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Xiao L, Gao S, Liao R, Zhou Y, Kong Q, Hu G. C 3N 5-based nanomaterials and their applications in heterogeneous catalysts, energy harvesting, and environmental remediation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2545-2571. [PMID: 38445393 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the global reliance on fossil fuels and the exponential growth of human population have escalated global energy consumption and environmental issues. To tackle these dual challenges, metal catalysts, in particular precious metal ones, have emerged as pivotal players in the fields of environment and energy. Among the numerous metal-free and organic catalyst materials, C3N5-based materials have a major advantage over their carbon nitride (CxNy) counterparts owing to the abundant availability of raw materials, non-toxicity, non-hazardous nature, and exceptional performance. Although significant efforts have been dedicated to synthesising and optimising the applicable properties of C3N5-based materials in recent years, a comprehensive summary of the immediate parameters of this promising material is still lacking. Given the rapid development of C3N5-based materials, a timely review is essential for staying updated on their strengths and weaknesses across various applications, as well as providing guidance for designing efficient catalysts. In this study, we present an extensive overview of recent advancements in C3N5-based materials, encompassing their physicochemical properties, major synthetic methods, and applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and adsorption, among others. This systematic review effectively summarises both the advantages and shortcomings associated with C3N5-based materials for energy and environmental applications, thus offering researchers focussed on CxNy-materials an in-depth understanding of those based on C3N5. Finally, considering the limitations and deficiencies of C3N5-based materials, we have proposed enhancement schemes and strategies, while presenting personal perspectives on the challenges and future directions for C3N5. Our ultimate aim is to provide valuable insights for the research community in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Xiao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen 333403, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Sanshuang Gao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Runhua Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic University, Jingdezhen 333403, China.
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Qingquan Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
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2
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Li S, Yang Y, Wan S, Wang R, Yu M, Song F, Zhong Q. Supramolecular self-assemble deficient carbon nitride nanotubes for efficient photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:726-733. [PMID: 37567116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride is an attractive non-metallic photocatalyst due to its small surface area, rapid electron-hole recombination, and low absorption of visible light. In this study, one-dimensional carbon nitride nanotubes were successfully synthesized by supramolecular self-assembly method for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 under mild conditions. The material demonstrates significantly improved CO2-to-CO activity compared to bulk carbon nitride under visible light irradiation, with a rate of 12.58 μmol g-1h-1, which is 3.37 times higher than that of pristine carbon nitride. This enhanced activity can be attributed to the abundant oxygen defects and nitrogen vacancies in the unique tubular carbon nitride structure, which results in the generation of more active sites and the efficient acceleration of the migration of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Various characterizations collectively support the presence of these defects and vacancies. Moreover, in situ DRIFTS spectroscopy supported the proposed reaction mechanism for the photoreduction of CO2. This eco-friendly design approach provides novel insights into utilizing solar energy for the production of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Shipeng Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Mingyi Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Fujiao Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Qin Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China.
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3
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Jerigova M, Markushyna Y, Teixeira IF, Badamdorj B, Isaacs M, Cruz D, Lauermann I, Muñoz-Márquez MÁ, Tarakina NV, López-Salas N, Savateev O, Jimenéz-Calvo P. Green Light Photoelectrocatalysis with Sulfur-Doped Carbon Nitride: Using Triazole-Purpald for Enhanced Benzylamine Oxidation and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300099. [PMID: 36815368 PMCID: PMC10161101 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Materials dictate carbon neutral industrial chemical processes. Visible-light photoelectrocatalysts from abundant resources will play a key role in exploiting solar irradiation. Anionic doping via pre-organization of precursors and further co-polymerization creates tuneable semiconductors. Triazole derivative-purpald, an unexplored precursor with sulfur (S) container, combined in different initial ratios with melamine during one solid-state polycondensation with two thermal steps yields hybrid S-doped carbon nitrides (C3 N4 ). The series of S-doped/C3 N4 -based materials show enhanced optical, electronic, structural, textural, and morphological properties and exhibit higher performance in organic benzylamine photooxidation, oxygen evolution, and similar energy storage (capacitor brief investigation). 50M-50P exhibits the highest photooxidation conversion (84 ± 3%) of benzylamine to imine at 535 nm - green light for 48 h, due to a discrete shoulder (≈700) nm, high sulfur content, preservation of crystal size, new intraband energy states, structural defects by layer distortion, and 10-16 nm pores with arbitrary depth. This work innovates by studying the concomitant relationships between: 1) the precursor decomposition while C3 N4 is formed, 2) the insertion of S impurities, 3) the S-doped C3 N4 property-activity relationships, and 4) combinatorial surface, bulk, structural, optical, and electronic characterization analysis. This work contributes to the development of disordered long-visible-light photocatalysts for solar energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jerigova
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ivo F Teixeira
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Bolortuya Badamdorj
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark Isaacs
- HarwellXPS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iver Lauermann
- Department PVcomB, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstraße 3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Muñoz-Márquez
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, Italy
| | - Nadezda V Tarakina
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nieves López-Salas
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pablo Jimenéz-Calvo
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Materials Science WW4-LKO, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Tang C, Cheng M, Lai C, Li L, Yang X, Du L, Zhang G, Wang G, Yang L. Recent progress in the applications of non-metal modified graphitic carbon nitride in photocatalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Biomimetic nitrogen-rich photocatalyst based on cadmium sulfide for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:954-962. [PMID: 34785470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel N-rich sugarcane-like photocatalyst CdS/C3N5 (CCN) was prepared by a thermal polymerization method and tested for generating H2 and realizing antiphotocorrosive performance. The best photocatalytic H2 evolution is obtained for a CdS to C3N5 mass ratio of 1:1 (CCN3), which is nearly 33 and 3 times higher than that of pure C3N5 and CdS, respectively. CCN3 can be used to effectively reduce CdS photocorrosion and increase stability because of its N-rich performance and sugarcane-like structure, which can affect electron transport and enhance the internal binding force, respectively. CCN3 can maintain a high H2 evolution ability after 5 cycles, while still maintaining the original sugarcane-like shape, which has an anti-photocorrosive ability.
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Zhu J, Zhang G, Xu YS, Huang W, He C, Zhang P, Mi H. Cyanamide defects induced built-in electric field in crystalline carbon nitride for enhanced visible to near infrared light photocatalytic activity. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00715k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nitride materials have achieved high accomplishments in solar to hydrogen energy conversion under visible light. However, the weak kinetics and rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers result in a...
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Teng M, Shi J, Qi H, Shi C, Wang W, Kang F, Eqi M, Huang Z. Effective enhancement of electron migration and photocatalytic performance of nitrogen-rich carbon nitride by constructing fungal carbon dot/molybdenum disulfide cocatalytic system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:592-605. [PMID: 34848061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To find a cocatalyst that can replace noble metals, fungal carbon dot (CD) modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) cocatalyst system was designed. The composites were prepared by hydrothermal and calcination methods with different ratios of CDs, MoS2 and nitrogen-rich carbon nitride (p-C3N5). p-C3N5 has excellent electronic properties, and MoS2 modified by CDs (D-MoS2) can significantly enhance the photocatalytic performance of p-C3N5 by improving the photogenerated electron migration efficiency. The experiments showed that the developed CDs/MoS2/C3N5 composites exhibited excellent performance in both photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution and methylene blue (MB) degradation, with CMSCN5 (D-MoS2 with 5% mass fraction) showing the best photocatalytic activity. The corresponding H2 evolution rate of CMSCN5 was 444 μmol g-1h-1 and 1.45 times higher than that of unmodified p-C3N5, by 120 min, the removal rate of MB was up to 93.51%. The 5 cycle tests showed that CMSCN5 had great stability. The high charge mobility and high density of H2 evolution active sites of MoS2 nanosheets, together with the electron storage and transfer properties of CDs can obviously improve electron migration and reduce the photogenerated carrier recombination on the p-C3N5 surface. The design and preparation of such composites offer broad prospects for the development of photocatalytic systems with noble metal-free cocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Teng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Junming Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Houjuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Weicong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fuyan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Malin Eqi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhanhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Bai X, Wang X, Lu X, Jia T, Sun B, Wang C, Hou S, Zong R. A fluorine induced enhancement of the surface polarization and crystallization of g-C 3N 4 for an efficient charge separation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A synergy of high crystallinity and surface polarization constructed by F doping dramatically promotes charge separation efficiency, significantly enhancing photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
| | - Xuyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Xiongwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Boxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Ruilong Zong
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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9
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Fu Z, Liu S, Mai Z, Tang Z, Qin DD, Tian Y, Wang X. Heterostructure and Oxygen Vacancies Promote NiFe 2 O 4 /Ni 3 S 4 toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Zn-Air Batteries. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3568-3574. [PMID: 32929867 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for the widespread applications of clean and sustainable energy through electrochemical devices such as zinc-air batteries and (photo)electrochemical water splitting. Constructing heterostructure and oxygen vacancies have demonstrated great promises to boost the OER performance. Herein, we report a facile strategy to fabricate hetero-structured NiFe2 O4 /Ni3 S4 nanorods, where NiFe2 O4 can be derived from Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The NiFe2 O4 /Ni3 S4 catalyst exhibited excellent OER performance, evidenced by an overpotential value of 357 mV at the current density of 20 mA cm-2 , and a small Tafel slope of 87.46 mV dec-1 in 1 M KOH, superior to the benchmark IrO2 catalyst. Moreover, NiFe2 O4 /Ni3 S4 outperformed with regard to long-term durability for OER than IrO2 . Such outstanding OER performance is mainly accounted by the interface between NiFe2 O4 and Ni3 S4 , and the presence of rich oxygen vacancies. When employed as air-cathode in zinc-air batteries, the NiFe2 O4 /Ni3 S4 decorated battery had a high round-trip efficiency of 62.1% at 10 h, and possessed long-term stability of >50 h. This study may pave the way for fabricating non-noble-metal-based cost-effective, efficient and durable electrocatalysts for OER, zinc-air batteries, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zequn Mai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghua Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yong Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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10
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Zhou Z, Li X, Shinde DB, Sheng G, Lu D, Li P, Lai Z. Tuning the Surface Structure of Polyamide Membranes Using Porous Carbon Nitride Nanoparticles for High-Performance Seawater Desalination. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080163. [PMID: 32722028 PMCID: PMC7466004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the water flux while maintaining the high salt rejection of existing reverse osmosis membranes remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we report the use of a porous carbon nitride (C3N4) nanoparticle to potentially improve both the water flux and salt rejection of the state-of-the-art polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) membranes. The organic–organic covalent bonds endowed C3N4 with great compatibility with the PA layer, which positively influenced the customization of interfacial polymerization (IP). Benefitting from the positive effects of C3N4, a more hydrophilic, more crumpled thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane with a larger surface area, and an increased cross-linking degree of PA layer was achieved. Moreover, the uniform porous structure of the C3N4 embedded in the ”ridge” sections of the PA layer potentially provided additional water channels. All these factors combined provided unprecedented performance for seawater desalination among all the PA-TFC membranes reported thus far. The water permeance of the optimized TFN membrane is 2.1-folds higher than that of the pristine PA-TFC membrane, while the NaCl rejection increased to 99.5% from 98.0%. Our method provided a promising way to improve the performance of the state-of-art PA-TFC membranes in seawater desalination.
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Zhang H, Tian W, Duan X, Sun H, Shen Y, Shao G, Wang S. Functional carbon nitride materials for water oxidation: from heteroatom doping to interface engineering. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6937-6952. [PMID: 32196063 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitrides (PCNs) are promising photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for water oxidation, as they are environmentally benign materials with an adjustable structure and facilely synthesized from inexpensive and abundant starting materials. In this minireview, we examine the state-of-the-art strategies for tailoring PCNs for efficient photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation, including heteroatom doping and interface engineering from band structure alignment (e.g., by coupling inorganic or organic semiconductors) to hybridization with nanoscale cocatalysts (e.g., nanosheets, nanoarrays, nanoparticles, and quantum dots) and sub-nanoscale cocatalysts (e.g., metallic molecular clusters and single-atom catalysts). Through establishing the structure-activity correlations, we aim to present a clear roadmap for providing insights into the design strategies, structure modification, and the improved catalytic performances of PCN-based materials in different catalytic water oxidation processes. For future guidance, we also propose some outlooks on the perspective and challenges of PCNs towards a better application in catalytic water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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12
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Lim Y, Lee DK, Kim SM, Park W, Cho SY, Sim U. Low Dimensional Carbon-Based Catalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic and Photo/Electrochemical Water Splitting Reactions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E114. [PMID: 31881793 PMCID: PMC6982202 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A universal increase in energy consumption and the dependency on fossil fuels have resulted in increasing severity of global warming, thus necessitating the search of new and environment-friendly energy sources. Hydrogen is as one of the energy sources that can resolve the abovementioned problems. Water splitting promotes ecofriendly hydrogen production without the formation of any greenhouse gas. The most common process for hydrogen production is electrolysis, wherein water molecules are separated into hydrogen and oxygen through electrochemical reactions. Solar-energy-induced chemical reactions, including photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry, have gained considerable attention because of the simplicity of their procedures and use of solar radiation as the energy source. To improve performance of water splitting reactions, the use of catalysts has been widely investigated. For example, the novel-metal catalysts possessing extremely high catalytic properties for various reactions have been considered. However, due to the rarity and high costs of the novel-metal materials, the catalysts were considered unsuitable for universal use. Although other transition-metal-based materials have also been investigated, carbon-based materials, which are obtained from one of the most common elements on Earth, have potential as low-cost, nontoxic, high-performance catalysts for both photo and electrochemical reactions. Because abundancy, simplicity of synthesis routes, and excellent performance are the important factors for catalysts, easy optimization and many variations are possible in carbon-materials, making them more attractive. In particular, low-dimensional carbon materials, such as graphene and graphitic carbon nitride, exhibit excellent performance because of their unique electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties. In this mini-review, we will discuss the performance of low-dimensional carbon-based materials for water splitting reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoongu Lim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.L.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.L.); (D.-K.L.)
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Woosung Park
- Division of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Sung Yong Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Uk Sim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (Y.L.); (D.-K.L.)
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13
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Wu P, Wu Z, Mullins DR, Yang SZ, Han X, Zhang Y, Foo GS, Li H, Zhu W, Dai S, Zhu H. Promoting Pt catalysis for CO oxidation via the Mott-Schottky effect. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18568-18574. [PMID: 31287484 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CO oxidation is an important reaction both experimentally and industrially, and its performance is usually dominated by the charge states of catalysts. For example, CO oxidation on the platinum (Pt) surface requires a properly charged state for the balance of adsorption and activation of CO and O2. Here, we present "Mott-Schottky modulated catalysis" on Pt nanoparticles (NPs) via an electron-donating carbon nitride (CN) support with a tunable Fermi level. We demonstrate that properly-charged Pt presents an excellent catalytic CO oxidation activity with an initial conversion temperature as low as 25 °C and total CO conversion below 85 °C. The tunable electronic structure of Pt NPs, which is regulated by the Fermi level of CN, is a key factor in dominating the catalytic performance. This "Mott-Schottky modulated catalysis" concept may be extended to maneuver the charge state on other metal catalysts for targeted catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China. and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Zili Wu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - David R Mullins
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Shi-Ze Yang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Guo Shiou Foo
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Wenshuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Huiyuan Zhu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA. and Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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14
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Ni@Ru core-shell nanoparticles on flower-like carbon nanosheets for hydrogen evolution reaction at All-pH values, oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting in alkaline solution. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Polymeric structure optimization of g-C 3N 4 by using confined argon-assisted highly-ionized ammonia plasma for improved photocatalytic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:214-223. [PMID: 31445449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of the polymeric structure and the modulation of surface amino groups in graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) are critical but challenging in improving the photoelectric and photocatalytic performances of this polymer semiconductor. Ammonia plasma treatment may provide a fast and useful approach to optimize g-CN materials yet is seriously restricted by the low ionization ability of ammonia. Herein, a confined fast and environmental-friendly ammonia plasma method based on argon-assisted high ionization of NH3 was developed for efficient modification of raw g-CN. Compared with the weakly-ionized pure ammonia plasma which can only introduce amino group onto the surface g-CN, the argon-assisted highly-ionized ammonia plasma treatment obviously contributes to the comprehensively polymeric structure optimization of g-CN, and thus plays a key role in enhancing its light-harvesting and decelerating the recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers. As a result, the argon-assisted highly-ionized ammonia plasma-treated g-CN-Ar+NH3 outperformed the raw g-CN by a 2.5-fold higher photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium and a remarkable 3.8-fold higher photocatalytic H2 evolution activity (up to 957.8 μmol·h-1·g-1) under visible light irradiation. Our findings suggest the great prospects of this novel highly-ionized ammonia plasma treatment method in the controllable modification of semiconductors and polymers.
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16
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Surendran S, Shanmugapriya S, Lee YS, Sim U, Selvan RK. Carbon‐Enriched Cobalt Phosphide with Assorted Nanostructure as a Multifunctional Electrode for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Surendran
- Energy Storage and Conversion Devices LaboratoryDepartment of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641–046, Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringChonnam National University, Gwangju 61186 South Korea
| | - Sathyanarayanan Shanmugapriya
- Energy Storage and Conversion Devices LaboratoryDepartment of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641–046, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Yun Sung Lee
- Faculty of Applied Chemical EngineeringChonnam National University, Gwangju 500–757 South Korea
| | - Uk Sim
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringChonnam National University, Gwangju 61186 South Korea
| | - Ramakrishnan Kalai Selvan
- Energy Storage and Conversion Devices LaboratoryDepartment of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641–046, Tamil Nadu India
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17
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Wang S, Teng Z, Wang C, Wang G. Stable and Efficient Nitrogen-Containing Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts for Reactions in Energy-Conversion Systems. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2267-2295. [PMID: 29770593 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High activity and stability are crucial for the practical use of electrocatalysts in fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and water electrolysis, including the oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and oxidation reactions of formic acid and alcohols. Electrocatalysts based on nitrogen-containing carbon (N-C) materials show promise in catalyzing these reactions; however, there is no systematic review of strategies for the engineering of active and stable N-C-based electrocatalysts. Herein, a comprehensive comparison of recently reported N-C-based electrocatalysts regarding both electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability is presented. In the first part of this review, the relationships between the electrocatalytic reactions and selection of the element to modify the N-C-based materials are discussed. Afterwards, synthesis methods for N-C-based electrocatalysts are summarized, and strategies for the synthesis of highly stable N-C-based electrocatalysts are presented. Multiple tables containing data on crucial parameters for both electrocatalytic activity and stability are displayed in this review. Finally, constructing M-Nx moieties is proposed as the most promising engineering strategy for stable N-C-based electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Zhengyuan Teng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Chengyin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Center for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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18
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Ye S, Ding C, Chen R, Fan F, Fu P, Yin H, Wang X, Wang Z, Du P, Li C. Mimicking the Key Functions of Photosystem II in Artificial Photosynthesis for Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3250-3256. [PMID: 29338218 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been anticipated that learning from nature photosynthesis is a rational and effective way to develop artificial photosynthesis system, but it is still a great challenge. Here, we assembled a photoelectrocatalytic system by mimicking the functions of photosystem II (PSII) with BiVO4 semiconductor as a light harvester protected by a layered double hydroxide (NiFeLDH) as a hole storage layer, a partially oxidized graphene (pGO) as biomimetic tyrosine for charge transfer, and molecular Co cubane as oxygen evolution complex. The integrated system exhibited an unprecedentedly low onset potential (0.17 V) and a high photocurrent (4.45 mA cm-2), with a 2.0% solar to hydrogen efficiency. Spectroscopic studies revealed that this photoelectrocatalytic system exhibited superiority in charge separation and transfer by benefiting from mimicking the key functions of PSII. The success of the biomimetic strategy opened up new ways for the rational design and assembly of artificial photosynthesis systems for efficient solar-to-fuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ye
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , Hefei 230026 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Chunmei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Ruotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Ping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Heng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Pingwu Du
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Can Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , Hefei 230026 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhongshan Road 457 , Dalian 116023 , China
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19
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Wu W, Li X, Ruan Z, Li Y, Xu X, Yuan Y, Lin K. Fabrication of a TiO2 trapped meso/macroporous g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst and understanding its enhanced photocatalytic activity based on optical simulation analysis. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced photocatalytic performance of a TiO2 nanoparticle trapped meso/macroporous g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst is strongly related to its enhanced light absorption as revealed by optical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbao Wu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Xu Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Zhaohui Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
- School of Energy Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
| | - Yudong Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Xianzhu Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
- School of Energy Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
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20
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Zhu YP, Ran J, Qiao SZ. Scalable Self-Supported Graphene Foam for High-Performance Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41980-41987. [PMID: 29115135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient electrocatalysts consisting of earth-abundant elements for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for energy devices and technologies. Herein, we report self-supported highly porous nitrogen-doped graphene foam synthesized through the electrochemical expansion of carbon-fiber paper and subsequent nitrogen plasma treatment. A thorough characterization, such as electron microscopy and synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, indicates the well-developed porous structures featuring homogeneously doped nitrogen heteroatoms. These merits ensure enriched active sites, an enlarged active surface area, and improved mass/electron transport within the continuous graphene framework, thus leading to an outstanding capability toward electrocatalyzing OER in alkaline media, even competitive with the state-of-the-art noble-/transition-metal and nonmetal electrocatalysts reported to date, from the perspectives of the sharp onset potential, a small Tafel slope, and remarkable durability. Furthermore, a rechargeable Zn-air battery with this self-supported electrocatalyst directly used as the air cathode renders a low charge/discharge overpotential and considerable life span. The finding herein suggests that a rational methodology to synthesize graphene-based materials can significantly enhance the oxygen electrocatalysis, thereby promoting the overall performance of the energy-related system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Pei Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jingrun Ran
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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21
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Lu F, Zhou M, Zhou Y, Zeng X. First-Row Transition Metal Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Alkaline Conditions: Basic Principles and Recent Advances. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701931. [PMID: 28960830 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its abundance, high gravimetric energy density, and environmental friendliness, hydrogen is a promising renewable energy to replace fossil fuels. One of the most prominent routes toward hydrogen acquisition is water splitting, which is currently bottlenecked by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Numerous of electrocatalysts have been developed in the past decades to accelerate the OER process. Up to now, the first-row transition metal based compounds are in pole position under alkaline conditions, which have become subjects of extensive studies. Recently, significant advances in providing compelling catalytic performance as well as exploring their catalytic mechanisms have been achieved in this area. In this review, we summarized the fundamentals and recent progresses in first-row transition metal based OER catalysts, with special emphasis on the pathways of promoting catalytic performance by concrete strategies. New insight into material design, particularly the role of experimental approaches in the electrocatalytic performance and reaction mechanisms of OER are expected to be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, and Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Physical Science and Technology, and Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Yuxue Zhou
- College of Physical Science and Technology, and Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Xianghua Zeng
- College of Physical Science and Technology, and Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
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