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Gawne PJ, Pinto SMA, Nielsen KM, Keeling GP, Pereira MM, T M de Rosales R. Microwave-assisted synthesis of [ 52Mn]Mn-porphyrins: Applications in cell and liposome radiolabelling. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 114-115:6-17. [PMID: 36088876 PMCID: PMC10236072 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese porphyrins have several therapeutic/imaging applications, including their use as radioprotectants (in clinical trials) and as paramagnetic MRI contrast agents. The affinity of porphyrins for lipid bilayers also makes them candidates for cell/liposome labelling. We hypothesised that metalation with the positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide 52Mn (t1/2 = 5.6 d) would allow long-term in vivo biodistribution studies of Mn-porphyrins, as well as a method to label and track cells/liposomes, but methods for fast and efficient radiolabelling are lacking. RESULTS Several porphyrins were produced and radiolabelled by addition to neutralised [52Mn]MnCl2 and heating using a microwave (MW) synthesiser, and compared with non-MW heating. MW radiosynthesis allowed >95 % radiochemical yields (RCY) in just 1 h. Conversely, non-MW heating at 70 °C for 1 h resulted in low RCY (0-25 % RCY) and most porphyrins did not reach radiolabelling completion after 24 h. Formation of the 52Mn-complexes were confirmed with radio-HPLC by comparison with their non-radioactive 55Mn counterparts. Following this, several [52Mn]Mn-porphyrins were used to radiolabel liposomes resulting in 75-86 % labelling efficiency (LE). Two lead [52Mn]Mn-porphyrins were taken forward to label MDA-MB-231 cancer cells in vitro, achieving ca. 11 % LE. After 24 h, 32-45 % of the [52Mn]Mn-porphyrins was retained in cells. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to standard methods, MW heating allows the fast synthesis of [52Mn]Mn-porphyrins with >95 % radiochemical yields that avoid purification. [52Mn]Mn-porphyrins also show promising cell/liposome labelling properties. Our reported technique can potentially be exploited for the in vivo imaging of Mn-porphyrin therapeutics, as well as for the accurate in vivo quantification of Mn-porphyrin MRI agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gawne
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sara M A Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Karin M Nielsen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - George P Keeling
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Zhang H, Yin XB. Mixed-Ligand Metal-Organic Frameworks for All-in-One Theranostics with Controlled Drug Delivery and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26528-26535. [PMID: 35641317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-ligand metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) multiply the properties and improve the versatility of conventional MOFs for theranostic applications. A tumor targeting and tumoral microenvironment-responsive system is significant for specific and efficient cancer theranostics. Herein, we report a kind of versatile mixed-porphyrin ligand MOF as a multifunctional matrix for multimodality-imaging-guided synergistic therapy. Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) shows the properties of fluorescence (FL) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), while Mn-TCPP owns magically the properties of T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and photothermal conversion for photothermal imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT). Because of the same coordination capacity and mode of TCPP and Mn-TCPP to Zr4+ ions, MOFs with adjustable ligand ratios were easily prepared. The mixed-ligand MOFs exhibited a high drug loading capacity for 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT, 65%). After modification with hyaluronic acid (HA) through a disulfide bond (-S-S-), the MOF-S-S-HA composites possess enhanced PDT and tumor-targeted redox-responsive drug release properties due to the -S-S- bond. Thus, excellent fluorescence, MR, and photothermal trimodality imaging, redox-responsive drug release, and enhanced PDT/PTT are integrated together in the mixed-ligand MOFs as "all-in-one" theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 201114, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Bo Yin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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3
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Bronstein LG, Tóth Á, Cressey P, Rosilio V, Di Meo F, Makky A. Phospholipid-porphyrin conjugates: deciphering the driving forces behind their supramolecular assemblies. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7387-7407. [PMID: 35536011 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid-porphyrin conjugates (PL-Por) are nowadays considered as a unique class of building blocks that can self-assemble into supramolecular structures that possess multifunctional properties and enhanced optoelectronics characteristics compared to their disassembled counterparts. However, despite their versatile properties, little is known about the impact of the packing parameter of PL-Por conjugates on their assembling mechanism and their molecular organization inside these assemblies. To gain a better understanding on their assembling properties, we synthesized two new series of PL-Por conjugates with different alkyl sn2-chain lengths linked via an amide bond to either pheophorbide-a (PhxLPC) or pyropheophorbide-a (PyrxLPC). By combining a variety of experimental techniques with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated both the assembling and optical properties of the PL-Por either self-assembled or when incorporated into lipid bilayers. We demonstrated that independently of the linker length, PhxLPC assembled into closed ovoid structures, whereas PyrxLPC formed rigid open sheets. Interestingly, PyrxLPC assemblies displayed a significant red shift and narrowing of the Q-band indicating the formation of ordered J-aggregates. The MD simulations highlighted the central role of the interaction between porphyrin cores rather than the length difference between the two phospholipid chains in controlling the structure of the lipid bilayer membranes and thus their optical properties. Indeed, while PhxLPC have the tendency to form inter-leaflet π-stacked dimers, PyrxLPC conjugates formed dimers within the same leaflet. Altogether, this work could be used as guidelines for the design of new PL-Por conjugates that self-assemble into bilayer-like supramolecular structures with tunable morphology and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Gabriel Bronstein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Ágota Tóth
- INSERM U1248 Pharmacology & Transplantation, Univ. Limoges, 2 rue du Prof. Descottes, F-87025, Limoges, France.
| | - Paul Cressey
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Florent Di Meo
- INSERM U1248 Pharmacology & Transplantation, Univ. Limoges, 2 rue du Prof. Descottes, F-87025, Limoges, France.
| | - Ali Makky
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Tolmachev D, Lukasheva N, Ramazanov R, Nazarychev V, Borzdun N, Volgin I, Andreeva M, Glova A, Melnikova S, Dobrovskiy A, Silber SA, Larin S, de Souza RM, Ribeiro MCC, Lyulin S, Karttunen M. Computer Simulations of Deep Eutectic Solvents: Challenges, Solutions, and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:645. [PMID: 35054840 PMCID: PMC8775846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are one of the most rapidly evolving types of solvents, appearing in a broad range of applications, such as nanotechnology, electrochemistry, biomass transformation, pharmaceuticals, membrane technology, biocomposite development, modern 3D-printing, and many others. The range of their applicability continues to expand, which demands the development of new DESs with improved properties. To do so requires an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the structure and properties of DESs. Computer simulation and machine learning techniques provide a fruitful approach as they can predict and reveal physical mechanisms and readily be linked to experiments. This review is devoted to the computational research of DESs and describes technical features of DES simulations and the corresponding perspectives on various DES applications. The aim is to demonstrate the current frontiers of computational research of DESs and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tolmachev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Natalia Lukasheva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Ruslan Ramazanov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Victor Nazarychev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Natalia Borzdun
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Igor Volgin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Andreeva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Artyom Glova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Sofia Melnikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Alexey Dobrovskiy
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Steven A. Silber
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada;
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sergey Larin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Rafael Maglia de Souza
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil; (R.M.d.S.); (M.C.C.R.)
| | - Mauro Carlos Costa Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil; (R.M.d.S.); (M.C.C.R.)
| | - Sergey Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (R.R.); (V.N.); (N.B.); (I.V.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (A.D.); (S.L.); (S.L.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada;
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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5
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Geraldes CF, Castro MMC, Peters JA. Mn(III) porphyrins as potential MRI contrast agents for diagnosis and MRI-guided therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Zheng R, Chen X, Zhao L, Yang N, Guan R, Chen A, Yu X, Cheng H, Wang C, Li S. A porphysome-based photodynamic O 2 economizer for hypoxic tumor treatment by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4134-4137. [PMID: 33908446 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00544h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A porphysome-based photodynamic O2 economizer (P-PAT) is prepared for hypoxic tumor therapy. The self-assembled porphyrin bilayers of P-PAT possess high loading capacity to atovaquone (ATO) (nearly 70%), which could restrain mitochondrial respiration to relieve hypoxia and enhance photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Xiayun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Linping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Ni Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Runtian Guan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Ali Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Chang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China.
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7
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Federizon J, Feugmo CGT, Huang WC, He X, Miura K, Razi A, Ortega J, Karttunen M, Lovell JF. Experimental and Computational Observations of Immunogenic Cobalt Porphyrin Lipid Bilayers: Nanodomain-Enhanced Antigen Association. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010098. [PMID: 33466686 PMCID: PMC7828809 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt porphyrin phospholipid (CoPoP) can incorporate within bilayers to enable non-covalent surface-display of antigens on liposomes by mixing with proteins bearing a polyhistidine tag (his-tag); however, the mechanisms for how this occurs are poorly understood. These were investigated using the his-tagged model antigen Pfs25, a protein antigen candidate for malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. Pfs25 was found to associate with the small molecule aquocobalamin, a form of vitamin B12 and a cobalt-containing corrin macrocycle, but without particle formation, enabling comparative assessment. Relative to CoPoP liposomes, binding and serum stability studies indicated a weaker association of Pfs25 to aquocobalamin or cobalt nitrilotriacetic acid (Co-NTA) liposomes, which have cobalt displayed in the aqueous phase on lipid headgroups. Antigen internalization by macrophages was enhanced with Pfs25 bound to CoPoP liposomes. Immunization in mice with Pfs25 bound to CoPoP liposomes elicited antibodies that recognized ookinetes and showed transmission-reducing activity. To explore the physical mechanisms involved, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bilayers containing phospholipid, cholesterol, as well as either CoPoP or NTA-functionalized lipids. The results show that the CoPoP-containing bilayer creates nanodomains that allow access for a limited but sufficient amount of water molecules that could be replaced by his-tags due to their favorable free energy properties allowing for stabilization. The position of the metal center within the NTA liposomes was much more exposed to the aqueous environment, which could explain its limited capacity for stabilizing Pfs25. This study illustrates the impact of CoPoP-induced antigen particleization in enhancing vaccine efficacy, and provides molecular insights into the CoPoP bilayer properties that enable this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Federizon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (J.F.); (W.-C.H.); (X.H.)
| | | | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (J.F.); (W.-C.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xuedan He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (J.F.); (W.-C.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Aida Razi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (A.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (A.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (J.F.); (W.-C.H.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.F.L.)
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Kumar S, Jiang D, Sun B, Seeley KV, Engle JW, Sia Z, He X, Neelamegham S, Cai W, Lovell JF. Labeling of Erythrocytes by Porphyrin-Phospholipid. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2020; 1. [PMID: 34212160 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A method is developed for membrane labeling of erythrocytes with porphyrin-phospholipid (PoP). To generate a concentrated PoP solution for labeling human red blood cells (RBCs), various surfactants and solvents are screened to identify conditions that avoid hemolysis, while minimizing non-specific PoP co-precipitation with RBCs in the pellet during centrifugation washes. Cholate, Tween 80 and Tween 40 are identified as useful surfactants for this purpose. When labeled RBCs are mixed with unlabeled ones, substantial non-specific PoP exchange is observed. Egg-yolk lecithin is included in a washing buffer to remove loosely bound PoP and reduce PoP exchange with unlabeled erythrocytes, based on flow cytometry and photodynamic hemolysis assays. Murine RBCs that are labeled with 64Cu-chelated PoP displayed altered biodistribution with longer blood circulation relative to directly administered 64Cu-chelated PoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Boyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kaelyn V Seeley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Xuedan He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Medical Physics, and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Shao S, Huang WC, Lin C, Hicar MD, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Lovell JF. An Engineered Biomimetic MPER Peptide Vaccine Induces Weakly HIV Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:1991-2001. [PMID: 31832930 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) would be instrumental in controlling the disease. The membrane proximal external region (MPER) peptide is an appealing antigen candidate since it is conserved and is the target of several human bnAbs, such as 2F5. We previously found that liposomes containing cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) can bind to a his-tagged MPER peptide, resulting in biomimetic antigen presentation on a lipid bilayer. The present study generated various his-tagged, synthetic MPER fragments, which were bound to liposomes containing CoPoP and a synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and assessed for immunogenicity in mice. MPER peptides with amino acids stretches originating from the membrane insertion point that were at least 25 amino acids in length, had greater 2F5 reactivity and induced stronger antibody responses, compared to shorter ones. Immunization with the lipid-presented MPER elicited stronger antibody responses compared to Alum and Montanide adjuvants, which could recognize recombinant gp41 and gp140 proteins that contained MPER sequences. The induced antibodies neutralized a tier 1A virus that is sensitive to neutralizing antibodies (W61D(TCLA)0.71), but not another tier 1A nor a tier 2 strain. Co-formulation of the MPER peptide with an unrelated malaria protein antigen (Pfs25) that is effectively adjuvanted with liposomes containing CoPoP and MPLA resulted in elicitation of higher MPER antibody levels, but did not improve neutralization, possibly due to interference with proper peptide presentation in the membrane. Murine hybridomas were generated that produced MPER antibodies, but they were non-neutralizing. These results do not show that bnAbs could be generated with MPER peptides and CoPoP liposomes, but do not rule out this possibility with additional improvements to the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, Henan, China
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Cuiyan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Mark D Hicar
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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10
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Shao S, Rajendiran V, Lovell JF. Metalloporphyrin Nanoparticles: Coordinating Diverse Theranostic Functions. Coord Chem Rev 2019; 379:99-120. [PMID: 30559508 PMCID: PMC6294123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins serve key roles in natural biological processes and also have demonstrated utility for biomedical applications. They can be encapsulated or grafted in conventional nanoparticles or can self-assemble themselves at the nanoscale. A wide range of metals can be stably chelated either before or after porphyrin nanoparticle formation, without the necessity of any additional chelator chemistry. The addition of metals can substantially alter a range of behaviors such as modulating phototherapeutic efficacy; conferring responsiveness to biological stimuli; or providing contrast for magnetic resonance, positron emission or surface enhanced Raman imaging. Chelated metals can also provide a convenient handle for bioconjugation with other molecules via axial coordination. This review provides an overview of some recent biomedical, nanoparticulate approaches involving gain-of-function metalloporphyrins and related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Venugopal Rajendiran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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11
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Massiot J, Rosilio V, Makky A. Photo-triggerable liposomal drug delivery systems: from simple porphyrin insertion in the lipid bilayer towards supramolecular assemblies of lipid–porphyrin conjugates. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1805-1823. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive liposomes are considered nowadays as one of the most promising nanoparticulate systems for the delivery and release of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a spatio-temporal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massiot
- Institut Galien Paris Sud
- Univ Paris-Sud
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris Sud
- Univ Paris-Sud
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry
| | - Ali Makky
- Institut Galien Paris Sud
- Univ Paris-Sud
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 92296 Châtenay-Malabry
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12
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Hua XW, Bao YW, Zeng J, Wu FG. Ultrasmall All-In-One Nanodots Formed via Carbon Dot-Mediated and Albumin-Based Synthesis: Multimodal Imaging-Guided and Mild Laser-Enhanced Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42077-42087. [PMID: 30403472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Integration of multiple diagnostic/therapeutic modalities into a single system with ultrasmall size, excellent photothermal/photodynamic properties, high cellular uptake efficiency, nuclear delivery capacity, rapid renal clearance, and good biosafety is highly desirable for cancer theranostics, but still remains challenging. Here, a novel type of multifunctional nanodots (denoted as BCCGH) was synthesized by mixing bovine serum albumin, carbon dots, and metal ions (Cu2+ and Gd3+), followed by the conjugation with a photosensitizer (HPPH). The nanodots hold great promise for fluorescence/photoacoustic/magnetic resonance/photothermal imaging-guided synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PDT) because of their appealing properties such as high photothermal conversion efficiency (68.4%), high longitudinal relaxivity (11.84 mM-1 s-1, 7 T), and superior colloidal stability with negligible Gd3+ release. Benefiting from the massive cellular uptake, endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrion-targeting ability, and mild near-infrared laser irradiation-promoted nuclear delivery of BCCGH, a high anticancer therapeutic efficiency is achieved in the subsequent in vitro PDT. Besides, as revealed by the in vivo/ex vivo results, the nanodots also exhibit excellent tumor accumulation, efficient renal clearance, complete tumor ablation, and exceptional biosafety. To summarize, this work develops a carbon dot-mediated and albumin-based synthetic approach for constructing ultrasmall and multifunctional nanodots, which may hold great potential for cancer theranostics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wu Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , 2 Sipailou Road , Nanjing 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Wen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , 2 Sipailou Road , Nanjing 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Jia Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , 2 Sipailou Road , Nanjing 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , 2 Sipailou Road , Nanjing 210096 , P. R. China
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13
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Chitgupi U, Shao S, Carter KA, Huang WC, Lovell JF. Multicolor Liposome Mixtures for Selective and Selectable Cargo Release. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1331-1336. [PMID: 29384679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many approaches exist for stimuli-triggered cargo release from nanocarriers, but few can provide for on-demand release of multiple payloads, selectively. Here, we report the synthesis of purpurin-phospholipid (Pur-P), a lipid chromophore that has near-infrared absorbance red-shifted by 30 nm compared to a structurally similar pyropheophorbide-phospholipid (Pyr-P). Liposomes containing small amounts of either Pur-P or Pyr-P exhibited similar physical properties and fluorescence self-quenching. Loaded with distinct cargos, Pur-P and Pyr-P liposomes were mixed into a single colloidal suspension and selectively released cargo depending on irradiation wavelength. Spatiotemporal control of distinct cargo release was achieved by controlling multicolor laser placement. Using basic orange and doxorubicin anthraquinones, multidimensional cytotoxicity gradients were established to gauge efficacy against cancer cells using light-released drug. Wavelength selectivity of cargo release was maintained following intramuscular administration to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Kevin A Carter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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14
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Lamichhane N, Udayakumar TS, D'Souza WD, Simone CB, Raghavan SR, Polf J, Mahmood J. Liposomes: Clinical Applications and Potential for Image-Guided Drug Delivery. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020288. [PMID: 29385755 PMCID: PMC6017282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes have been extensively studied and are used in the treatment of several diseases. Liposomes improve the therapeutic efficacy by enhancing drug absorption while avoiding or minimizing rapid degradation and side effects, prolonging the biological half-life and reducing toxicity. The unique feature of liposomes is that they are biocompatible and biodegradable lipids, and are inert and non-immunogenic. Liposomes can compartmentalize and solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. All these properties of liposomes and their flexibility for surface modification to add targeting moieties make liposomes more attractive candidates for use as drug delivery vehicles. There are many novel liposomal formulations that are in various stages of development, to enhance therapeutic effectiveness of new and established drugs that are in preclinical and clinical trials. Recent developments in multimodality imaging to better diagnose disease and monitor treatments embarked on using liposomes as diagnostic tool. Conjugating liposomes with different labeling probes enables precise localization of these liposomal formulations using various modalities such as PET, SPECT, and MRI. In this review, we will briefly review the clinical applications of liposomal formulation and their potential imaging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narottam Lamichhane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | | - Warren D D'Souza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jerimy Polf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Javed Mahmood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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15
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Luo D, Goel S, Liu HJ, Carter KA, Jiang D, Geng J, Kutyreff CJ, Engle JW, Huang WC, Shao S, Fang C, Cai W, Lovell JF. Intrabilayer 64Cu Labeling of Photoactivatable, Doxorubicin-Loaded Stealth Liposomes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12482-12491. [PMID: 29195037 PMCID: PMC6004286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded stealth liposomes (similar to those in clinical use) can incorporate small amounts of porphyrin-phospholipid (PoP) to enable chemophototherapy (CPT). PoP is also an intrinsic and intrabilayer 64Cu chelator, although how radiolabeling impacts drug delivery has not yet been assessed. Here, we show that 64Cu can radiolabel the stable bilayer of preformed Dox-loaded PoP liposomes with inclusion of 1% ethanol without inducing drug leakage. Dox-PoP liposomes labeled with intrabilayer copper behaved nearly identically to unlabeled ones in vitro and in vivo with respect to physical parameters, pharmacokinetics, and CPT efficacy. Positron emission tomography and near-infrared fluorescence imaging visualized orthotopic mammary tumors in mice with passive liposome accumulation following administration. A single CPT treatment with 665 nm light (200 J/cm2) strongly inhibited primary tumor growth. Liposomes accumulated in lung metastases, based on NIR imaging. These results establish the feasibility of CPT interventions guided by intrinsic multimodal imaging of Dox-loaded stealth PoP liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shreya Goel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Hai-Jun Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kevin A. Carter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jumin Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Christopher J. Kutyreff
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | | | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Chao Fang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
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16
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Miranda D, Carter K, Luo D, Shao S, Geng J, Li C, Chitgupi U, Turowski SG, Li N, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Spernyak JA, Lovell JF. Multifunctional Liposomes for Image-Guided Intratumoral Chemo-Phototherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700253. [PMID: 28504409 PMCID: PMC5568974 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral (IT) drug injections reduce systemic toxicity, but delivered volumes and distribution can be inconsistent. To improve IT delivery paradigms, porphyrin-phospholipid (PoP) liposomes are passively loaded with three hydrophilic cargos: sulforhodamine B, a fluorophore; gadolinium-gadopentetic acid, a magnetic resonance (MR) agent; and oxaliplatin, a colorectal cancer chemotherapeutic. Liposome composition is optimized so that cargo is retained in serum and storage, but is released in less than 1 min with exposure to near infrared light. Light-triggered release occurs with PoP-induced photooxidation of unsaturated lipids and all cargos release concurrently. In subcutaneous murine colorectal tumors, drainage of released cargo is delayed when laser treatment occurs 24 h after IT injection, at doses orders of magnitude lower than systemic ones. Delayed light-triggering results in substantial tumor shrinkage relative to controls a week following treatment, although regrowth occurs subsequently. MR imaging reveals that over this time frame, pools of liposomes within the tumor migrate to adjacent regions, possibly leading to altered spatial distribution during triggered drug release. Although further characterization of cargo loading and release is required, this proof-of-principle study suggests that multimodal theranostic IT delivery approaches hold potential to both guide injections and interpret outcomes, in particular when combined with chemo-phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyego Miranda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kevin Carter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dandan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jumin Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Changning Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Steven G Turowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY 14263, USA
| | - Nasi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - G. Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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17
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Chitgupi U, Qin Y, Lovell JF. Targeted Nanomaterials for Phototherapy. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:38-58. [PMID: 29071178 PMCID: PMC5646723 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.17694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapies involve the irradiation of target tissues with light. To further enhance selectivity and potency, numerous molecularly targeted photosensitizers and photoactive nanoparticles have been developed. Active targeting typically involves harnessing the affinity between a ligand and a cell surface receptor for improved accumulation in the targeted tissue. Targeting ligands including peptides, proteins, aptamers and small molecules have been explored for phototherapy. In this review, recent examples of targeted nanomaterials used in phototherapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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