1
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Ibenskas A, Šimėnas M, Tornau EE. Theoretical insights into the interplay between metal-organic and covalent bonding in single-layer molecular networks formed by halogen dissociation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19349-19358. [PMID: 38967003 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis via dehalogenative coupling due to thermal annealing is one of the most common routes of growing metal-organic and covalent polymer networks on catalytic metal surfaces. We present a computational approach taking into account both metal-coordinated and covalent C-C bonding interactions, which drive the self-assembly of tetrabrominated polyarene molecules into single-layer ordered and disordered nanostructures. The proposed coarse-grained lattice model is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. We investigate the annealing effect in ensembles of nearly and fully dehalogenated molecules, accordingly decreasing the concentration of dissociated (chemisorbed) halogen atoms, to account for the desorption process. The results suggest that dissociated halogens may be at least partially responsible for fragmentation of metal-organic networks on the Cu and Au surfaces. The simulations also show that fragmented covalent networks are mostly disordered or characterized by short-range glass-like order, but larger domains of these phases can be obtained after removing the split off Br atoms. We additionally examine the potential formation of fragments with a hybrid structure consisting of oligomer chains linked side-to-side by metal adatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Ibenskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas E Tornau
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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2
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Qian Y, Ouyang Z, Kong H. From Short- to Long-Range Chiral Recognition on Surfaces: Chiral Assembly and Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307171. [PMID: 38054810 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on chiral behaviors of small organic molecules at solid surfaces, including chiral assembly and synthesis, can not only help unravel the origin of the chiral phenomenon in biological/chemical systems but also provide promising strategies to build up unprecedented chiral surfaces or nanoarchitectures with advanced applications in novel nanomaterials/nanodevices. Understanding how molecular chirality is recognized is considered to be a mandatory basis for such studies. In this review, a series of recent studies in chiral assembly and synthesis at well-defined metal surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions are outlined. More importantly, the intrinsic mechanisms of chiral recognition are highlighted, including short/long-range chiral recognition in chiral assembly and two main strategies to steer the reaction pathways and modulate selective synthesis of specific chiral products on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Peng
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yinhui Zhang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xinbang Liu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yinyue Qian
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zuoling Ouyang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
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3
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Lobo-Checa J, Rodríguez SJ, Hernández-López L, Herrer L, Passeggi MCG, Cea P, Serrano JL. Discarding metal incorporation in pyrazole macrocycles and the role of the substrate on single-layer assemblies. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7093-7101. [PMID: 38497989 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Pyrazole derivatives are key in crystal engineering and liquid crystal fields and thrive in agriculture, pharmaceutical, or biomedicine industries. Such versatility relies in their supramolecular bond adaptability when forming hydrogen bonds or metal-pyrazole complexes. Interestingly, the precise structure of pyrazole-based macrocycles forming widespread porous structures is still unsolved. We bring insight into such fundamental question by studying the self-assembled structures of a bis-pyrazole derivative sublimed in ultra-high-vacuum conditions (without solvents) onto the three (111) noble metal surfaces. By means of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy that is validated by gas phase density functional theory calculations, we find a common hexagonal nanoporous network condensed by triple hydrogen bonds at the molecule-metal interface. Such assembly is disrupted and divergent after annealing: (i) on copper, the molecular integrity is compromised leading to structural chaos, (ii) on silver, an incommensurate new oblique structure requiring molecular deprotonation is found and, (iii) on gold, metal-organic complexes are promoted yielding irregular chain structures. Our findings confirm the critical role of these metals on the different pyrazole nanoporous structure formation, discarding their preference for metal incorporation into the connecting nodes whenever there is no solvent involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sindy Julieth Rodríguez
- Instituto de Física del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Litoral (IFIS-Litoral, CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Leyre Hernández-López
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Herrer
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mario C G Passeggi
- Instituto de Física del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Litoral (IFIS-Litoral, CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Luis Serrano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Predicting Organometallic Intermediates in the Surface-Assisted Ullmann Coupling of Chrysene Isomers. Molecules 2024; 29:1553. [PMID: 38611833 PMCID: PMC11013314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface polymerization of functional organic molecules has been recently recognized as a promising route to persistent low-dimensional structures with tailorable properties. In this contribution, using the coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulation method, we study the initial stage of the Ullmann coupling of doubly halogenated chrysene isomers adsorbed on a catalytically active (111) crystalline surface. To that end, we focus on the formation of labile metal-organic precursor structures preceding the covalent bonding of chrysene monomers. Four monomeric chrysene units with differently distributed halogen substituents were probed in the simulations, and the resulting precursor structures were compared and quantified. Moreover, the effect of (pro)chirality of chrysene tectons on the structure formation was elucidated by running separate simulations in enantiopure and racemic systems. The calculations showed that suitable manipulation of the halogen substitution pattern allows for the creation of diverse precursor architectures, ranging from straight and winded chains to cyclic oligomers with enantiopure, racemic, and nonracemic composition. The obtained findings can be helpful in developing synthetic strategies for covalent polymers with predefined architecture and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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5
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Houtsma RSK, van Nyendaal F, Stöhr M. Kinetic control over the chiral-selectivity in the formation of organometallic polymers on a Ag(110) surface. Commun Chem 2024; 7:51. [PMID: 38443451 PMCID: PMC10914819 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods to control chiral-selectivity in molecular reactions through external inputs are of importance, both from a fundamental and technological point of view. Here, the self-assembly of prochiral 6,12-dibromochrysene monomers on Ag(110) is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Deposition of the monomers on a substrate held at room temperature leads to the formation of 1D achiral organometallic polymers. When the monomers are instead deposited on a substrate held at 373 K, homochiral organometallic polymers consisting of either the left- or right-handed enantiomer are formed. Post-deposition annealing of room temperature deposited samples at >373 K does not transform the achiral 1D organometallic polymers into homochiral ones and thus, does not yield the same final structure as if depositing onto a substrate held at the same elevated temperature. Furthermore, annealing promotes neither the formation of 1D covalently-coupled polymers nor the formation of graphene nanoribbons. Our results identify substrate temperature as an important factor in on-surface chiral synthesis, thereby demonstrating the importance of considering kinetic effects and the decisive role they can play in structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris van Nyendaal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Wang H, Hu J, Liang Z, Zhang H, Huang C, Xie L, Jiang Z, Huang H, Song F. Chirality variation from self-assembly on Ullmann coupling for the DBCh adsorbate on Au(111) and Ag(111). NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1368-1377. [PMID: 36866267 PMCID: PMC9972870 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00789d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
On-surface Ullmann coupling has been considered an appealing approach for the precise fabrication of carbon-based covalent nanostructures under solution-free conditions. However, chirality has seldom been discussed in Ullmann reactions. In this report, self-assembled two-dimensional chiral networks are initially constructed in a large area on Au(111) and Ag(111) after adsorption of the prochiral precursor, 6,12-dibromochrysene (DBCh). Self-assembled phases are then transformed into organometallic (OM) oligomers after debromination, preserving the chirality; in particular, the formation of scarcely reported OM species on Au(111) is discovered herein. With the aryl-aryl bonding induced after intensive annealing, covalent chains are fabricated via the cyclodehydrogenation between chrysene blocks, resulting in the formation of 8-armchair graphene nanoribbons with staggered valleys on both sides. Before chiral polymer chains are constructed by chrysene blocks, the high structural flexibility of OM intermediates on Ag(111) is also revealed during reactions, which is derived from the twofold coordination of Ag atoms and conformationally flexible metal-carbon bonding. Our report not only provides solid evidence of atomically precise fabrication of covalent nanostructures with a feasible bottom-up approach but also sheds insights into the comprehensive investigation of chirality variation from monomers to artificial architectures via surface coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
| | - Han Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University Changsha 410073 China
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
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7
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Huang C, Xie L, Wang H, Liang Z, Jiang Z, Song F. Manipulation of C-C coupling pathways using different annealing procedures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13507-13510. [PMID: 36385194 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04745d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From scanning tunnelling microscopy and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that different annealing mechanisms could modulate distinct reaction pathways, where in a stepwise annealing procedure the detached Br atoms may reduce the activation barrier of CH activation resulting in hierarchical cross dehydrogenative coupling, while in a one-step annealing procedure only Ullmann coupling products are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
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8
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Houtsma RSK, Enache M, Havenith RWA, Stöhr M. Length-dependent symmetry in narrow chevron-like graphene nanoribbons. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3531-3536. [PMID: 36134350 PMCID: PMC9400478 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the structural and electronic properties of narrow chevron-like graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), which depending on their length are either mirror or inversion symmetric. Additionally, GNRs of different length can form molecular heterojunctions based on an unusual binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mihaela Enache
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 (S3) B-9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
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9
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Gu S, Fu S, Gong C, Li S, Liu X, Lu Y, Wang Z, Wang L. Directing on-surface polymerization via a substrate-directed molecular template. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3030-3034. [PMID: 35039814 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a template to control the on-surface polymerization process is valuable for building functional molecular nanostructures. Here, the role of the symmetric matching between a halogen-ligand component (H2TBrPP) and the substrate for the fabrication of a regular metal-organic structure on Cu(111) and Cu(100) surfaces was studied using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Considering the formation of short-range order polymers on the Au(111) surface via the process of debromination due to the weak directing effect from the substrate to the precursors, a bilayer of ordered assembled structure of H2TBrPP/Au(111) has been fabricated and the molecules in the top layer are guided by the first-layer molecules. Owing to the steering effect of the substrate-directed molecular template, the H2TBrPP components in the top layer were polymerized into ordered molecular chain arrays along the given direction that is determined by the initial close-packed assembled structure of H2TBrPP components during the post-annealing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Gu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Shizhang Fu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Caimei Gong
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Sihao Li
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Zhongping Wang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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10
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Sun S, Li B, Fu B, Ruan Z, Zhang H, Xiong W, Zhang Y, Niu G, Lu J, Zuo X, Gao L, Cai J. Chiral structures of 6,12-dibromochrysene on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Kuang P, Guo C, Zan J, Xie C, YIN C, Fan Q. Tumor Microenvironment Activated Nanoenzyme-based Agents for Enhanced MRI-Guided Photothermal Therapy in NIR-II Window. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2742-2745. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a nanoenzyme-based photothermal agent, in which the nanoenzyme acts as a peroxidase, prodrug carrier, and MRI contrast agent. The formation of dimer by the prodrug under the catalysis...
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12
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Berdonces-Layunta A, Schulz F, Aguilar-Galindo F, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Muntwiler M, Lobo-Checa J, Liljeroth P, de Oteyza DG. Order from a Mess: The Growth of 5-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16552-16561. [PMID: 34633170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of on-surface chemistry under vacuum has vastly increased our capabilities to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with atomic precision. Among the types of target structures that have been synthesized by these means, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have probably attracted the most attention. In this context, the vast majority of GNRs have been synthesized from the same chemical reaction: Ullmann coupling followed by cyclodehydrogenation. Here, we provide a detailed study of the growth process of five-atom-wide armchair GNRs starting from dibromoperylene. Combining scanning probe microscopy with temperature-dependent XPS measurements and theoretical calculations, we show that the GNR growth departs from the conventional reaction scenario. Instead, precursor molecules couple by means of a concerted mechanism whereby two covalent bonds are formed simultaneously, along with a concomitant dehydrogenation. Indeed, this alternative reaction path is responsible for the straight GNR growth in spite of the initial mixture of reactant isomers with irregular metal-organic intermediates that we find. The provided insight will not only help understanding the reaction mechanisms of other reactants but also serve as a guide for the design of other precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabian Schulz
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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13
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Dettmann D, Galeotti G, MacLean O, Tomellini M, Di Giovannantonio M, Lipton-Duffin J, Verdini A, Floreano L, Fagot-Revurat Y, Perepichka DF, Rosei F, Contini G. Identification of Topotactic Surface-Confined Ullmann-Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103044. [PMID: 34477325 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On-surface Ullmann coupling is an established method for the synthesis of 1D and 2D organic structures. A key limitation to obtaining ordered polymers is the uncertainty in the final structure for coupling via random diffusion of reactants over the substrate, which leads to polymorphism and defects. Here, a topotactic polymerization on Cu(110) in a series of differently-halogenated para-phenylenes is identified, where the self-assembled organometallic (OM) reactants of diiodobenzene couple directly into a single, deterministic product, whereas the other precursors follow a diffusion driven reaction. The topotactic mechanism is the result of the structure of the iodine on Cu(110), which controls the orientation of the OM reactants and intermediates to be the same as the final polymer chains. Temperature-programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and kinetic modeling reflect the differences in the polymerization regimes, and the effects of the OM chain alignments and halogens are disentangled by Nudged Elastic Band calculations. It is found that the repulsion or attraction between chains and halogens drive the polymerization to be either diffusive or topotactic. These results provide detailed insights into on-surface reaction mechanisms and prove the possibility of harnessing topotactic reactions in surface-confined Ullmann polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, P. R. China
| | - Massimo Tomellini
- Department of Chemistry, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001 QLD, Australia
| | - Alberto Verdini
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, I-34149, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, I-34149, Italy
| | - Yannick Fagot-Revurat
- Institut Jean Lamour Campus ARTEM UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 2 allée André Guinier, BP 50840, Nancy, 54011, France
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Giorgio Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
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14
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Houtsma RSK, de la Rie J, Stöhr M. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons: interplay of structural and electronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6541-6568. [PMID: 34100034 PMCID: PMC8185524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap - not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design - offering tunability over a wide range - which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris de la Rie
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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15
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Han Y, Wang J, Song L, Zheng Y, Li Y, Lin H, Li Q, Chi L. A Fundamental Role of the Molecular Length in Forming Metal-Organic Hybrids of Phenol Derivatives on Silver Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1869-1875. [PMID: 33586446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In on-surface chemistry, the efficient preparation of metal-organic hybrids is regarded as a primary path to mediate controlled synthesis of well-ordered low-dimensional organic nanostructures. The fundamental mechanisms in forming these hybrid structures, however, are so far insufficiently explored. Here, with scanning tunneling microscopy, we studied the bonding behavior of the adsorbed phenol derivatives with different molecular lengths. We reveal that shorter molecules favor bonding with extracted metal adatoms and result in metal-organic hybrids, whereas longer molecules prefer to bond with lattice metal atoms. The conclusions are further confirmed by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Luying Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjing Zheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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16
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Rabia A, Tumino F, Milani A, Russo V, Bassi AL, Bassi N, Lucotti A, Achilli S, Fratesi G, Manini N, Onida G, Sun Q, Xu W, Casari CS. Structural, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of a Two-Dimensional Graphdiyne-like Carbon Nanonetwork Synthesized on Au(111): Implications for the Engineering of sp-sp 2 Carbon Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:12178-12187. [PMID: 33392466 PMCID: PMC7771048 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphdiyne, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure based on sp-sp2 hybridization is an appealing system potentially showing outstanding mechanical and optoelectronic properties. Surface-catalyzed coupling of halogenated sp-carbon-based molecular precursors represents a promising bottom-up strategy to fabricate extended 2D carbon systems with engineered structure on metallic substrates. Here, we investigate the atomic-scale structure and electronic and vibrational properties of an extended graphdiyne-like sp-sp2 carbon nanonetwork grown on Au(111) by means of the on-surface synthesis. The formation of such a 2D nanonetwork at its different stages as a function of the annealing temperature after the deposition is monitored by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), Raman spectroscopy, and combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. High-resolution STM imaging and the high sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy to the bond nature provide a unique strategy to unravel the atomic-scale properties of sp-sp2 carbon nanostructures. We show that hybridization between the 2D carbon nanonetwork and the underlying substrate states strongly affects its electronic and vibrational properties, modifying substantially the density of states and the Raman spectrum compared to the free standing system. This opens the way to the modulation of the electronic properties with significant prospects in future applications as active nanomaterials for catalysis, photoconversion, and carbon-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rabia
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Tumino
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nicolò Bassi
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Simona Achilli
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nicola Manini
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Giovanni Onida
- ETSF
and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano via Ponzio 34/3, Milano I-20133, Italy
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17
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Pham T, Qamar A, Dinh T, Masud MK, Rais‐Zadeh M, Senesky DG, Yamauchi Y, Nguyen N, Phan H. Nanoarchitectonics for Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Nanowires: Toward the Next Generation of Nanoelectromechanical Systems for Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001294. [PMID: 33173726 PMCID: PMC7640356 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are widely considered as the building blocks that revolutionized many areas of nanosciences and nanotechnologies. The unique features in nanowires, including high electron transport, excellent mechanical robustness, large surface area, and capability to engineer their intrinsic properties, enable new classes of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors in the form of nanowires are a hot spot of research owing to the tremendous possibilities in NEMS, particularly for environmental monitoring and energy harvesting. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress on the growth, properties and applications of silicon carbide (SiC), group III-nitrides, and diamond nanowires as the materials of choice for NEMS. It begins with a snapshot on material developments and fabrication technologies, covering both bottom-up and top-down approaches. A discussion on the mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties is provided detailing the fundamental physics of WBG nanowires along with their potential for NEMS. A series of sensing and electronic devices particularly for environmental monitoring is reviewed, which further extend the capability in industrial applications. The article concludes with the merits and shortcomings of environmental monitoring applications based on these classes of nanowires, providing a roadmap for future development in this fast-emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan‐Anh Pham
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
| | - Afzaal Qamar
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Toan Dinh
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Southern QueenslandSpringfieldQLD4300Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Mina Rais‐Zadeh
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- NASA JPLCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91109USA
| | - Debbie G. Senesky
- Department of Aeronautics and AstronauticsStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Nam‐Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
| | - Hoang‐Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
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18
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Lu C, Mo YP, Hong Y, Chen T, Yang ZY, Wan LJ, Wang D. On-Surface Growth of Single-Layered Homochiral 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks by Steric Hindrance Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14350-14356. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Ping Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ye Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Yu X, Li X, Lin H, Liu M, Cai L, Qiu X, Yang D, Fan X, Qiu X, Xu W. Bond-Scission-Induced Structural Transformation from Cumulene to Diyne Moiety and Formation of Semiconducting Organometallic Polyyne. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8085-8089. [PMID: 32321241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The structural transformation from symmetric cumulene to broken-symmetry polyyne within a one-dimensional (1-D) atomic carbon chain is a signature of Peierls distortion. Direct observation of such a structural transformation with single-bond resolution is, however, still challenging. Herein, we design a molecule with a cumulene moiety (Br2C═C═C═CBr2) and employ STM tip manipulation to achieve the molecular skeleton rearrangement from a cumulene to a diyne moiety (Br-C≡C-C≡C-Br). Furthermore, by an on-surface reaction strategy, thermally induced entire debromination (:C═C═C═C:) leads to the formation of a 1-D organometallic polyyne (-C≡C-C≡C-Au-) with a semiconducting characteristic, which implies that a Peierls-like transition may occur in a rationally designed molecular system with limited length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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20
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Lu H, Wenlong E, Ma Z, Yang X. Organometallic polymers synthesized from prochiral molecules by a surface-assisted synthesis on Ag(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8141-8145. [PMID: 32248207 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06893g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic polymers can be successfully synthesized on a Ag(111) surface via a surface-assisted synthesis by choosing prochiral 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bis(2-phenylethynyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (DBPB) molecules as the designed precursor. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy investigation reveals that prochiral molecules show chirality on a surface and can evolve into organometallic chains on the Ag(111) surface based on Ullmann coupling. Due to the special structural features of DBPB molecules, chiral selectivity will be lost in the organometallic polymers. This result may provide an important basis for selecting suitable precursors to fabricate chiral covalent nanostructures on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - E Wenlong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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21
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Schultz JF, Yang B, Jiang N. Direct observation of the geometric isomer selectivity of a reaction controlled via adsorbed bromine. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2726-2731. [PMID: 31950967 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methods to improve the specificity of stereoselective reactions are paramount to the viability of reaction-based processes. Surface-bound methods are a powerful means to carry out reactions with selectivity in the pursuit of specific products or nanoarchitectures through bottom-up assembly. The Ullmann-like coupling reaction has come to represent one of the most useful methods to form two-dimensional structures through covalent couplings of aromatic molecules following the dissociation of an aryl carbon-halide bond. The leaving halogen atoms are proven to remain adsorbed on the surface and can be deleterious to the fabrication of larger conjugated superstructures. However, on Au(100) we have found the leaving halogen atoms generate a new adsorbate surface that leads to geometric isomer selectivity compared to the unmodified metal surface. The covalent coupling of 3,6-dibromo-phenanthrenequinone (DBPQ) was studied and leaving bromine atoms were found to form self-assembled islands and modify the reconstruction of Au(100). Subsequently, the coupling reaction yielded total selectivity towards a radical trans dimer when surrounded by bromine atoms, while only cis dimers were observed on the undecorated Au surface. This selectivity induced by bromine networks on the surface ultimately results in another potent way to control the stereoselectivity of surface-bound coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | - Bing Yang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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22
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Jiang J, Du L, Ding Y. Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation by Ullmann Reaction: From Mechanistic Aspects to Catalyst. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666181031111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-aryl bond formation is one of the most important tools in modern organic synthesis.
Therefore, there is a high level of interest to develop green, effective reaction system to obtain biaryls.
This review summarized the recent advances in the metal-catalyzed Ullmann reaction in which
the aryl-aryl bond was formed directly. Furthermore, different types of catalytic mechanisms, especially
the surface reaction, have been summarized to help the design of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liyong Du
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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23
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Rabia A, Tumino F, Milani A, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Achilli S, Fratesi G, Onida G, Manini N, Sun Q, Xu W, Casari CS. Scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of polymeric sp-sp 2 carbon atomic wires synthesized on the Au(111) surface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18191-18200. [PMID: 31560011 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long linear carbon nanostructures based on sp-hybridization can be synthesized by exploiting on-surface synthesis of halogenated precursors evaporated on Au(111), thus opening a way to investigations by surface-science techniques. By means of an experimental approach combining scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS) with ex situ Raman spectroscopy we investigate the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of polymeric sp-sp2 carbon atomic wires composed by sp-carbon chains connected through phenyl groups. Density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations of the structure and the electronic density of states allow us to simulate STM images and to compute Raman spectra. The comparison of experimental data with DFT simulations unveil the properties and the formation stages as a function of the annealing temperature. Atomic-scale structural information from STM complement the Raman sensitivity to the single molecular bond to open the way to detailed understanding of these novel carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rabia
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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24
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Reaction selectivity of homochiral versus heterochiral intermolecular reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes on surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4122. [PMID: 31511503 PMCID: PMC6739358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces remains a great challenge. Here, competing reactions of a prochiral alkyne on Ag(111): two-dimensional (2D) homochiral Glaser coupling and heterochiral cross-coupling with a Bergman cyclization step have been examined. We demonstrate control strategies in steering the reactions between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters, as confirmed by high-resolution scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the template effect of organometallic chains obtained under specific kinetic conditions enhances Glaser coupling between homochiral molecules. In contrast, for the reaction of free monomers, the kinetically favorable reaction pathway is the cross-coupling between two heterochiral molecules (one of them involving cyclization). This work demonstrates the application of kinetic control to steer chiral organic coupling pathways at surfaces. Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces is intriguing but challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate strategies in steering the reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters.
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25
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Sun Q, Tran BV, Cai L, Ma H, Yu X, Yuan C, Stöhr M, Xu W. On-Surface Formation of Cumulene by Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl gem
-Dibromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Bay V. Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
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Sun Q, Tran BV, Cai L, Ma H, Yu X, Yuan C, Stöhr M, Xu W. On-Surface Formation of Cumulene by Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl gem-Dibromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12165-12169. [PMID: 28772061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface activation of carbon-halogen groups is an efficient route to produce radicals for constructing various hydrocarbons and carbon nanostructures. To date, the employed halide precursors have only one halogen attached to a carbon atom. It is thus of interest to study the effect of attaching more than one halogen atom to a carbon atom with the aim of producing multiple unpaired electrons. By introducing an alkenyl gem-dibromide, cumulene products were fabricated on a Au(111) surface by dehalogenative homocoupling reactions. The reaction products and pathways were unambiguously characterized by a combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements together with density functional calculations. This study further supplements the database of on-surface synthesis strategies and provides a facile manner for incorporation of more complicated carbon scaffolds into surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Bay V Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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