1
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Wan Y, Zhou J, Ni J, Cai Y, Cohen Stuart M, Wang J. Electrostatically Mediated In Situ Polymerization for Enzyme Immobilization and Activation. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:809-818. [PMID: 38181098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization in nanoparticles is of interest for boosting their catalytic applications, yet rational approaches to designs achieving both high enzyme loading and activation remain a challenge. Herein, we report an electrostatically mediated in situ polymerization strategy that simultaneously realizes enzyme immobilization and activation. This was achieved by copolymerizing cationic monomers with a cross-linker in the presence of the enzyme lipase (anionic) as the template, which produces enzyme-loaded nanogels. The effects of different control factors such as pH, lipase dosage, and cross-linker fraction on nanogel formation are investigated systematically, and optimal conditions for enzyme loading and activation have been determined. A central finding is that the cationic polymer network of the nanogel creates a favorable environment that not only protects the enzyme but also boosts enzymatic activity nearly 2-fold as compared to free lipase. The nanogels improve the stability of the lipase to tolerate a broader working range of pH (5.5-8.5) and temperature (25-70 °C) and allow recycling such that after six cycles of reaction, 70% of the initial activity is conserved. The established fabrication strategy can be applied generally to different cationic monomers, and most of these nanogels exhibit adequate immobilization and activation of lipase. Our study confirms that in situ polymerization based on electrostatic interaction provides a facile and robust strategy for enzyme immobilization and activation. The wide variety of ionic monomers, therefore, features great potential for developing functional platforms toward satisfying enzyme immobilization and demanding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wan
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Ni
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cai
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Martien Cohen Stuart
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyou Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang F, Zhang Z, Deng L, Guo H, Xia T, Mao W, Zhang J. Green-Light Responsive Perylene Bisimides for Atom-Economic Thiol Generation and Click-Ligation. Org Lett 2023; 25:872-876. [PMID: 36705948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel methylthiophene/benzo[b]thiophene perylene bisimide thiol-precursors that would generate thiols via a green-light-induced (λexc = 530 nm, φre = 0.33) photorearrangement are presented herein. The "no-wash", photoreleased thiols thus enabled a subsequent thiol-ene click ligation with electron-deficient substrates. Moreover, by virtue of the intrinsic fluorescence evolution from the rearrangement of perylene bisimide scaffolds, the whole process of thiol formation could be self-reported, further potentiating themselves with application versatilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Long Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huichao Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Rodriguez-Abetxuko A, Beloqui A. Metal-Organic Enzyme Nanogels as Nanointegrated Self-Reporting Chemobiosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27589-27598. [PMID: 35673709 PMCID: PMC9227723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A fluorometric glucose biosensor based on fine-tuned chemoenzymatic nanohybrids is herein proposed. The successful integration of an engineered glucose oxidase enzyme and an optically responsive polymeric nanogel in a single entity has led to the fabrication of a highly efficient glucose chemobiosensor. The optical responsiveness has been achieved by the loading of preactivated polymeric hydrogel with fluorescent lanthanide, i.e., cerium (III), cations. A comprehensive investigation of the responsiveness of the biomaterial revealed the interplay between the oxidation state of the cerium lanthanide and the fluorescence emission of the polymer. Finally, a full structural, chemical, and biochemical characterization of the reported system supports the chemobiosensors as robust, specific, and sensitive materials that could be utilized to faithfully quantify the amount of glucose in tear fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sánchez-deAlcázar
- POLYMAT
and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andoni Rodriguez-Abetxuko
- CIC
nanoGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- POLYMAT
and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
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4
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Bej S, Ghosh M, Das R, Banerjee P. Evaluation of nanomaterials-grafted enzymes for application in contaminants degradation: Need of the hour with proposed IoT synchronized nanosensor fit sustainable clean water technology in en masse. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Li M, Blum NT, Wu J, Lin J, Huang P. Weaving Enzymes with Polymeric Shells for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008438. [PMID: 34197008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme therapeutics have received increasing attention due to their high biological specificity, outstanding catalytic efficiency, and impressive therapeutic outcomes. Protecting and delivering enzymes into target cells while retaining enzyme catalytic efficiency is a big challenge. Wrapping of enzymes with rational designed polymer shells, rather than trapping them into large nanoparticles such as liposomes, have been widely explored because they can protect the folded state of the enzyme and make post-functionalization easier. In this review, the methods for wrapping up enzymes with protective polymer shells are mainly focused on. It is aimed to provide a toolbox for the rational design of polymeric enzymes by introducing methods for the preparation of polymeric enzymes including physical adsorption and chemical conjugation with specific examples of these conjugates/hybrid applications. Finally, a conclusion is drawn and key points are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Nicholas Thomas Blum
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiayingzi Wu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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6
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Marin E, Tiwari N, Calderón M, Sarasua JR, Larrañaga A. Smart Layer-by-Layer Polymeric Microreactors: pH-Triggered Drug Release and Attenuation of Cellular Oxidative Stress as Prospective Combination Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18511-18524. [PMID: 33861060 PMCID: PMC9161222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer capsules fabricated via the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach have emerged as promising biomedical systems for the release of a wide variety of therapeutic agents, owing to their tunable and controllable structure and the possibility to include several functionalities in the polymeric membrane during the fabrication process. However, the limitation of the capsules with a single functionality to overcome the challenges involved in the treatment of complex pathologies denotes the need to develop multifunctional capsules capable of targeting several mediators and/or mechanisms. Oxidative stress is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species [e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide anion radicals (•O2-)] in the cellular microenvironment and is a key modulator in the pathology of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. The disease microenvironment is also characterized by the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases, and acidic pH, all of which could be exploited to trigger the release of therapeutic agents. In the present work, multifunctional capsules were fabricated via the LbL approach. Capsules were loaded with an antioxidant enzyme (catalase) and functionalized with a model drug (doxorubicin), which was conjugated to an amine-containing dendritic polyglycerol through a pH-responsive linker. These capsules efficiently scavenge H2O2 from solution, protecting cells from oxidative stress, and release the model drug in acidic microenvironments. Accordingly, in this work, a polymeric microplatform is presented as an unexplored combinatorial approach applicable for multiple targets of inflammatory diseases, in order to perform controlled spatiotemporal enzymatic reactions and drug release in response to biologically relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Marin
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty
of Engineering in Bilbao, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Neha Tiwari
- POLYMAT,
Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT,
Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose-Ramon Sarasua
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty
of Engineering in Bilbao, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- Department
of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty
of Engineering in Bilbao, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Heble AY, Santelli J, Armstrong AM, Mattrey RF, Lux J. Catalase-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles Formulated via Direct Surface Modification as Potential Oxygen Generators for Hypoxia Relief. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5945-5954. [PMID: 33497181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are biological catalysts that have many potential industrial and biomedical applications. However, the widespread use of enzymes in the industry has been limited by their instability and poor recovery. In biomedical applications, systemic administration of enzymes has faced two main challenges: limited bioactivity mostly due to rapid degradation by proteases and immunogenic activity, since most enzymes are from nonhuman sources. Herein, we propose a robust enzyme-encapsulation strategy to mitigate these limitations. Catalase (CAT) was encapsulated in nanoporous silica nanoparticles (CAT-SiNPs) by first chemically modifying the enzyme surface with a silica precursor, followed by silica growth and finally poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugation. The formulation was carried out in mild aqueous conditions and yielded nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter of 230 ± 10 nm and a concentration of 1.3 ± 0.8 × 1012 NPs/mL. CAT-SiNPs demonstrated high enzyme activity, optimal protection from proteolysis by proteinase K and trypsin, and excellent stability over time. In addition, a new electrochemical assay was developed to measure CAT activity in a rapid, simple, and accurate manner without interference from chromophore usually present in biological samples. Concentrations of 2.5 × 1010 to 80 × 1010 CAT-SiNPs/mL not only proved to be nontoxic in cell cultures using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay but also conferred cell protection when cells were exposed to 1 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Finally, the ability of CAT-SiNPs to release oxygen (O2) when exposed to H2O2 was demonstrated in vivo using a rat model. Following the direct injection of CAT-SiNPs in the left kidney, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) increased by more than 30 mmHg compared to the contralateral control kidney during the systemic infusion of safe levels of H2O2. This pilot study highlights the potential of CAT-SiNPs to generate O2 to relieve hypoxia in tissues and potentially sensitize tumors against radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Y Heble
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Organic Chemistry Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Julien Santelli
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Amanda M Armstrong
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Robert F Mattrey
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jacques Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Organic Chemistry Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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8
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Guo J, Liu Y, Zha J, Han H, Chen Y, Jia Z. Enhancing the peroxidase-mimicking activity of hemin by covalent immobilization in polymer nanogels. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01465f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A polymeric nanozyme that can closely mimic peroxidase is presented. The coordination between pendant hemins and primary amines together with the synergistic interactions between substrates and nanogels contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Junqi Zha
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Honghua Han
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yantao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- College of Science and Engineering
- Flinders University
- South Australia 5042
- Australia
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9
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Zou B, Yan Y, Xia J, Zhang L, Adesanya IO. Enhancing bio-catalytic activity and stability of lipase nanogel by functional ionic liquids modification. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 195:111275. [PMID: 32739774 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel integrated lipase nanogel based on functional ionic liquid modification and polymerization immobilization with improved stability was designed. Characterization before and after modification and polymerization was conducted using infrared spectroscopy, Circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the modification of the ionic liquid influenced the catalytic behavior of lipase significantly due to the changed structure and surface properties of lipase. The enzymatic properties, including acid-base stability, thermal stability, organic solvents stability, and storage stability of CRL nanogel, were investigated in the p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis reaction (CRL, Lipase from Candida Rugosa). The results indicated that CRL nanogel has a better pH, heat, and organic solvent tolerance after immobilization. After seven weeks of storage, the natural CRL gradually lost its enzymatic activity, and only 17.5±1.7 % of the catalytic activity remained, the residual activity of CRL nanogel was 97.3±1.8 %. It was indicated that the novel CRL nanogel was an excellent biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, China
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10
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Rodriguez-Abetxuko A, Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Muñumer P, Beloqui A. Tunable Polymeric Scaffolds for Enzyme Immobilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 32850710 PMCID: PMC7406678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of methodologies for the immobilization of enzymes using polymeric supports is continuously growing due to the developments in the fields of biotechnology, polymer chemistry, and nanotechnology in the last years. Despite being excellent catalysts, enzymes are very sensitive molecules and can undergo denaturation beyond their natural environment. For overcoming this issue, polymer chemistry offers a wealth of opportunities for the successful combination of enzymes with versatile natural or synthetic polymers. The fabrication of functional, stable, and robust biocatalytic hybrid materials (nanoparticles, capsules, hydrogels, or films) has been proven advantageous for several applications such as biomedicine, organic synthesis, biosensing, and bioremediation. In this review, supported with recent examples of enzyme-protein hybrids, we provide an overview of the methods used to combine both macromolecules, as well as the future directions and the main challenges that are currently being tackled in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Muñumer
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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11
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Wang Y, Cheng YT, Cao C, Oliver JD, Stenzel MH, Chapman R. Polyion Complex-Templated Synthesis of Cross-Linked Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yen Theng Cheng
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanotechnology (ACN), UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - James D. Oliver
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, WSU, Parramatta, New South Wales 2150, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanotechnology (ACN), UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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12
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13
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Beloqui A, Cortajarena AL. Protein-based functional hybrid bionanomaterials by bottom-up approaches. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 63:74-81. [PMID: 32485564 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the last advances on the field of protein engineering towards functional bionanomaterials. Albeit being this an emerging research field, multidisciplinary perspectives in the design of synthetic protein-based hybrid bionanomaterials have resulted in significant progresses. The review covers the definition of bionanomaterials as such and the description of the main methodological approaches currently employed for their assembly. In this context, special emphasis is placed on the fundamental role of protein design. Then, a general overview of the most recent advances related to the fabrication and application of protein-based bionanomaterials in several applications is provided, with special focus on catalysis. Finally, key aspects to be considered by the research community to establish the path for significant future developments in this promising field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beloqui
- POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Manuel de Lardizabal 3, E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón, 194, E-20014 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain.
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14
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Nanocapsulation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enhances enzymatic performance in removing phenolic compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:814-822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Dhanjai, Lu X, Wu L, Chen J, Lu Y. Robust Single-Molecule Enzyme Nanocapsules for Biosensing with Significantly Improved Biosensor Stability. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5830-5837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanjai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xianbo Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lingxia Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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17
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Şahutoğlu AS, Akgül C. One-phase synthesis of single enzyme nanoparticles (SENs) of Trametes versicolor laccase by in situ acrylamide polymerisation. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2019.1642879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Sercan Şahutoğlu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Cahit Akgül
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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18
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Chapman R, Stenzel MH. All Wrapped up: Stabilization of Enzymes within Single Enzyme Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2754-2769. [PMID: 30621398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are extremely useful in many industrial and pharmaceutical areas due to their ability to catalyze reactions with high selectivity. In order to extend their lifetime, significant efforts have been made to increase their stability using protein- or medium engineering as well as by chemical modification. Many researchers have explored the immobilization of enzymes onto carriers, or entrapment within a matrix, framework or nanoparticle with the hope of constricting the movement of the enzyme and shielding it from aggressive environments, thus delaying the denaturation. These strategies often balance three competing interests: (i) maintaining high enzymatic activity, (ii) ensuring good long-term stability against temperature, dehydration, organic solvents, and or aggressive pH, and (iii) enabling a tuning or reversible switching of enzyme activity. In most cases, multiple enzymes will be contained within a single nanoparticle or matrix, but in recent years researchers have begun to wrap up individual enzymes within single enzyme nanoparticles (SENs). In these nanoparticles the enzyme is stabilized by a thin shell, typically a polymer, prepared either by in situ polymerization from the enzyme surface or by assembling a preformed polymer around it. Because of the increased control over the environment directly around the enzyme, and the possibility of more directly controlling substrate diffusion, many SENs show remarkable stability while retaining high initial activities even for quite fragile enzymes. Moreover, the activity of the enzyme can often be more easily fine-tuned by adjusting the layer properties. We postulate that this emerging field will offer exciting and elegant opportunities to both extend the catalytic lifetime of enzymes in aggressive solvents, temperatures and pH, and enable their activity to be switched on and off on demand by modulation of the outer material layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
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19
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Turgut H, Dingenouts N, Trouillet V, Krolla-Sidenstein P, Gliemann H, Delaittre G. Reactive block copolymers for patterned surface immobilization with sub-30 nm spacing. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive polystyrene-block-polyisoprene copolymers are synthesized by nitroxide-mediated polymerization, self-assemble within ultra-thin films, and exhibit surface reactivity for patterned immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Turgut
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
| | - Nico Dingenouts
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials – Energy Storage System (IAM-ESS) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Peter Krolla-Sidenstein
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
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20
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Delaittre G, Beloqui A, Gil Alvaradejo G, Miceli E, Varadharajan D, Turgut H, Morgenstern J, Hubbuch J. Protein-Polymer Nanohybrids. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Delaittre
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - A. Beloqui
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - G. Gil Alvaradejo
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - E. Miceli
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - D. Varadharajan
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - H. Turgut
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - J. Morgenstern
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Bio- und Lebensmitteltechnik; Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - J. Hubbuch
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Institut für Bio- und Lebensmitteltechnik; Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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21
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Beloqui A, Kobitski AY, Nienhaus GU, Delaittre G. A simple route to highly active single-enzyme nanogels. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1006-1013. [PMID: 29675147 PMCID: PMC5883864 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04438k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a simple one-step synthesis of single-enzyme nanogels (SENs), i.e., nanobiocatalysts consisting of an enzyme molecule embedded in a hydrophilic, polymeric crosslinked nanostructure, as a most attractive approach to enhance the stability of enzymes. In contrast to earlier protocols, we demonstrate here that the addition of a small amount of sucrose makes the nanogel formation equally effective as earlier two-step protocols requiring enzyme pre-modification. This provides the dual advantage of skipping a synthetic step and preserving the surface chemistry of the enzymes, hence their native structure. Enzymes encapsulated in this way exhibit a high catalytic activity, similar to that of the free enzymes, in a markedly widened pH range. With our method, the thickness of the hydrogel layer can be finely tuned by careful adjustment of reaction parameters. This is most important because the shell thickness strongly affects both enzyme activity and stability, as we observe for a wide selection of proteins. Finally, a single-molecule analysis by means of two-color confocal fluorescence coincidence analysis confirms that our encapsulation method is highly efficient and suppresses the occurrence of nanoparticles lacking an enzyme molecule. The proposed method is therefore highly attractive for biocatalysis applications, ensuring a high activity and stability of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beloqui
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany . ;
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry , Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Andrei Yu Kobitski
- Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany . ;
- Institute of Applied Physics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany . ;
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry , Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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22
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Turgut H, Schmidt AC, Wadhwani P, Welle A, Müller R, Delaittre G. The para-fluoro-thiol ligation in water. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The para-fluoro-thiol ligation is performed for the first time in aqueous medium and shown to be controlled by pH. Solution kinetics in various conditions of pH, temperature, and concentration are reported, together with an application for the modification of a polymeric tissue culture dish with a peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Turgut
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Aaron C. Schmidt
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Parvesh Wadhwani
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Rouven Müller
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
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