1
|
El Moukhtari SH, Garbayo E, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Rodríguez-Nogales C, Couvreur P, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Nanomedicines and cell-based therapies for embryonal tumors of the nervous system. J Control Release 2022; 348:553-571. [PMID: 35705114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumors of the nervous system are neoplasms predominantly affecting the pediatric population. Among the most common and aggressive ones are neuroblastoma (NB) and medulloblastoma (MB). NB is a sympathetic nervous system tumor, which is the most frequent extracranial solid pediatric cancer, usually detected in children under two. MB originates in the cerebellum and is one of the most lethal brain tumors in early childhood. Their tumorigenesis presents some similarities and both tumors often have treatment resistances and poor prognosis. High-risk (HR) patients require high dose chemotherapy cocktails associated with acute and long-term toxicities. Nanomedicine and cell therapy arise as potential solutions to improve the prognosis and quality of life of children suffering from these tumors. Indeed, nanomedicines have been demonstrated to efficiently reduce drug toxicity and improve drug efficacy. Moreover, these systems have been extensively studied in cancer research over the last few decades and an increasing number of anticancer nanocarriers for adult cancer treatment has reached the clinic. Among cell-based strategies, the clinically most advanced approach is chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy for both pathologies, which is currently under investigation in phase I/II clinical trials. However, pediatric drug research is especially hampered due not only to ethical issues but also to the lack of efficient pre-clinical models and the inadequate design of clinical trials. This review provides an update on progress in the treatment of the main embryonal tumors of the nervous system using nanotechnology and cell-based therapies and discusses key issues behind the gap between preclinical studies and clinical trials in this specific area. Some directions to improve their translation into clinical practice and foster their development are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souhaila H El Moukhtari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Garbayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Teijeiro
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, School of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Dr, Fedriani 3, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; Sociedad Española de Hematología y Oncología Pediátricas (SEHOP), Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Nogales
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMRCNRS8612,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
| | - María J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Pan M, Yuan J, Liu G, Zhu L. Capillary Action-Inspired Nanoengineering of Spheres-on-Sphere Microspheres with Hollow Core and Hierarchical Shell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14669-14678. [PMID: 33739827 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current syntheses of spheres-on-sphere (SOS) microsphere, which possesses both hollow cavity and hierarchical structure, mainly rely on complicated routes and template removal. In this study, a one pot nanoengineering strategy inspired by the automatic transport behavior of water in plants is successfully developed to fabricate SOS microsphere in tandem with a traditional soft template method in the preparation of hollow structure. Amphiphilic siloxane oligomers generated in situ from methyltriethoxylsilane (MTES) under acidic conditions are anchored on the surface of soft template St monomer droplets, sequentially completing hydrolysis-polycondensation and forming a mesoporous polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) shell. Then, the St monomers located in cavity migrate outward under the combined action of capillary force stemming from mesoporous and osmotic pressure generating from inside-outside of the PSQ shell and polymerize on the outside of the hollow PSQ shell, in which residual siloxane oligomers further anchor on the polystyrene (PS) surface to reduce the surface energy of the system, finally resulting in the successful formation of SOS particles. To reduce thermal insulation coefficient of the material, the PS phase in SOS particles is removed to obtain the particles with multiscale hollow structure (SOS-MH), which have more hollow cavities to encapsulate more air. The presence of a much hollow structure in SOS-MH particles enables the thermal conductivity of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/SOS-MH composite fibrous membranes (0.0307 W m-1 K-1) to decrease by about 40% compared to that of pure PAN fibrous films (0.0520 W m-1 K-1) at the same thickness of 1 mm, and the material also has moisture resistance due to the existence of a hierarchical shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan L, Alba M, Tabassum N, Voelcker NH. Micro‐ and Nanosystems for Advanced Transdermal Delivery. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Maria Alba
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- The University of Central Punjab Johar Town Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Smart GSH-responsive camptothecin delivery systems for treatment of tumors and real-time monitoring in vivo and in vitro were described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Catalytic Foundation and Application
- School of Chemistry and Environment Science
- Shaanxi University of Technology
- Hanzhong 723001
- China
| | - Le Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Industrial Automation
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Technology
- Hanzhong 723001
- China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Catalytic Foundation and Application
- School of Chemistry and Environment Science
- Shaanxi University of Technology
- Hanzhong 723001
- China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Catalytic Foundation and Application
- School of Chemistry and Environment Science
- Shaanxi University of Technology
- Hanzhong 723001
- China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stead SO, Kireta S, McInnes SJP, Kette FD, Sivanathan KN, Kim J, Cueto-Diaz EJ, Cunin F, Durand JO, Drogemuller CJ, Carroll RP, Voelcker NH, Coates PT. Murine and Non-Human Primate Dendritic Cell Targeting Nanoparticles for in Vivo Generation of Regulatory T-Cells. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6637-6647. [PMID: 29979572 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNP), modified to target dendritic cells (DC), provide an alternate strategy for the delivery of immunosuppressive drugs. Here, we aimed to develop a DC-targeting pSiNP displaying c-type lectin, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), and CD11c monoclonal antibodies. The in vivo tracking of these fluorescent DC-targeting nanoparticles was assessed in both C57BL/6 mice and common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) by intravenous injection (20 mg/kg). Rapamycin and ovalbumin (OVA)323-339 peptide loaded pSiNP were employed to evaluate their ability to generate murine CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo within OVA sensitized mice. In vivo, pSiNP migrated to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen in both mice and marmosets. Flow cytometry confirmed pSiNP uptake by splenic and peripheral blood DC when functionalized with targeting antibodies. C57BL/6 OVA sensitized mice injected with CD11c-pSiNP loaded with rapamycin + OVA323-339 produced a 5-fold higher number of splenic regulatory T-cells compared to control mice, at 40 days post-pSiNP injection. These results demonstrate the importance of the immobilized targeting antibodies to enhance cellular uptake and enable the in vivo generation of splenic regulatory T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian O Stead
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Svjetlana Kireta
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS) , The Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Steve J P McInnes
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Adelaide 5095 , Australia
| | - Francis D Kette
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Kisha N Sivanathan
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Juewan Kim
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Eduardo J Cueto-Diaz
- Case 1701, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM , Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier , cedex 5, France
| | - Frederique Cunin
- Case 1701, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM , Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier , cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Case 1701, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM , Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier , cedex 5, France
| | - Christopher J Drogemuller
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS) , The Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Robert P Carroll
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS) , The Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition, and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) , Clayton , Victoria 3169 , Australia
- Melbourne Center for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Patrick T Coates
- Department of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS) , The Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide 5000 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stead SO, McInnes SJP, Kireta S, Rose PD, Jesudason S, Rojas-Canales D, Warther D, Cunin F, Durand JO, Drogemuller CJ, Carroll RP, Coates PT, Voelcker NH. Manipulating human dendritic cell phenotype and function with targeted porous silicon nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2017; 155:92-102. [PMID: 29175084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and are fundamental for the establishment of transplant tolerance. The Dendritic Cell-Specific Intracellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209) receptor provides a target for dendritic cell therapy. Biodegradable and high-surface area porous silicon (pSi) nanoparticles displaying anti-DC-SIGN antibodies and loaded with the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Sirolimus) serve as a fit-for-purpose platform to target and modify DC. Here, we describe the fabrication of rapamycin-loaded DC-SIGN displaying pSi nanoparticles, the uptake efficiency into DC and the extent of nanoparticle-induced modulation of phenotype and function. DC-SIGN antibody displaying pSi nanoparticles favourably targeted and were phagocytosed by monocyte-derived and myeloid DC in whole human blood in a time- and dose-dependent manner. DC preconditioning with rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles, resulted in a maturation resistant phenotype and significantly suppressed allogeneic T-cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J P McInnes
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Svjetlana Kireta
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Peter D Rose
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shilpanjali Jesudason
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Darling Rojas-Canales
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - David Warther
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Cunin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Christopher J Drogemuller
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Robert P Carroll
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - P Toby Coates
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen H, Lou R, Chen Y, Chen L, Lu J, Dong Q. Photonic crystal materials and their application in biomedicine. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:775-780. [PMID: 28475387 PMCID: PMC8241077 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1321059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC) materials exhibit unique structural colors that originate from their intrinsic photonic band gap. Because of their highly ordered structure and distinct optical characteristics, PC-based biomaterials have advantages in the multiplex detection, biomolecular screening and real-time monitoring of biomolecules. In addition, PCs provide good platforms for drug loading and biomolecule modification, which could be applied to biosensors and biological carriers. A number of methods are now available to fabricate PC materials with variable structure colors, which could be applied in biomedicine. Emphasis is given to the description of various applications of PC materials in biomedicine, including drug delivery, biodetection and tumor screening. We believe that this article will promote greater communication among researchers in the fields of chemistry, material science, biology, medicine and pharmacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanxiao Chen
- Center of Evidence Based Medicine, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang 322100, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Porta-I-Batalla M, Xifré-Pérez E, Eckstein C, Ferré-Borrull J, Marsal LF. 3D Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Structures for Sustained Drug Release. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E227. [PMID: 28825654 PMCID: PMC5575709 DOI: 10.3390/nano7080227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) for the development of drug delivery systems has gained much attention in recent years. The release of drugs loaded inside NAA pores is complex and depends on the morphology of the pores. In this study, NAA, with different three-dimensional (3D) pore structures (cylindrical pores with several pore diameters, multilayered nanofunnels, and multilayered inverted funnels) were fabricated, and their respective drug delivery rates were studied and modeled using doxorubicin as a model drug. The obtained results reveal optimal modeling of all 3D pore structures, differentiating two drug release stages. Thus, an initial short-term and a sustained long-term release were successfully modeled by the Higuchi and the Korsmeyer-Peppas equations, respectively. This study demonstrates the influence of pore geometries on drug release rates, and further presents a sustained long-term drug release that exceeds 60 days without an undesired initial burst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Porta-I-Batalla
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, ETSE, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Elisabet Xifré-Pérez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, ETSE, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Chris Eckstein
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, ETSE, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Josep Ferré-Borrull
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, ETSE, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Lluis F Marsal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, ETSE, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of SiO 2 micropillar arrays on endothelial cells' morphology. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:781-789. [PMID: 27432194 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Native tissues are highly organised at the microscale, so that modulating scaffold microarchitecture is a potent tool to mimic natural tissue structures. Moreover, three-dimensional microtopographical features are now being used to elucidate how extracellular physical cues can directly modulate cell behaviour and organise complex cellular processes such as cell differentiation and tissue organisation. Recent advances in microtechnology have allowed the development of platforms that can be used to further understand and control the complex interactions occurring between biointerfaces and living cells. In this paper, we discuss the use of three-dimensional microstructured substrates such as silicon dioxide micropillars, to interface with living cells. Human aortic endothelial cells were used to assess the biocompatibility of these substrates. Methodological investigations were performed to determine the influence of substrate topography on cell adhesion and growth. The changes on cell spreading and cell morphology induced by the substrates were qualified and quantified using scanning electron and fluorescence confocal microscopy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Teo PY, Cheng W, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Co-delivery of drugs and plasmid DNA for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 98:41-63. [PMID: 26529199 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an extremely complex disease involving multiple signaling pathways that enable tumor cells to evade programmed cell death, thus making cancer treatment extremely challenging. The use of combination therapy involving both gene therapy and chemotherapy has resulted in enhanced anti-cancer effects and has become an increasingly important strategy in medicine. This review will cover important design parameters that are incorporated into delivery systems for the co-administration of drug and plasmid-based nucleic acids (pDNA and shRNA), with particular emphasis on polymers as delivery materials. The unique challenges faced by co-delivery systems and the strategies to overcome such barriers will be discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy using separate carrier systems versus the use of a single carrier will be evaluated. Finally, future perspectives in the design of novel platforms for the combined delivery of drugs and genes will be presented.
Collapse
|