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Liu Y, Zeng T, Liu C, Fang X, Li S, Cao X, Lu C, Yang H. DNA Origami-Based Letterpress Printing of Gold Nanostructures with Predesigned Morphologies. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11569-11577. [PMID: 38078629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Creating customizable metallic nanostructures in a simple and controllable manner has been a long-standing goal in nanoscience. In this study, we use DNA origami as a letterpress printing plate and gold nanoparticles as ink to produce predesigned gold nanostructures. The letterpress plate is reusable, enabling the repetitive production of predesigned gold nanostructures. Furthermore, by modifying the DNA origami letterpress plate on magnetic beads, we can simplify the printing processes. We have successfully printed gold nanoparticle dimers, trimers, straight and quadrilateral tetramers, and other nanostructures. Our approach improves the flexibility and stability of metallic nanostructures, simplifying both their design and their operation. It promises universal applicability in the fabrication of metamaterials, biosensors, and surface plasma nanooptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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2
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Dai L, Liu P, Hu X, Zhao X, Shao G, Tian Y. DNA origami: an outstanding platform for functions in nanophotonics and cancer therapy. Analyst 2021; 146:1807-1819. [PMID: 33595553 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the proposal and evolution of the DNA origami technique over the past decade, DNA molecules have been utilized as building blocks for the precise construction of nanoscale architectures. Benefiting from the superior programmability of DNA molecules, the sequence-dependent recognition mechanism and robust complementation among DNA strands make it possible to customize almost arbitrary structures. Such an assembly strategy bypasses some of the limits of conventional fabrication methods; the fabrication accuracy and complexity of the target product are unprecedentedly promoted as well. Furthermore, due to the spatial addressability of the final products, nanostructures assembled through the DNA origami technique can also serve as a versatile platform for the spatial positioning of functional elements, represented by colloidal nanoparticles (NPs). The subsequent fabrication of heterogeneous functional nanoarchitectures is realized via modifying colloidal NPs with DNA strands and manipulating them to anchor into DNA origami templates. This has given rise to investigations of their novel properties in nanophotonics and therapeutic effects towards some diseases. In this review, we survey the crucial progress in the development of DNA origami design, assembly and structural analysis and summarize available applications in nanophotonics and cancer therapy based on the object-dressed DNA origami complex. Moreover, we elucidate the development of this field and discuss the potential directions of this kind of application-oriented nanomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Dai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Obuobi S, Škalko-Basnet N. Nucleic Acid Hybrids as Advanced Antibacterial Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E643. [PMID: 32650506 PMCID: PMC7408145 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antibiotic therapy is often challenged by poor drug penetration/accumulation at infection sites and poses a significant burden to public health. Effective strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of our existing arsenal include the use of nanoparticulate delivery platforms to improve drug targeting and minimize adverse effects. However, these nanocarriers are often challenged by poor loading efficiency, rapid release and inefficient targeting. Nucleic acid hybrid nanocarriers are nucleic acid nanosystems complexed or functionalized with organic or inorganic materials. Despite their immense potential in antimicrobial therapy, they are seldom utilized against pathogenic bacteria. With the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the associated complex interplay of factors involved in antibiotic resistance, nucleic acid hybrids represent a unique opportunity to deliver antimicrobials against resistant pathogens and to target specific genes that control virulence or resistance. This review provides an unbiased overview on fabricating strategies for nucleic acid hybrids and addresses the challenges of pristine oligonucleotide nanocarriers. We report recent applications to enhance pathogen targeting, binding and control drug release. As multifunctional next-generational antimicrobials, the challenges and prospect of these nanocarriers are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil Obuobi
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
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Li N, Shang Y, Han Z, Wang T, Wang ZG, Ding B. Fabrication of Metal Nanostructures on DNA Templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13835-13852. [PMID: 30480424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoarchitectures fabrication based on DNA assembly has attracted a good deal of attention. DNA nanotechnology enables precise organization of nanoscale objects with extraordinary structural programmability. The spatial addressability of DNA nanostructures and sequence-dependent recognition allow functional elements to be precisely positioned; thus, novel functional materials that are difficult to produce using conventional methods could be fabricated. This review focuses on the recent development of the fabrication strategies toward manipulating the shape and morphology of metal nanoparticles and nanoassemblies based on the rational design of DNA structures. DNA-mediated metallization, including DNA-templated conductive nanowire fabrication and sequence-selective metal deposition, etc., is briefly introduced. The modifications of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with DNA and subsequent construction of heterogeneous metal nanoarchitectures are highlighted. Importantly, DNA-assembled dynamic metal nanostructures that are responsive to different stimuli are also discussed as they allow the design of smart and dynamic materials. Meanwhile, the prospects and challenges of these shape-and morphology-controlled strategies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Bei Yi Tiao, Zhong Guan Cun , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yingxu Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Bei Yi Tiao, Zhong Guan Cun , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zihong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Bei Yi Tiao, Zhong Guan Cun , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Ting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Bei Yi Tiao, Zhong Guan Cun , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Bei Yi Tiao, Zhong Guan Cun , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , 11 Bei Yi Tiao, Zhong Guan Cun , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
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5
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Abstract
The predictable nature of DNA interactions enables the programmable assembly of highly advanced 2D and 3D DNA structures of nanoscale dimensions. The access to ever larger and more complex structures has been achieved through decades of work on developing structural design principles. Concurrently, an increased focus has emerged on the applications of DNA nanostructures. In its nature, DNA is chemically inert and nanostructures based on unmodified DNA mostly lack function. However, functionality can be obtained through chemical modification of DNA nanostructures and the opportunities are endless. In this review, we discuss methodology for chemical functionalization of DNA nanostructures and provide examples of how this is being used to create functional nanodevices and make DNA nanostructures more applicable. We aim to encourage researchers to adopt chemical modifications as part of their work in DNA nanotechnology and inspire chemists to address current challenges and opportunities within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Madsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK - 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK - 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Shen B, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. DNA Origami Nanophotonics and Plasmonics at Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14911-14920. [PMID: 30122051 PMCID: PMC6291805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology provides a versatile toolbox for creating custom and accurate shapes that can serve as versatile templates for nanopatterning. These DNA templates can be used as molecular-scale precision tools in, for example, biosensing, nanometrology, and super-resolution imaging, and biocompatible scaffolds for arranging other nano-objects, for example, for drug delivery applications and molecular electronics. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to their potent use in nanophotonics since these modular templates allow a wide range of plasmonic and photonic ensembles ranging from DNA-directed nanoparticle and fluorophore arrays to entirely metallic nanostructures. This Feature Article focuses on the DNA-origami-based nanophotonics and plasmonics-especially on the methods that take advantage of various substrates and interfaces for the foreseen applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Shen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- HYBER
Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid
Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- E-mail:
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Julin S, Nummelin S, Kostiainen MA, Linko V. DNA nanostructure-directed assembly of metal nanoparticle superlattices. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 20:119. [PMID: 29950921 PMCID: PMC5997120 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology provides unique, well-controlled, versatile, and highly addressable motifs and templates for assembling materials at the nanoscale. These methods to build from the bottom-up using DNA as a construction material are based on programmable and fully predictable Watson-Crick base pairing. Researchers have adopted these techniques to an increasing extent for creating numerous DNA nanostructures for a variety of uses ranging from nanoelectronics to drug-delivery applications. Recently, an increasing effort has been put into attaching nanoparticles (the size range of 1-20 nm) to the accurate DNA motifs and into creating metallic nanostructures (typically 20-100 nm) using designer DNA nanoshapes as molds or stencils. By combining nanoparticles with the superior addressability of DNA-based scaffolds, it is possible to form well-ordered materials with intriguing and completely new optical, plasmonic, electronic, and magnetic properties. This focused review discusses the DNA structure-directed nanoparticle assemblies covering the wide range of different one-, two-, and three-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Julin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- HYBER Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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Hong F, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yan H. DNA Origami: Scaffolds for Creating Higher Order Structures. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12584-12640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Yan P, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Lu Y, Gao Y. Differential proteomic screening and identification for non-traumatic necrotic femoral osseous tissue. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2900-2904. [PMID: 28587357 PMCID: PMC5450605 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective early screening and detection methods for femoral head necrosis. Current research on most orthopedic diseases focuses on proteomics in the preliminary stage. The recent fluorescence differential in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) has advantages such as a high reproducibility, high sensitivity, high throughput, and high dynamic range. It is currently one of the most widely used quantitative proteomic research means. We conducted this study to investigate the pathogenesis of non-traumatic femoral head necrosis using the fluorescence DIGE to screen non-traumatic femoral head necrosis based on proteomics and provide a theoretical basis for screening possible biomarkers and molecular targeted treatment. The DIGE technique was used to separate the protein. An electrophoretogram was established on the basis of scanning and analysis. Identification and a bioinformatics analysis were conducted for the differential protein. The protein with differential expression of over 2-fold was excavated and ionized by means of substrate assisted laser desorption. The flight time was identified with a mass spectrometer (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF/TOF). The formation on sequences, structures and functions of these proteins were obtained through database retrieval. Western blot analysis was used to verify the differential protein expression and the reliability of the DIGE result was verified. DIGE was used to successfully separate 1,500±40 protein spots. There were 252 significant differential protein spots. The Ettan™ Spot Picker automatic work station was used to excavate 49 significant differential protein spots with expression difference over 2-fold. The MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer was used to identify these differential protein spots. Six proteins were identified in total, which include apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), fibrous protein original chain, fibrous protein original chain, serum albumin, sulfur-oxygen protein peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) and actin. APOA1 and PRDX2 were subject to western blot analysis detection; results were consistent with the DIGE result. Based on an analysis of the biological information, these proteins may be associated with the incidence and progression of femoral head necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Yeping Zhu
- Recovery Unit, Jinzhou Central Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhong Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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Linko V, Eerikäinen M, Kostiainen MA. A modular DNA origami-based enzyme cascade nanoreactor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:5351-4. [PMID: 25594847 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we present a nanoscale reactor assembled from tuneable and spatially addressable tubular DNA origami units. We can controllably combine separate origami units equipped with glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and demonstrate efficient GOx/HRP enzyme cascade reaction inside the tube. The reactor could be utilized as a nanoscale diagnostic tool, and modularity of the proposed system would further enable more complex reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veikko Linko
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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Rao C, Wang ZG, Li N, Zhang W, Xu X, Ding B. Tunable optical activity of plasmonic dimers assembled by DNA origami. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9147-52. [PMID: 25924774 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01634g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the optical response of gold nanorod (AuNR) dimers assembled in parallel on a DNA origami template. Plasmonic circular dichroism (CD) was found to be highly dependent on the orientation of the dimers relative to the DNA axis and the inter-rod distances. Dipole-dipole distances play a critical role in the induced plasmonic chirality. The orientation dependence of induced CD was further verified by AuNR/Au nanosphere (AuNS) heterodimers. The experimental results of the plasmonic CD agreed well with theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Rao
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dong Chuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China.
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Yao G, Li J, Chao J, Pei H, Liu H, Zhao Y, Shi J, Huang Q, Wang L, Huang W, Fan C. Gold-Nanoparticle-Mediated Jigsaw-Puzzle-like Assembly of Supersized Plasmonic DNA Origami. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2966-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yao G, Li J, Chao J, Pei H, Liu H, Zhao Y, Shi J, Huang Q, Wang L, Huang W, Fan C. Gold-Nanoparticle-Mediated Jigsaw-Puzzle-like Assembly of Supersized Plasmonic DNA Origami. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mikkilä J, Eskelinen AP, Niemelä EH, Linko V, Frilander MJ, Törmä P, Kostiainen MA. Virus-encapsulated DNA origami nanostructures for cellular delivery. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2196-200. [PMID: 24627955 DOI: 10.1021/nl500677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
DNA origami structures can be programmed into arbitrary shapes with nanometer scale precision, which opens up numerous attractive opportunities to engineer novel functional materials. One intriguing possibility is to use DNA origamis for fully tunable, targeted, and triggered drug delivery. In this work, we demonstrate the coating of DNA origami nanostructures with virus capsid proteins for enhancing cellular delivery. Our approach utilizes purified cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsid proteins that can bind and self-assemble on the origami surface through electrostatic interactions and further pack the origami nanostructures inside the viral capsid. Confocal microscopy imaging and transfection studies with a human HEK293 cell line indicate that protein coating improves cellular attachment and delivery of origamis into the cells by 13-fold compared to bare DNA origamis. The presented method could readily find applications not only in sophisticated drug delivery applications but also in organizing intracellular reactions by origami-based templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Mikkilä
- Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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