F, Kurth L, Li H, Cosio EG, Flavel BS, Giraldo JP, Mithöfer A, Kruss S. Frontispiece: Detection and Imaging of the Plant Pathogen Response by Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Polyphenol Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202280262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Physical Chemistry II Bochum University Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Andrea T. Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Frederike Dohrman
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Larissa Kurth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Eric G. Cosio
- Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP) Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088 Lima Peru
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA 92507 USA
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry II Bochum University Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
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13
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Nißler R, Müller AT, Dohrman F, Kurth L, Li H, Cosio EG, Flavel BS, Giraldo JP, Mithöfer A, Kruss S. Detektion und Visualisierung der Pflanzen‐Pathogen‐Response durch Nah‐Infrarot‐fluoreszente Polyphenolsensoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Physikalische Chemie II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Andrea T. Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie Hans-Knöll-Straße 8 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Frederike Dohrman
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Larissa Kurth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eric G. Cosio
- Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP) Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088 Lima Peru
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA 92507 USA
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie Hans-Knöll-Straße 8 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physikalische Chemie II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Mikroelektronische Schaltungen Finkenstraße 61 47057 Duisburg Deutschland
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14
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Nißler R, Müller AT, Dohrman F, Kurth L, Li H, Cosio EG, Flavel BS, Giraldo JP, Mithöfer A, Kruss S. Frontispiz: Detektion und Visualisierung der Pflanzen‐Pathogen‐Response durch Nah‐Infrarot‐fluoreszente Polyphenolsensoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202280262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Physikalische Chemie II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Andrea T. Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie Hans-Knöll-Straße 8 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Frederike Dohrman
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Larissa Kurth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eric G. Cosio
- Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP) Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088 Lima Peru
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA 92507 USA
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Ökologie Hans-Knöll-Straße 8 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physikalische Chemie II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Mikroelektronische Schaltungen Finkenstraße 61 47057 Duisburg Deutschland
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15
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Nißler R, Müller AT, Dohrman F, Kurth L, Li H, Cosio EG, Flavel BS, Giraldo JP, Mithöfer A, Kruss S. Detection and Imaging of the Plant Pathogen Response by Near-Infrared Fluorescent Polyphenol Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202108373. [PMID: 34608727 PMCID: PMC9298901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants use secondary metabolites such as polyphenols for chemical defense against pathogens and herbivores. Despite their importance in plant pathogen interactions and tolerance to diseases, it remains challenging to detect polyphenols in complex plant tissues. Here, we create molecular sensors for plant polyphenol imaging that are based on near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We identified polyethylene glycol-phospholipids that render (6,5)-SWCNTs sensitive (Kd =90 nM) to plant polyphenols (tannins, flavonoids, …), which red-shift (up to 20 nm) and quench their emission (ca. 1000 nm). These sensors report changes in total polyphenol level after herbivore or pathogen challenge in crop plant systems (Soybean Glycine max) and leaf tissue extracts (Tococa spp.). We furthermore demonstrate remote chemical imaging of pathogen-induced polyphenol release from roots of soybean seedlings over the time course of 24 h. This approach allows in situ visualization and understanding of the chemical plant defense in real time and paves the way for plant phenotyping for optimized polyphenol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea T Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Frederike Dohrman
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Larissa Kurth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eric G Cosio
- Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
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16
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Yan J, Zhang C, Li H, Yang X, Wan L, Li F, Qiu K, Guo J, Duan W, Lambertz A, Lu W, Song D, Ding K, Flavel BS, Chen J. Stable Organic Passivated Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 22. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2102027. [PMID: 34473427 PMCID: PMC8529485 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The organic passivated carbon nanotube (CNT)/silicon (Si) solar cell is a new type of low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell, with challenges concerning the stability of the organic layer used for passivation. In this work, the stability of the organic layer is studied with respect to the internal and external (humidity) water content and additionally long-term stability for low moisture environments. It is found that the organic passivated CNT/Si complex interface is not stable, despite both the organic passivation layer and CNTs being stable on their own and is due to the CNTs providing an additional path for water molecules to the interface. With the use of a simple encapsulation, a record power conversion efficiency of 22% is achieved and a stable photovoltaic performance is demonstrated. This work provides a new direction for the development of high-performance/low-cost photovoltaics in the future and will stimulate the use of nanotubes materials for solar cells applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Han Li
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Xueliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & TechnologyYingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd.Baoding071051China
| | - Lu Wan
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & TechnologyYingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd.Baoding071051China
| | - Kaifu Qiu
- IEK5‐PhotovoltaicsForschungszentrum JülichWilhelm‐Johnen‐Strasse52425JülichGermany
| | - Jianxin Guo
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Weiyuan Duan
- IEK5‐PhotovoltaicsForschungszentrum JülichWilhelm‐Johnen‐Strasse52425JülichGermany
| | - Andreas Lambertz
- IEK5‐PhotovoltaicsForschungszentrum JülichWilhelm‐Johnen‐Strasse52425JülichGermany
| | - Wanbing Lu
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Dengyuan Song
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & TechnologyYingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd.Baoding071051China
| | - Kaining Ding
- IEK5‐PhotovoltaicsForschungszentrum JülichWilhelm‐Johnen‐Strasse52425JülichGermany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic‐Electronic Information and MaterialsCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
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17
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Yan J, Ge K, Li H, Yang X, Chen J, Wan L, Guo J, Li F, Xu Y, Song D, Flavel BS, Chen J. Solution processable in situ passivated silicon nanowires. Nanoscale 2021; 13:11439-11445. [PMID: 34160536 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The 1D confinement of silicon in the form of a nanowire revives its newness with the emergence of new optical and electronic properties. However, the development of a production process for silicon nanowires (SiNWs) having a high quality crystalline core and exhibiting good stability in solution with effective outer-shell defect passivation is still a challenge. In this work, SiNWs are prepared from a silicon wafer using solution processing steps, and importantly outer-shell-defect passivation is achieved by in situ grafting of organic molecules based on thin films. Defect passivation and the high quality of the SiNWs are confirmed with thin films on glass and flexible plastic substrates. A dramatic enhancement in both the fluorescence lifetime and infrared photoluminescence is observed. The in situ organic passivation of SiNWs has potential application in all low-dimensional silicon devices including infrared detectors, solar cells and lithium-ion battery anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Kunpeng Ge
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Xueliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & Technology, Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Baoding 071051, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Lu Wan
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Jianxin Guo
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & Technology, Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Baoding 071051, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Dengyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials & Technology, Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Baoding 071051, China
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China. and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
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18
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Kuang Z, Berger FJ, Lustres JLP, Wollscheid N, Li H, Lüttgens J, Leinen MB, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J, Buckup T. Charge Transfer from Photoexcited Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Wide-Bandgap Wrapping Polymer. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2021; 125:8125-8136. [PMID: 34055124 PMCID: PMC8154833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As narrow optical bandgap materials, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are rarely regarded as charge donors in photoinduced charge-transfer (PCT) reactions. However, the unique band structure and unusual exciton dynamics of SWCNTs add more possibilities to the classical PCT mechanism. In this work, we demonstrate PCT from photoexcited semiconducting (6,5) SWCNTs to a wide-bandgap wrapping poly-[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(6,6')-(2,2'-bipyridine)] (PFO-BPy) via femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. By monitoring the spectral dynamics of the SWCNT polaron, we show that charge transfer from photoexcited SWCNTs to PFO-BPy can be driven not only by the energetically favorable E33 transition but also by the energetically unfavorable E22 excitation under high pump fluence. This unusual PCT from narrow-bandgap SWCNTs toward a wide-bandgap polymer originates from the up-converted high-energy excitonic state (E33 or higher) that is promoted by the Auger recombination of excitons and charge carriers in SWCNTs. These insights provide new pathways for charge separation in SWCNT-based photodetectors and photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Kuang
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jose Luis Pérez Lustres
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Wollscheid
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Merve Balcı Leinen
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch
Chemisches Institut and Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229/253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR) region, and the emission wavelength depends on their chirality (n,m). Interactions with the environment affect the fluorescence and can be tailored by functionalizing SWCNTs with biopolymers such as DNA, which is the basis for fluorescent biosensors. So far, such biosensors have been mainly assembled from mixtures of SWCNT chiralities with large spectral overlap, which affects sensitivity as well as selectivity and prevents multiplexed sensing. The main challenge to gain chirality-pure sensors has been to combine approaches to isolate specific SWCNTs and generic (bio)functionalization approaches. Here, we created chirality-pure SWCNT-based NIR biosensors for important analytes such as neurotransmitters and investigated the effect of SWCNT chirality/handedness as well as long-term stability and sensitivity. For this purpose, we used aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) to gain chirality-pure (6,5)-, (7,5)-, (9,4)-, and (7,6)-SWCNTs (emission at ∼990, 1040, 1115, and 1130 nm, respectively). An exchange of the surfactant sodium deoxycholate (DOC) to specific single-stranded (ss)DNA sequences yielded monochiral sensors for small analytes (dopamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, pH). DOC residues impaired sensitivity, and therefore substantial removal was necessary. The assembled monochiral (6,5)-SWCNTs were up to 10 times brighter than their nonpurified counterparts, and the ssDNA sequence determined the absolute fluorescence intensity as well as colloidal (long-term) stability and selectivity for the analytes. (GT)40-(6,5)-SWCNTs displayed the maximum fluorescence response to the neurotransmitter dopamine (+140%, Kd = 1.9 × 10-7 M) and a long-term stability of >14 days. The specific ssDNA sequences imparted selectivity to the analytes mostly independent of SWCNT chirality and handedness of (±) (6,5)-SWCNTs, which allowed a predictable design. Finally, multiple monochiral/single-color SWCNTs were combined to achieve ratiometric/multiplexed sensing of the important analytes dopamine, riboflavin, H2O2, and pH. In summary, we demonstrated the assembly, characteristics, and potential of monochiral (single-color) SWCNTs for NIR fluorescence sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Larissa Kurth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Spreinat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ilyas Kuhlemann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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20
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Gaulke M, Janissek A, Peyyety NA, Alamgir I, Riaz A, Dehm S, Li H, Lemmer U, Flavel BS, Kappes MM, Hennrich F, Wei L, Chen Y, Pyatkov F, Krupke R. Low-Temperature Electroluminescence Excitation Mapping of Excitons and Trions in Short-Channel Monochiral Carbon Nanotube Devices. ACS Nano 2020; 14:2709-2717. [PMID: 31920075 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes as emerging quantum-light sources may fill a technological gap in silicon photonics due to their potential use as near-infrared, electrically driven, classical or nonclassical emitters. Unlike in photoluminescence, where nanotubes are excited with light, electrical excitation of single tubes is challenging and heavily influenced by device fabrication, architecture, and biasing conditions. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data of ultra-short-channel devices made from (9,8) carbon nanotubes emitting in the telecom band. Emissions are stable under current biasing, and no enhanced suppression is observed down to 10 nm gap size. Low-temperature electroluminescence spectroscopy data also reported exhibit cold emission and line widths down to 2 meV at 4 K. Electroluminescence excitation maps give evidence that carrier recombination is the mechanism for light generation in short channels. Excitonic and trionic emissions can be switched on and off by gate voltage, and corresponding emission efficiency maps were compiled. Insights are gained into the influence of acoustic phonons on the line width, absence of intensity saturation and exciton-exciton annihilation, environmental effects such as dielectric screening and strain on the emission wavelength, and conditions to suppress hysteresis and establish optimum operation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gaulke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Janissek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Naga Anirudh Peyyety
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Imtiaz Alamgir
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adnan Riaz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felix Pyatkov
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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21
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Li H, Gordeev G, Garrity O, Peyyety NA, Selvasundaram PB, Dehm S, Krupke R, Cambré S, Wenseleers W, Reich S, Zheng M, Fagan JA, Flavel BS. Separation of Specific Single-Enantiomer Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in the Large-Diameter Regime. ACS Nano 2020; 14:948-963. [PMID: 31742998 PMCID: PMC6994058 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomer-level isolation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in high concentration and with high purity for nanotubes greater than 1.1 nm in diameter is demonstrated using a two-stage aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) technique. In total, five different nanotube species of ∼1.41 nm diameter are isolated, including both metallics and semiconductors. We characterize these populations by absorbance spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence mapping, revealing and substantiating mod-dependent optical dependencies. Using knowledge of the competitive adsorption of surfactants to the SWCNTs that controls partitioning within the ATPE separation, we describe an advanced acid addition methodology that enables the fine control of the separation of these select nanotubes. Furthermore, we show that endohedral filling is a previously unrecognized but important factor to ensure a homogeneous starting material and further enhance the separation yield, with the best results for alkane-filled SWCNTs, followed by empty SWCNTs, with the intrinsic inhomogeneity of water-filled SWCNTs causing them to be worse for separations. Lastly, we demonstrate the potential use of these nanotubes in field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Oisin Garrity
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Naga Anirudh Peyyety
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universität
Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Pranauv Balaji Selvasundaram
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universität
Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universität
Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Sofie Cambré
- Physics
Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Wim Wenseleers
- Physics
Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Fagan
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
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22
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Li H, Gordeev G, Garrity O, Reich S, Flavel BS. Separation of Small-Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in One to Three Steps with Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction. ACS Nano 2019; 13:2567-2578. [PMID: 30673278 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) technique capable of separating small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in one, two, or at the most three steps is presented. Separation is performed in the well-studied two-phase system containing polyethylene glycol and dextran, but it is achieved without changing the global concentration or ratio of cosurfactants. Instead, the technique is reliant upon the different surfactant shell around each nanotube diameter at a fixed surfactant concentration. The methodology to obtain a single set of surfactant conditions is provided, and strategies to optimize these for other diameter regimes are discussed. In total, 11 different chiralities in the diameter range 0.69-0.91 nm are separated. These include semiconducting and both armchair and nonarmchair metallic nanotube species. Titration of cosurfactant suspensions reveal separation to be driven by the pH of the suspension with each ( n, m) species partitioning at a fixed pH. This allows for an ( n, m) separation approach to be presented that is as simple as pipetting known volumes of acid into the ATPE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe 76344 , Germany
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195 , Germany
| | - Oisin Garrity
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195 , Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 14195 , Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe 76344 , Germany
- Institute of Materials Science , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Darmstadt 64289 , Germany
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23
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Liang S, Li H, Flavel BS, Adronov A. Frontispiece: Effect of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Composition on Polyfluorene-Based SWCNT Dispersion Selectivity. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201883964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4 L8 Canada
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Materials Science; Technische Universität Darmstadt; 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4 L8 Canada
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24
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Liang S, Li H, Flavel BS, Adronov A. Effect of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Composition on Polyfluorene-Based SWCNT Dispersion Selectivity. Chemistry 2018; 24:9799-9806. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4 L8 Canada
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Materials Science; Technische Universität Darmstadt; 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON L8S 4 L8 Canada
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25
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Wei L, Flavel BS, Li W, Krupke R, Chen Y. Exploring the upper limit of single-walled carbon nanotube purity by multiple-cycle aqueous two-phase separation. Nanoscale 2017; 9:11640-11646. [PMID: 28770923 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03302h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (S-SWCNTs) are required for high-performance transistors. Aqueous two-phase (ATP) separation is an attractive method to obtain such SWCNTs due to its simplicity and scalability. This work targeted two questions; namely what is the upper limit of S-SWCNT purity that can be achieved by multiple cycles of ATP separation from the most commonly used polyethylene glycol and dextran system and how accurately can commonly used methods characterize the improvement in purity? SWCNT purity in nanotube dispersions obtained by multi-cycle ATP separation (2, 4, 6 and 8 cycles) was evaluated by three methods, including UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy analysis, performance of thin-film field effect transistors (FETs) prepared by drop casting and short-channel FET devices prepared by dielectrophoresis deposition. Absorption spectroscopic analysis and the performance of the thin-film FET devices can hardly differentiate metallic SWCNT residues in the dispersions obtained after 4 cycles with the purity above 99.5%, and the short channel FET devices prepared by dielectrophoresis deposition are more sensitive towards tiny metallic SWCNT residues. A new method was also demonstrated to visualize the minor metallic content in the nanotube suspension using voltage contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope, which enables rapid screening of many devices and the accurate obtainment of metallic content without performing a large number of individual transconductance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NSW 2006, Australia.
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26
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Alam A, Dehm S, Hennrich F, Zakharko Y, Graf A, Pfohl M, Hossain IM, Kappes MM, Zaumseil J, Krupke R, Flavel BS. Photocurrent spectroscopy of dye-sensitized carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale 2017; 9:11205-11213. [PMID: 28749520 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monochiral (7,5) single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are integrated into a field effect transistor device in which the built-in electric field at the nanotube/metal contact allows for exciton separation under illumination. Variable wavelength spectroscopy and 2D surface mapping of devices consisting of 10-20 nanotubes are performed in the visible region and a strong correlation between the nanotube's second optical transition (S22) and the photocurrent is found. After integration, the SWCNTs are non-covalently modified with three different fluorescent dye molecules with off-resonant absorption maxima at 532 nm, 565 nm, and 610 nm. The dyes extend the absorption properties of the nanotube and contribute to the photocurrent. This approach holds promise for the development of photo-detectors and for applications in photovoltaics and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiful Alam
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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27
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Pfohl M, Tune DD, Graf A, Zaumseil J, Krupke R, Flavel BS. Fitting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Optical Spectra. ACS Omega 2017; 2:1163-1171. [PMID: 28393134 PMCID: PMC5377271 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive methodology for the fitting of single-walled carbon nanotube absorption spectra is presented. Different approaches to background subtraction, choice of line profile, and calculation of full width at half-maximum are discussed both in the context of previous literature and the contemporary understanding of carbon nanotube photophysics. The fitting is improved by the inclusion of exciton-phonon sidebands, and new techniques to improve the individualization of overlapped nanotube spectra by exploiting correlations between the first- and second-order optical transitions and the exciton-phonon sidebands are presented. Consideration of metallic nanotubes allows an analysis of the metallic/semiconducting content, and a process of constraining the fit of highly congested spectra of carbon nanotube solid films according to the spectral weights of each (n, m) species in solution is also presented, allowing for more reliable resolution of overlapping peaks into single (n, m) species contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pfohl
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), P.O.
Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universität
Darmstadt, Jovanka-Bontschits-Str.
2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel D. Tune
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), P.O.
Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders
University, GPO Box 2100, 5042 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), P.O.
Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Technische Universität
Darmstadt, Jovanka-Bontschits-Str.
2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), P.O.
Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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28
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Stolz BW, Tune DD, Flavel BS. The effect of dry shear aligning of nanotube thin films on the photovoltaic performance of carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:1486-1491. [PMID: 27826524 PMCID: PMC5082438 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent results in the field of carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells have suggested that the best performance is obtained when the nanotube film provides good coverage of the silicon surface and when the nanotubes in the film are aligned parallel to the surface. The recently developed process of dry shear aligning - in which shear force is applied to the surface of carbon nanotube thin films in the dry state, has been shown to yield nanotube films that are very flat and in which the surface nanotubes are very well aligned in the direction of shear. It is thus reasonable to expect that nanotube films subjected to dry shear aligning should outperform otherwise identical films formed by other processes. In this work, the fabrication and characterisation of carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells using such films is reported, and the photovoltaic performance of devices produced with and without dry shear aligning is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt W Stolz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel D Tune
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, The Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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29
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Li W, Hennrich F, Flavel BS, Kappes MM, Krupke R. Chiral-index resolved length mapping of carbon nanotubes in solution using electric-field induced differential absorption spectroscopy. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:375706. [PMID: 27504810 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/37/375706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The length of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is an important metric for the integration of SWCNTs into devices and for the performance of SWCNT-based electronic or optoelectronic applications. In this work we propose a rather simple method based on electric-field induced differential absorption spectroscopy to measure the chiral-index-resolved average length of SWCNTs in dispersions. The method takes advantage of the electric-field induced length-dependent dipole moment of nanotubes and has been verified and calibrated by atomic force microscopy. This method not only provides a low cost, in situ approach for length measurements of SWCNTs in dispersion, but due to the sensitivity of the method to the SWCNT chiral index, the chiral index dependent average length of fractions obtained by chromatographic sorting can also be derived. Also, the determination of the chiral-index resolved length distribution seems to be possible using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Tune DD, Stolz BW, Pfohl M, Flavel BS. Correction: Dry shear aligning: a simple and versatile method to smooth and align the surfaces of carbon nanotube thin films. Nanoscale 2016; 8:5387. [PMID: 26879774 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr90039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Dry shear aligning: a simple and versatile method to smooth and align the surfaces of carbon nanotube thin films' by D. D. Tune et al., Nanoscale, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08784h.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Tune
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - B W Stolz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - M Pfohl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - B S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Tune DD, Stolz BW, Pfohl M, Flavel BS. Dry shear aligning: a simple and versatile method to smooth and align the surfaces of carbon nanotube thin films. Nanoscale 2016; 8:3232-3236. [PMID: 26792245 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08784h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that the application of lateral shear force on a randomly oriented thin film of carbon nanotubes, in the dry state, causes significant reordering of the nanotubes at the film surface. This new technique of dry shear aligning is applicable to carbon nanotube thin films produced by many of the established methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Tune
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Fechner RG, Pyatkov F, Khasminskaya S, Flavel BS, Krupke R, Pernice WHP. Directional couplers with integrated carbon nanotube incandescent light emitters. Opt Express 2016; 24:966-74. [PMID: 26832479 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We combine on-chip single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) emitters with directional coupling devices as fundamental building blocks for carbon photonic systems. These devices are essential for studying the emission properties of SWNTs in the few photon regime for future applications in on-chip quantum photonics. The combination of SWNTs with on-chip beam splitters herein provides the basis for correlation measurements as necessary for nanoscale source characterization. The employed fabrication methods are fully scalable and thus allow for implementing a multitude of functional and active circuits in a single fabrication run. Our metallic SWNT emitters are broadband and cover both visible and near-infrared wavelengths, thus holding promise for emerging hybrid optoelectronic devices with fast reconfiguration times.
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Tune DD, Blanch AJ, Shearer CJ, Moore KE, Pfohl M, Shapter JG, Flavel BS. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Thin Films from Liquid Crystal Polyelectrolyte Inks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:25857-25864. [PMID: 26511159 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single walled carbon nanotube thin films are fabricated by solution shearing from high concentration sodium nanotubide polyelectrolyte inks. The solutions are produced by simple stirring of the nanotubes with elemental sodium in dimethylacetamide, and the nanotubes are thus not subject to any sonication-induced damage. At such elevated concentrations (∼4 mg mL(-1)), the solutions exist in the liquid crystal phase and during deposition this order is transferred to the films, which are well aligned in the direction of shear with a 2D nematic order parameter of ∼0.7 determined by polarized absorption measurements. Compared to similarly formed films made from superacids, the polyelectrolyte films contain smaller bundles and a much narrower distribution of bundle diameters. After p-doping with an organic oxidizer, the films exhibit a very high DC electrical to optical conductivity ratio of σ(DC)/σ(OP) ∼ 35, corresponding to a calculated DC conductivity of over 7000 S cm(-1). When very thin (T550 ∼ 96%), smooth (RMS roughness, R(q) ∼ 2.2 nm), and highly aligned films made via this new route are used as the front electrodes of carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells, the power conversion efficiency is almost an order of magnitude greater than that obtained when using the much rougher (R(q) ∼ 20-30 nm) and less conductive (peak σ(DC)/σ(OP) ∼ 2.5) films formed by common vacuum filtration of the same starting material, and having the same transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Tune
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Adam J Blanch
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Cameron J Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Katherine E Moore
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Moritz Pfohl
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joseph G Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been the focus of intense research, and the body of literature continues to grow exponentially, despite more than two decades having passed since the first reports. As well as extensive studies of the fundamental properties, this has seen SWCNTs used in a plethora of applications as far ranging as microelectronics, energy storage, solar cells, and sensors, to cancer treatment, drug delivery, and neuronal interfaces. On the other hand, the properties and applications of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) have remained relatively under-explored. This is despite DWCNTs not only sharing many of the same unique characteristics of their single-walled counterparts, but also possessing an additional suite of potentially advantageous properties arising due to the presence of the second wall and the often complex inter-wall interactions that arise. For example, it is envisaged that the outer wall can be selectively functionalized whilst still leaving the inner wall in its pristine state and available for signal transduction. A similar situation arises in DWCNT field effect transistors (FETs), where the outer wall can provide a convenient degree of chemical shielding of the inner wall from the external environment, allowing the excellent transconductance properties of the pristine nanotubes to be more fully exploited. Additionally, DWCNTs should also offer unique opportunities to further the fundamental understanding of the inter-wall interactions within and between carbon nanotubes. However, the realization of these goals has so far been limited by the same challenge experienced by the SWCNT field until recent years, namely, the inherent heterogeneity of raw, as-produced DWCNT material. As such, there is now an emerging field of research regarding DWCNT processing that focuses on the preparation of material of defined length, diameter and electronic type, and which is rapidly building upon the experience gained by the broader SWCNT community. This review describes the background of the field, summarizing some relevant theory and the available synthesis and purification routes; then provides a thorough synopsis of the current state-of-the-art in DWCNT sorting methodologies, outlines contemporary challenges in the field, and discusses the outlook for various potential applications of the resulting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Moore
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel D Tune
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Moore KE, Pfohl M, Tune DD, Hennrich F, Dehm S, Chakradhanula VSK, Kübel C, Krupke R, Flavel BS. Sorting of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes According to Their Outer Wall Electronic Type via a Gel Permeation Method. ACS Nano 2015; 9:3849-57. [PMID: 25758564 DOI: 10.1021/nn506869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the application of the gel permeation technique to the sorting of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) according to their outer wall electronic type. Our method uses Sephacryl S-200 gel and yields sorted fractions of DWCNTs with impurities removed and highly enriched in nanotubes with either metallic (M) or semiconducting (S) outer walls. The prepared fractions are fully characterized using optical absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, and the entire procedure is monitored in real time using process Raman analysis. The sorted DWCNTs are then integrated into single nanotube field effect transistors, allowing detailed electronic measurement of the transconductance properties of the four unique inner@outer wall combinations of S@S, S@M, M@S, and M@M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Moore
- †Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Pfohl
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- §Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel D Tune
- †Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Venkata Sai K Chakradhanula
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- ⊥Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- ⊥Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- ∥Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- §Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- ‡Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Engel M, Moore KE, Alam A, Dehm S, Krupke R, Flavel BS. Photocurrent spectroscopy of (n, m) sorted solution-processed single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2014; 8:9324-9331. [PMID: 25117458 DOI: 10.1021/nn503278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Variable-wavelength photocurrent microscopy and photocurrent spectroscopy are used to study the photoresponse of (n, m) sorted single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) devices. The measurements of (n, m) pure SWCNT devices demonstrate the ability to study the wavelength-dependent photoresponse in situ in a device configuration and deliver photocurrent spectra that reflect the population of the source material. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to map and determine the chirality population within a working optoelectronic SWCNT device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Engel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Moore KE, Pfohl M, Hennrich F, Chakradhanula VSK, Kuebel C, Kappes MM, Shapter JG, Krupke R, Flavel BS. Separation of double-walled carbon nanotubes by size exclusion column chromatography. ACS Nano 2014; 8:6756-64. [PMID: 24896840 DOI: 10.1021/nn500756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this report we demonstrate the separation of raw carbon nanotube material into fractions of double-walled (DWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Our method utilizes size exclusion chromatography with Sephacryl gel S-200 and yielded two distinct fractions of single- and double-walled nanotubes with average diameters of 0.93 ± 0.03 and 1.64 ± 0.15 nm, respectively. The presented technique is easily scalable and offers an alternative to traditional density gradient ultracentrifugation methods. CNT fractions were characterized by atomic force microscopy and Raman and absorption spectroscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Moore
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , 5000, Adelaide, Australia
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Khasminskaya S, Pyatkov F, Flavel BS, Pernice WH, Krupke R. Waveguide-integrated light-emitting carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 2014; 26:3465-72. [PMID: 24643956 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how light from an electrically driven carbon nanotube can be coupled directly into a photonic waveguide architecture. Waferscale, broadband sources are realized integrated with nanophotonic circuits allowing for propagation of light over centimeter distances. Moreover, we show that the spectral properties of the emitter can be controlled directly on chip with passive devices using Mach-Zehnder interfero-meters and grating structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Khasminskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Flavel BS, Moore KE, Pfohl M, Kappes MM, Hennrich F. Separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with a gel permeation chromatography system. ACS Nano 2014; 8:1817-26. [PMID: 24460395 DOI: 10.1021/nn4062116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A gel permeation chromatography system is used to separate aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate suspensions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). This automated procedure requires no precentrifugation, is scalable, and is found to yield monochiral SWCNT fractions of semiconducting SWCNTs with a purity of 61-95%. Unsorted and resulting monochiral fractions are characterized using optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Flavel BS, Jasieniak M, Velleman L, Ciampi S, Luais E, Peterson JR, Griesser HJ, Shapter JG, Gooding JJ. Grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) on click chemistry modified Si(100) surfaces. Langmuir 2013; 29:8355-8362. [PMID: 23790067 DOI: 10.1021/la400721c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most extensively studied antifouling coatings due to its ability to reduce protein adsorption and improve biocompatibility. Although the use of PEG for antifouling coatings is well established, the stability and density of PEG layers are often inadequate to provide optimum antifouling properties. To improve on these shortcomings, we employed the stepwise construction of PEG layers onto a silicon surface. Acetylene-terminated alkyl monolayers were attached to nonoxidized crystalline silicon surfaces via a one-step hydrosilylation procedure with 1,8-nonadiyne. The acetylene-terminated surfaces were functionalized via a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction of the surface-bound alkynes with an azide to produce an amine terminated layer. The amine terminated layer was then further conjugated with PEG to produce an antifouling surface. The antifouling surface properties were investigated by testing adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) and lysozyme (Lys) onto PEG layers from phosphate buffer solutions. Detailed characterization of protein fouling was carried out with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). The results revealed no fouling of albumin onto PEG coatings whereas the smaller protein lysozyme adsorbed to a very low extent.
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Flavel BS, Kappes MM, Krupke R, Hennrich F. Separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by 1-dodecanol-mediated size-exclusion chromatography. ACS Nano 2013; 7:3557-64. [PMID: 23540203 DOI: 10.1021/nn4004956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple, single-column, high-throughput fractionation procedure based on size-exclusion chromatography of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate suspensions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is presented. This procedure is found to yield monochiral or near monochiral SWCNT fractions of semiconducting SWCNTs. Unsorted and resulting monochiral suspensions are characterized using optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Felten A, Flavel BS, Britnell L, Eckmann A, Louette P, Pireaux JJ, Hirtz M, Krupke R, Casiraghi C. Single- and double-sided chemical functionalization of bilayer graphene. Small 2013; 9:631-639. [PMID: 23166066 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study on the interaction between the top and bottom layer of a chemically functionalized graphene bilayer by mild oxygen plasma is reported. Structural, chemical, and electrical properties are monitored using Raman spectroscopy, transport measurements, conductive atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Single- and double-sided chemical functionalization are found to give very different results: single-sided modified bilayers show relatively high mobility (200-600 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) at room temperature) and a stable structure with a limited amount of defects, even after long plasma treatment (>60 s). This is attributed to preferential modification and limited coverage of the top layer during plasma exposure, while the bottom layer remains almost unperturbed. This could eventually lead to decoupling between top and bottom layers. Double-sided chemical functionalization leads to a structure containing a high concentration of defects, very similar to graphene oxide. This opens the possibility to use plasma treatment not only for etching and patterning of graphene, but also to make heterostructures (through single-sided modification of bilayers) for sensors and transistors and new graphene-derivatives materials (through double-sided modification).
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Tune DD, Flavel BS, Quinton JS, Ellis AV, Shapter JG. Single-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline/n-silicon solar cells: fabrication, characterization, and performance measurements. ChemSusChem 2013; 6:320-327. [PMID: 23322677 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells are a recently investigated photovoltaic architecture with demonstrated high efficiencies. Silicon solar-cell devices fabricated with a thin film of conductive polymer (polyaniline) have been reported, but these devices can suffer from poor performance due to the limited lateral current-carrying capacity of thin polymer films. Herein, hybrid solar-cell devices of a thin film of polyaniline deposited on silicon and covered by a single-walled carbon nanotube film are fabricated and characterized. These hybrid devices combine the conformal coverage given by the polymer and the excellent electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube films and significantly outperform either of their component counterparts. Treatment of the silicon base and carbon nanotubes with hydrofluoric acid and a strong oxidizer (thionyl chloride) leads to a significant improvement in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Tune
- Flinders Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, SA 5042, Australia
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Garrett DJ, Flavel BS, Baronian KHR, Downard AJ. Patterned forests of vertically-aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes using metal salt catalyst solutions. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013; 13:728-731. [PMID: 23646807 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for producing patterned forests of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is described. An aqueous metal salt solution is spin-coated onto a substrate patterned with photoresist by standard methods. The photoresist is removed by acetone washing leaving the acetone-insoluble catalyst pattern on the substrate. Dense forests of vertically aligned (VA) MWCNTs are grown on the patterned catalyst layers by chemical vapour deposition. The procedures have been demonstrated by growing MWCNT forests on two substrates: silicon and conducting graphitic carbon films. The forests adhere strongly to the substrates and when grown directly on carbon film, offer a simple method of preparing MWCNT electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Moore KE, Flavel BS, Shearer CJ, Ellis AV, Shapter JG. Electrochemistry of polystyrene intercalated vertically aligned single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes on gold electrodes. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Flavel BS, Sweetman MJ, Shearer CJ, Shapter JG, Voelcker NH. Micropatterned arrays of porous silicon: toward sensory biointerfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3:2463-2471. [PMID: 21699143 DOI: 10.1021/am2003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of arrays of porous silicon spots by means of photolithography where a positive photoresist serves as a mask during the anodization process. In particular, photoluminescent arrays and porous silicon spots suitable for further chemical modification and the attachment of human cells were created. The produced arrays of porous silicon were chemically modified by means of a thermal hydrosilylation reaction that facilitated immobilization of the fluorescent dye lissamine, and alternatively, the cell adhesion peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine. The latter modification enabled the selective attachment of human lens epithelial cells on the peptide functionalized regions of the patterns. This type of surface patterning, using etched porous silicon arrays functionalized with biological recognition elements, presents a new format of interfacing porous silicon with mammalian cells. Porous silicon arrays with photoluminescent properties produced by this patterning strategy also have potential applications as platforms for in situ monitoring of cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia.
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Lehr J, Garrett DJ, Paulik MG, Flavel BS, Brooksby PA, Williamson BE, Downard AJ. Patterning of Metal, Carbon, and Semiconductor Substrates with Thin Organic Films by Microcontact Printing with Aryldiazonium Salt Inks. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7027-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - David J. Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew G. Paulik
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bryce E. Williamson
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Flavel BS, Gross AJ, Garrett DJ, Nock V, Downard AJ. A simple approach to patterned protein immobilization on silicon via electrografting from diazonium salt solutions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010; 2:1184-1190. [PMID: 20423137 DOI: 10.1021/am100020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly versatile method utilizing diazonium salt chemistry has been developed for the fabrication of protein arrays. Conventional ultraviolet mask lithography was used to pattern micrometer sized regions into a commercial photoresist on a highly doped p-type silicon (100) substrate. These patterned regions were used as a template for the electrochemical grafting of the in situ generated p-aminobenzenediazonium cation to form patterns of aminophenyl film on silicon. Immobilization of biomolecules was demonstrated by coupling biotin to the aminophenyl regions followed by reaction with fluorescently labeled avidin and visualization with fluorescence microscopy. This simple patterning strategy is promising for future application in biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Flavel BS, Garrett DJ, Lehr J, Shapter JG, Downard AJ. Chemically immobilised carbon nanotubes on silicon: Stable surfaces for aqueous electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Garrett DJ, Flavel BS, Shapter JG, Baronian KHR, Downard AJ. Robust forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes chemically assembled on carbon substrates. Langmuir 2010; 26:1848-1854. [PMID: 19788291 DOI: 10.1021/la902575w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) have been chemically assembled on carbon surfaces. The structures show excellent stability over a wide potential range and are resistant to degradation from sonication in acid, base, and organic solvent. Acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were assembled on amine-terminated tether layers covalently attached to pyrolyzed photoresist films. Tether layers were electrografted to the carbon substrate by reduction of the p-aminobenzenediazonium cation and oxidation of ethylenediamine. The amine-modified surfaces were incubated with cut SWCNTs in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), giving forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). The SWCNT assemblies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemistry. Under conditions where the tether layers slow electron transfer between solution-based redox probes and the underlying electrode, the assembly of VACNTs on the tether layer dramatically increases the electron-transfer rate at the surface. The grafting procedure, and hence the preparation of VACNTs, is applicable to a wide range of materials including metals and semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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