1
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Liu D, Kuang Y. Particle-Based Photoelectrodes for PEC Water Splitting: Concepts and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311692. [PMID: 38619834 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting process, specifically focusing on the design, fabrication, and optimization of particle-based photoelectrodes for efficient green hydrogen production. These photoelectrodes, composed of semiconductor materials, potentially harness light energy and generate charge carriers, driving water oxidation and reduction reactions. The versatility of particle-based photoelectrodes as a platform for investigating and enhancing various semiconductor candidates is explored, particularly the emerging complex oxides with compelling charge transfer properties. However, the challenges presented by many factors influencing the performance and stability of these photoelectrodes, including particle size, shape, composition, morphology, surface modification, and electrode configuration, are highlighted. The review introduces the fundamental principles of semiconductor photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting, presents an exhaustive overview of different synthesis methods for semiconductor powders and their assembly into photoelectrodes, and discusses recent advances and challenges in photoelectrode material development. It concludes by offering promising strategies for improving photoelectrode performance and stability, such as the adoption of novel architectures and heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Yongbo Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A)Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Werner V, Lora FB, Chai Z, Hörndl J, Praxmair J, Luber S, Haussener S, Pokrant S. Stability and degradation of (oxy)nitride photocatalysts for solar water splitting. RSC SUSTAINABILITY 2024; 2:1738-1752. [PMID: 38845685 PMCID: PMC11152140 DOI: 10.1039/d4su00096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Advancing towards alternative technologies for the sustainable production of hydrogen is a necessity for the successful integration of this potentially green fuel in the future. Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting are promising concepts in this context. Over the past decades, researchers have successfully explored several materials classes, such as oxides, nitrides, and oxynitrides, in their quest for suitable photocatalysts with a focus on reaching higher efficiencies. However, to pave the way towards practicability, understanding degradation processes and reaching stability is essential, a domain where research has been scarcer. This perspective aims at providing an overview on recent progress concerning stability and degradation with a focus on (oxy)nitride photocatalysts and at providing insights into the opportunities and challenges coming along with the investigation of degradation processes and the attempts to improve the stability of photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Franky Bedoya Lora
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Ziwei Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Julian Hörndl
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Jakob Praxmair
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sophia Haussener
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Simone Pokrant
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University Salzburg Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2A 5020 Salzburg Austria
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3
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Li H, Ba K, Zhang K, Lin Y, Zhu W, Xie T. Facile synthesis of CoO x@C/Ti-Fe 2O 3 photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:115-122. [PMID: 38050724 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is hindered by the slow kinetics of four-electron processes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and severe charge recombination. Amorphous carbon was chosen as a carrier for the active sites due to its exceptional conductivity and strong loading capacity. In addition, this enhanced performance was attributed to the loading of oxides of cobalt. Here, amorphous carbon-covered cobalt oxides chosen as a co-catalyst loaded on α-Fe2O3 (noted as CoOx@C/Ti-Fe2O3) have been synthesized, and they show a high current density (2.86 mA cm-2 under 1.23 V vs. RHE), and a low onset potential (0.611 V vs. RHE). Experimental analysis demonstrates that the charge transfer and separation leading to accelerated OER dynamics and improved PEC performance are enhanced by CoOx@C effectively. This study provides new ideas for designing high-performance photoelectrochemical electrodes based on amorphous carbon co-catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Ba
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Lin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wanchun Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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4
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Higashi M, Kato Y, Iwase Y, Tomita O, Abe R. RhO cocatalyst for efficient water oxidation over TaON photoanodes in wide pH range under visible-light irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Ma Z, Lu C, Chen J, Rokicińska A, Kuśtrowski P, Coridan R, Dronskowski R, Slabon A, Jaworski A. CeTiO 2N oxynitride perovskite: paramagnetic 14N MAS NMR without paramagnetic shifts. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
14N magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of diamagnetic LaTiO2N perovskite oxynitride and its paramagnetic counterpart CeTiO2N are presented. The latter, to the best of our knowledge, constitutes the first high-resolution 14N MAS NMR spectrum collected from a paramagnetic solid material. The unpaired 4f-electrons in CeTiO2N do not induce a paramagnetic 14N NMR shift. This is remarkable given the direct Ce−N contacts in the structure for which ab initio calculations predict substantial Ce→14N contact shift interaction. The same effect is revealed with 14N MAS NMR for SrWO2N (unpaired 5d-electrons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Ma
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Can Lu
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna Rokicińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków , Poland
| | - Piotr Kuśtrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków , Poland
| | - Robert Coridan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR 72701 , USA
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Adam Slabon
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 , Stockholm , Sweden
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6
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Ma Z, Chen K, Jaworski A, Chen J, Rokicińska A, Kuśtrowski P, Dronskowski R, Slabon A. Structural Properties of NdTiO 2+xN 1-x and Its Application as Photoanode. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:919-929. [PMID: 33371676 PMCID: PMC7884013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mixed-anion inorganic compounds offer
diverse functionalities as
a function of the different physicochemical characteristics of the
secondary anion. The quaternary metal oxynitrides, which originate
from substituting oxygen anions (O2–) in a parent
oxide by nitrogen (N3–), are encouraging candidates
for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because of their suitable
and adjustable narrow band gap and relative negative conduction band
(CB) edge. Given the known photochemical activity of LaTiO2N, we investigated the paramagnetic counterpart NdTiO2+xN1–x. The electronic
structure was explored both experimentally and theoretically at the
density functional theory (DFT) level. A band gap (Eg) of 2.17 eV was determined by means of ultraviolet–visible
(UV–vis) spectroscopy, and a relative negative flat band potential
of −0.33 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) was proposed
via Mott–Schottky measurements. 14N solid state
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals from NdTiO2+xN1–x could not
be detected, which indicates that NdTiO2+xN1–x is berthollide, in contrast
to other structurally related metal oxynitrides. Although the bare
particle-based photoanode did not exhibit a noticeable photocurrent,
Nb2O5 and CoOx overlayers
were deposited to extract holes and activate NdTiO2+xN1–x. Multiple electrochemical
methods were employed to understand the key features required for
this metal oxynitride to fabricate photoanodes. The structural properties of the prospective metal oxynitride
NdTiO2+xN1−x were experimentally and theoretically investigated. The band
edge positions make the compound theoretically suitable for overall
photochemical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Ma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rokicińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuśtrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Liuxian Blvd 7098, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Adam Slabon
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Seo J. Size Control of
LaNbON
2
Particles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Under Visible Light Irradiation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsuk Seo
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University 77 Yongbong‐ro, Buk‐gu, Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea
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8
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Effects of annealing conditions on the oxygen evolution activity of a BaTaO2N photocatalyst loaded with cobalt species. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Dilger S, Trottmann M, Pokrant S. Scaling Up Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Fabrication Process and Performance of 40 cm 2 LaTiO 2 N Photoanodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1931-1938. [PMID: 30600935 PMCID: PMC6680292 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A scalable process for fabrication of particle-based photoanodes is developed. The electrodes are versatilely made of photocatalytically active semiconductor particles, in this case LaTiO2 N, and optionally coated with cocatalysts and protecting components, all immobilized on a conducting substrate. The involved fabrication steps are restricted to scalable processes such as electrophoretic deposition, annealing in air, and dip coating. Special care is taken to ensure efficient charge transport in-between particles and to the substrate by incorporating conducting connectors. By adapting the fabrication steps, the electrode geometrical dimension is increased from the size of a typical lab electrode of 1 to 40 cm2 . The quality of the scale-up process is characterized by comparing the photoanodes in terms of thickness, light-absorption properties, and morphology. For several compositions, the electrochemical performance of both electrode sizes is assessed by measuring the photocurrents and faradaic efficiencies. The comparison revealed a complex upscaling behavior and showed that the photoelectrode size affects performance already on the 0.1 m scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dilger
- Laboratory Materials for Energy Conversion, EmpaÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Trottmann
- Laboratory Advanced Analytical TechnologiesEmpaÜberlandstrasse 1298600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Simone Pokrant
- Chemistry and Physics of MaterialsParis-Lodron University SalzburgJakob-Haringer Str. 2A5020SalzburgAustria
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10
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Development of Sunlight Driven Water Splitting Devices towards Future Artificial Photosynthetic Industry. CHEMENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering2030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing research and development of sunlight-driven water splitting in the “Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem)” is overviewed. Water splitting photocatalysts, photoelectrochemical devices, large-scale reactor panels, product gas transportation, H2/O2 gas separation devices and safety measures against explosion are included as the research objectives. ARPChem was formed as a research union of Japan’s leading chemical firms, in which related elementary technologies have been cultivated. This article introduces our general scope for artificial photosynthesis and describes present research activities, mainly on solar driven water splitting photocatalysts/photoelectrodes and briefly on the processes and plans for plant construction for future industrial extension.
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11
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Seo J, Nishiyama H, Yamada T, Domen K. Auf sichtbares Licht ansprechende Photoanoden für hochaktive, dauerhafte Wasseroxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsuk Seo
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem) 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0032 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiyama
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem) 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0032 Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Taro Yamada
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem) 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0032 Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano 380-8553 Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem) 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0032 Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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12
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Seo J, Nishiyama H, Yamada T, Domen K. Visible-Light-Responsive Photoanodes for Highly Active, Stable Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8396-8415. [PMID: 29265720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solar energy is a natural and effectively permanent resource and so the conversion of solar radiation into chemical or electrical energy is an attractive, although challenging, prospect. Photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a key aspect of producing hydrogen from solar power. However, practical water oxidation over photoanodes (in combination with water reduction at a photocathode) in PEC cells is currently difficult to achieve because of the large overpotentials in the reaction kinetics and the inefficient photoactivity of the semiconductors. The development of semiconductors that allow high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies and the utilization of these materials in photoanodes will be a necessary aspect of achieving efficient, stable water oxidation. This Review discusses advances in water oxidation activity over photoanodes of n-type visible-light-responsive (oxy)nitrides and oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsuk Seo
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan.,Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiyama
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0032, Japan.,Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Taro Yamada
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0032, Japan.,Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan.,Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 2-11-9 Iwamotocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0032, Japan.,Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Wu H, Li X, Tung C, Wu L. Recent Advances in Sensitized Photocathodes: From Molecular Dyes to Semiconducting Quantum Dots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700684. [PMID: 29721417 PMCID: PMC5908380 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally benign energy has stimulated intense research to establish highly efficient photo-electrochemical (PEC) cells for direct solar-to-fuel conversion via water splitting. Light absorption, as the initial step of the catalytic process, is regarded as the foundation of establishing highly efficient PEC systems. To make full use of visible light, sensitization on photoelectrodes using either molecular dyes or semiconducting quantum dots provides a promising method. In this field, however, there remain many fundamental issues to be solved, which need in-depth study. Here, fundamental knowledge of PEC systems is introduced to enable readers a better understanding of this field. Then, the development history and current state in both molecular dye- and quantum dot-sensitized photocathodes for PEC water splitting are discussed. A systematical comparison between the two systems has been made. Special emphasis is placed on the research of quantum dot-sensitized photocathodes, which have shown superiority in both efficiency and durability towards PEC water splitting at the present stage. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in the future for sensitized PEC water-splitting systems are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xu‐Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Li‐Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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14
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Bae D, Seger B, Vesborg PCK, Hansen O, Chorkendorff I. Strategies for stable water splitting via protected photoelectrodes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1933-1954. [PMID: 28246670 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00918b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar-fuel conversion is a promising approach to provide clean and storable fuel (e.g., hydrogen and methanol) directly from sunlight, water and CO2. However, major challenges still have to be overcome before commercialization can be achieved. One of the largest barriers to overcome is to achieve a stable PEC reaction in either strongly basic or acidic electrolytes without degradation of the semiconductor photoelectrodes. In this work, we discuss fundamental aspects of protection strategies for achieving stable solid/liquid interfaces. We then analyse the charge transfer mechanism through the protection layers for both photoanodes and photocathodes. In addition, we review protection layer approaches and their stabilities for a wide variety of experimental photoelectrodes for water reduction. Finally, we discuss key aspects which should be addressed in continued work on realizing stable and practical PEC solar water splitting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowon Bae
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Brian Seger
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ole Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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