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Shellaiah M, Sun KW, Thirumalaivasan N, Bhushan M, Murugan A. Sensing Utilities of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites and Composites: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2504. [PMID: 38676122 PMCID: PMC11054776 DOI: 10.3390/s24082504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the utilization of metal halide perovskites in sensing and their application in environmental studies have reached a new height. Among the different metal halide perovskites, cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3; X = Cl, Br, and I) and composites have attracted great interest in sensing applications owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. Most CsPbX3 nanostructures and composites possess great structural stability, luminescence, and electrical properties for developing distinct optical and photonic devices. When exposed to light, heat, and water, CsPbX3 and composites can display stable sensing utilities. Many CsPbX3 and composites have been reported as probes in the detection of diverse analytes, such as metal ions, anions, important chemical species, humidity, temperature, radiation photodetection, and so forth. So far, the sensing studies of metal halide perovskites covering all metallic and organic-inorganic perovskites have already been reviewed in many studies. Nevertheless, a detailed review of the sensing utilities of CsPbX3 and composites could be helpful for researchers who are looking for innovative designs using these nanomaterials. Herein, we deliver a thorough review of the sensing utilities of CsPbX3 and composites, in the quantitation of metal ions, anions, chemicals, explosives, bioanalytes, pesticides, fungicides, cellular imaging, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic gases, humidity, temperature, radiation, and photodetection. Furthermore, this review also covers the synthetic pathways, design requirements, advantages, limitations, and future directions for this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Research and Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Natesan Thirumalaivasan
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mayank Bhushan
- Department of Research and Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Arumugam Murugan
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar 791109, India;
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2
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Ganesh Moorthy S, Arvidson J, Meunier-Prest R, Wang H, Bouvet M. π-Extended Porphyrin-Phthalocyanine Heterojunction Devices Exhibiting High Ammonia Sensitivity with a Remarkable Light Effect. ACS Sens 2024; 9:883-894. [PMID: 38241640 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
π-Extended porphyrins represent an attractive class of organic compounds because of their unique photophysical, optoelectronic, and physicochemical properties. Herein, cross-conjugated (Ace-PQ-Ni) and linear-conjugated (AM6) porphyrins are used to build double-layer heterojunction devices by combining them with a lutetium bisphthalocyanine complex (LuPc2). The heterojunction effect at the porphyrin-phthalocyanine interface plays a key role in the charge transport properties. Both devices exhibit exceptionally high ammonia sensitivity at room temperature and under ambient relative humidity, with limit of detection values of 156 and 115 ppb for Ace-PQ-Ni/LuPc2 and AM6/LuPc2 sensors, respectively. Interestingly, the Ace-PQ-Ni/LuPc2 and AM6/LuPc2 sensors display opposite effects upon light illumination. While the former sensors show largely decreased ammonia sensitivity under light illumination, the current variation of the latter under ammonia is remarkably enhanced with a multiplication factor of 13 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 83 ppb. The striking difference in their sensing properties upon light illumination is attributed to their different π-conjugation pathways (cross-conjugation versus linear conjugation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujithkumar Ganesh Moorthy
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Jacob Arvidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W. Mulberry Street, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Rita Meunier-Prest
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W. Mulberry Street, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Marcel Bouvet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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Li DY, Kang HY, Liu YH, Zhang J, Yue CY, Yan D, Lei XW. A 0D hybrid lead-free halide with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield toward multifunctional optoelectronic applications. Chem Sci 2024; 15:953-963. [PMID: 38239673 PMCID: PMC10793591 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid metal halides have emerged as highly efficient luminescent materials, but integrated multifunction in a structural platform remains a significant challenge. Herein, a new hybrid 0D indium halide of (Im-BDMPA)InCl6·H2O was designed as a highly efficient luminescent emitter and X-ray scintillator toward multiple optoelectronic applications. Specifically, it displays strong broadband yellow light emission with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) through Sb3+ doping, acting as a down-conversion phosphor to fabricate high-performance white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). Benefiting from the high PLQY and negligible self-absorption characteristics, this halide exhibits extraordinary X-ray scintillation performance with a high light yield of 55 320 photons per MeV, which represents a new scintillator in 0D hybrid indium halides. Further combined merits of a low detection limit (0.0853 μGyair s-1), ultra-high spatial resolution of 17.25 lp per mm and negligible afterglow time (0.48 ms) demonstrate its excellent application prospects in X-ray imaging. In addition, this 0D halide also exhibits reversible luminescence off-on switching toward tribromomethane (TBM) but fails in any other organic solvents with an ultra-low detection limit of 0.1 ppm, acting as a perfect real-time fluorescent probe to detect TBM with ultrahigh sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability. Therefore, this work highlights the multiple optoelectronic applications of 0D hybrid lead-free halides in white LEDs, X-ray scintillation, fluorescence sensors, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yang Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Materials, Jining University Qufu Shandong 273155 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Huai-Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Materials, Jining University Qufu Shandong 273155 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Yang Yue
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Materials, Jining University Qufu Shandong 273155 P. R. China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Materials, Jining University Qufu Shandong 273155 P. R. China
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4
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Li S, Lin H, Chu C, Martin C, MacSwain W, Meulenberg RW, Franck JM, Chakraborty A, Zheng W. Interfacial B-Site Ion Diffusion in All-Inorganic Core/Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22467-22477. [PMID: 37962602 PMCID: PMC10690799 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic metal halide perovskites (ABX3, X = Cl, Br, or I) show great potential for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, but the toxicity and instability of lead-based perovskites limit their applications. Shell passivation with a more stable lead-free perovskite is a promising strategy to isolate unstable components from the environment as well as a feasible way to tune the optical properties. However, it is challenging to grow core/shell perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) due to the soft ionic nature of the perovskite lattice. In this work, we developed a facile method to grow a lead-free CsMnCl3 shell on the surface of CsPbCl3 NCs to form CsPbCl3/CsMnCl3 core/shell NCs with enhanced environmental stability and improved photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs). More importantly, the resulting core/shell perovskite NCs have color-tunable PL due to B-site ion diffusion at the interface of the core/shell NCs. Specifically, B-site Mn diffusion from the CsMnCl3 shell to the CsPbCl3 core leads to a Mn-doped CsPbCl3 core (i.e., Mn:CsPbCl3), which can turn on the Mn PL at around 600 nm. The ratio of Mn PL and host CsPbCl3 PL is highly tunable as a function of the thermal annealing time of the CsPbCl3/CsMnCl3 core/shell NCs. While the halide anion exchange for all-inorganic metal halide perovskites has been well-developed for band-gap-engineered materials, interfacial B-site diffusion in core/shell perovskite NCs is a promising approach for both tunable optical properties and enhanced environmental stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Hanjie Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chun Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chandler Martin
- Department
of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Walker MacSwain
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Robert W. Meulenberg
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Frontier Institute for Research in Sensor
Technologies, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - John M. Franck
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Arindam Chakraborty
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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5
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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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6
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Wang Y, Liu J, Song Y, Yu J, Tian Y, Robson MJ, Wang J, Zhang Z, Lin X, Zhou G, Wang Z, Shen L, Zhao H, Grasso S, Ciucci F. High-Entropy Perovskites for Energy Conversion and Storage: Design, Synthesis, and Potential Applications. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201138. [PMID: 36843320 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites have shown tremendous promise as functional materials for several energy conversion and storage technologies, including rechargeable batteries, (electro)catalysts, fuel cells, and solar cells. Due to their excellent operational stability and performance, high-entropy perovskites (HEPs) have emerged as a new type of perovskite framework. Herein, this work reviews the recent progress in the development of HEPs, including synthesis methods and applications. Effective strategies for the design of HEPs through atomistic computations are also surveyed. Finally, an outlook of this field provides guidance for the development of new and improved HEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Matthew James Robson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xidong Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Longyun Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hailei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Lab for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Salvatore Grasso
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Francesco Ciucci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518048, P. R. China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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7
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Xuan W, Zheng L, Cao L, Miao S, Hu D, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Qiang Y, Gu X, Huang S. Machine Learning-Assisted Sensor Based on CsPbBr 3@ZnO Nanocrystals for Identifying Methanol in Mixed Environments. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1252-1260. [PMID: 36897934 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Methanol is a respiratory biomarker for pulmonary diseases, including COVID-19, and is a common chemical that may harm people if they are accidentally exposed to it. It is significant to effectively identify methanol in complex environments, yet few sensors can do so. In this work, the strategy of coating perovskites with metal oxides is proposed to synthesize core-shell CsPbBr3@ZnO nanocrystals. The CsPbBr3@ZnO sensor displays a response/recovery time of 3.27/3.11 s to 10 ppm methanol at room temperature, with a detection limit of 1 ppm. Using machine learning algorithms, the sensor can effectively identify methanol from an unknown gas mixture with 94% accuracy. Meanwhile, density functional theory is used to reveal the formation process of the core-shell structure and the target gas identification mechanism. The strong adsorption between CsPbBr3 and the ligand zinc acetylacetonate lays the foundation for the formation of the core-shell structure. The crystal structure, density of states, and band structure were influenced by different gases, which results in different response/recovery behaviors and makes it possible to identify methanol from mixed environments. Furthermore, due to the formation of type II band alignment, the gas response performance of the sensor is further improved under UV light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufan Xuan
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujie Miao
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dunan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Advanced Analysis & Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinghuai Qiang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuquan Gu
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Wei S, Li Z, Murugappan K, Li Z, Zhang F, Saraswathyvilasam AG, Lysevych M, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Tricoli A, Fu L. A Self-Powered Portable Nanowire Array Gas Sensor for Dynamic NO 2 Monitoring at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207199. [PMID: 36502280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fast development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven an increasing consumer demand for self-powered gas sensors for real-time data collection and autonomous responses in industries such as environmental monitoring, workplace safety, smart cities, and personal healthcare. Despite intensive research and rapid progress in the field, most reported self-powered devices, specifically NO2 sensors for air pollution monitoring, have limited sensitivity, selectivity, and scalability. Here, a novel photovoltaic self-powered NO2 sensor is demonstrated based on axial p-i-n homojunction InP nanowire (NW) arrays, that overcome these limitations. The optimized innovative InP NW array device is designed by numerical simulation for insights into sensing mechanisms and performance enhancement. Without a power source, this InP NW sensor achieves an 84% sensing response to 1 ppm NO2 and records a limit of detection down to the sub-ppb level, with little dependence on the incident light intensity, even under <5% of 1 sun illumination. Based on this great environmental fidelity, the sensor is integrated into a commercial microchip interface to evaluate its performance in the context of dynamic environmental monitoring of motor vehicle exhaust. The results show that compound semiconductor nanowires can form promising self-powered sensing platforms suitable for future mega-scale IoT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wei
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Krishnan Murugappan
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Mineral Resources, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, 3169, Australia
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Fanlu Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Aswani Gopakumar Saraswathyvilasam
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mykhaylo Lysevych
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lan Fu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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9
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Romero-Pérez C, Zanetta A, Fernández-Delgado N, Herrera-Collado M, Hernández-Saz J, Molina SI, Caliò L, Calvo ME, Míguez H. Responsive Optical Materials Based on Ligand-Free Perovskite Quantum Dots Embedded in Mesoporous Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1808-1816. [PMID: 36534002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein we show that dispersing inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) in optical quality films, possessing an accessible and controlled pore size distribution, gives rise to fluorescent materials with a controlled and highly sensitive response to ambient changes. A scaffold-based synthesis approach is employed to obtain ligand-free QDs, whose pristine surface endows them with high sensitivity to the presence of different vapors in their vicinity. At the same time, the void network of the host offers a means to gradually expose the embedded QDs to such vapors. Under these conditions, the luminescent response of the QDs is mediated by the mesostructure of the matrix, which determines the rate at which vapor molecules will adsorb onto the pore walls and, eventually, condensate, filling the void space. With luminescence quantum yields as high as 60%, scaffold-supported ligand-free perovskite nanocrystals display intense photoemission signals over the whole process, as well as high photo- and chemical stability, which allows illuminating them for long periods of time and recovering the original response upon desorption of the condensed phase. The results herein presented open a new route to explore the application of perovskite QD-based materials in sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla), C/Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrea Zanetta
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla), C/Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092Sevilla, Spain
| | - Natalia Fernández-Delgado
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic-Collado Chemistry IMEYMAT, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Miriam Herrera-Collado
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic-Collado Chemistry IMEYMAT, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Hernández-Saz
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio Ignacio Molina
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic-Collado Chemistry IMEYMAT, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Laura Caliò
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla), C/Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mauricio E Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla), C/Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hernán Míguez
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla), C/Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092Sevilla, Spain
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10
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Bhosale MK, Kazi AI, Pawar KK, Shingate RS, Kadam AD, Patil NJ, Sheikh AD. Eco-friendly MA 3Bi 2I 9perovskite thin films based ammonia sensor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:065501. [PMID: 36347030 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca0f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskite halides (OIPH) have emerged as a wonder material with growing interest in sensors detecting various toxic gases. However, lead toxicity represents a potential obstacle, and therefore finding lead-free cost-effective compatible materials for gas sensing applications is essential. In this work, methylammonium bismuth iodide i.e. (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9(MABI) perovskite thin films-based ammonia (NH3) sensor was synthesized using an antisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating method. The MABI sensor shows a linear relationship between the responsivity and concentration of NH3with excellent reversibility, high gas responsivity, and humidity stability. The MABI thin-film sensor exhibits a maximum gas response of 24%, a short response/recovery time i.e. 0.14 s /8.15 s and good reversibility at 6 ppm of NH3. It was observed that MABI thin films based sensors have excellent ambient stability over a couple of months. This work reveals that it is feasible to design high-performance gas sensors based on environmentally-friendly Bi-based OIPH materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bhosale
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - A I Kazi
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - K K Pawar
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - R S Shingate
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - A D Kadam
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - N J Patil
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arif D Sheikh
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Somathne, Mumbai, 410206, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Xu X, Wang S, Chen Y, Liu W, Wang X, Jiang H, Ma S, Yun P. CsPbBr 3-Based Nanostructures for Room-Temperature Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39524-39534. [PMID: 35976102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic halide perovskites, as a dominant member of the perovskite family, have been proven to be excellent semiconductors due to the great successes for solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and nanocrystal photocatalysts. Despite the remarkable advances in those fields, there are few research studies focusing on gas and humidity-sensing performances, especially for pure CsPbBr3 and heterogeneous CsPbBr3@MoS2 composites. Here, we first report a valuable CsPbBr3 sensor prepared by electrospinning, and the excellent gas sensing performances are investigated. The CsPbBr3 sensor can quickly and effectively detect ethanolamine at room temperature. The response time is only 16 s, and the response to 100 ppm ethanolamine is as high as 29.87, besides the excellent repeatability and good stability. The theoretical detection limit is estimated to be 21 ppb. Furthermore, considering the irreplaceable role of heterostructures in regulating the electronic structure and supporting rich reaction boundaries, we also actively explored the EA sensitivity of inorganic CsPbBr3-based heterogeneous composites CsPbBr3@MoS2. At the same time, the roles of the critical capping agents OA and OAm are systematically investigated. This work demonstrates the great potential of all-inorganic halide perovskites in promising volatile organic compound detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Wangwang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongtao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengdou Yun
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics & Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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12
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Mat Yunin MYA, Mohd Adenam N, Khairul WM, Yusoff AH, Adli HK. Effect of Stability of Two-Dimensional (2D) Aminoethyl Methacrylate Perovskite Using Lead-Based Materials for Ammonia Gas Sensor Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1853. [PMID: 35567022 PMCID: PMC9105985 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in physical properties of (H2C=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2NH3)2PbI2Cl2 and (H2C=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2NH3)2Pb(NO3)2Cl2 (2D) perovskite materials from iodide-based (I-AMP) and nitrate-based (N-AMP) leads were investigated at different durations (days) for various storage conditions. UV-Vis spectra of both samples showed an absorption band of around λmax 420 nm due to the transition of n to π* of ethylene (C=C) and amine (NH2). XRD perovskite peaks could be observed at approximately 25.35° (I-AMP) and 23.1° (N-AMP). However, a major shift in I-AMP and dramatic changes in the crystallite size, FHWM and crystallinity percentage highlighted the instability of the iodide-based material. In contrast, N-AMP showed superior stability with 96.76% crystallinity even at D20 under the S condition. Both materials were exposed to ammonia (NH3) gas, and a new XRD peak of ammonium lead iodide (NH4PbI3) with a red-shifted perovskite peak (101) was observed for the case of I-AMP. Based on the FWHM, crystallite size, crystallinity and lattice strain analysis, it can be concluded N-AMP's stability was maintained even after a few days of exposure to the said gases. These novel nitrate-based lead perovskite materials exhibited great potential for stable perovskite 2D materials and recorded less toxicity compared to famous lead iodide (PbI2) material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norfatihah Mohd Adenam
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia; (M.Y.A.M.Y.); (N.M.A.)
| | - Wan M. Khairul
- Advanced Nano Materials (ANoMa) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Hafidz Yusoff
- Gold Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre (GREAT), Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
| | - Hasyiya Karimah Adli
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Kota Bharu 16100, Malaysia
- Department of Data Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Kota Bharu 16100, Malaysia
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13
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Jia L, Wu J, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Jia B, Chen Z, Moss DJ. Fabrication Technologies for the On-Chip Integration of 2D Materials. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101435. [PMID: 34994111 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With compact footprint, low energy consumption, high scalability, and mass producibility, chip-scale integrated devices are an indispensable part of modern technological change and development. Recent advances in 2D layered materials with their unique structures and distinctive properties have motivated their on-chip integration, yielding a variety of functional devices with superior performance and new features. To realize integrated devices incorporating 2D materials, it requires a diverse range of device fabrication techniques, which are of fundamental importance to achieve good performance and high reproducibility. This paper reviews the state-of-art fabrication techniques for the on-chip integration of 2D materials. First, an overview of the material properties and on-chip applications of 2D materials is provided. Second, different approaches used for integrating 2D materials on chips are comprehensively reviewed, which are categorized into material synthesis, on-chip transfer, film patterning, and property tuning/modification. Third, the methods for integrating 2D van der Waals heterostructures are also discussed and summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Jia
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Jiayang Wu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yang Qu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Zhigang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - David J Moss
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
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14
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Suh JM, Cho D, Lee S, Lee TH, Jung JW, Lee J, Cho SH, Eom TH, Hong JW, Shim YS, Jeon S, Jang HW. Rationally Designed TiO 2 Nanostructures of Continuous Pore Network for Fast-Responding and Highly Sensitive Acetone Sensor. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100941. [PMID: 34928023 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the last several years, indoor air quality monitoring has been a significant issue due to the increasing time portion of indoor human activities. Especially, the early detection of volatile organic compounds potentially harmful to the human body by the prolonged exposure is the primary concern for public human health, and such technology is imperatively desired. In this study, highly porous and periodic 3D TiO2 nanostructures are designed and studied for this concern. Specifically, extremely high gas molecule accessibility throughout the whole nanostructures and precisely controlled internecks of 3D TiO2 nanostructures can achieve an unprecedented gas response of 299 to 50 ppm CH3 COCH3 with an extremely fast response time of less than 1s. The systematic approach to utilize the whole inner and outer surfaces of the gas sensing materials and periodically formed internecks to localize the current paths in this study can provide highly promising perspectives to advance the development of chemoresistive gas sensors using metal oxide nanostructures for the Internet of Everything application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jung
- Structural Safety & Prognosis Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wuk Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Shim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Silla University, Busan, 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chen X, Yu Y, Yang C, Yin J, Song X, Li J, Fei H. Fabrication of Robust and Porous Lead Chloride-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks toward a Selective and Sensitive Smart NH 3 Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52765-52774. [PMID: 34702027 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organolead halide materials have shown promising optoelectronic properties that are suitable for light-emitting diodes (e.g., strong photoluminescence, narrow emission width, and high charge carrier mobility). However, the vast majority of them have no open porosity or open metal sites for host-guest interactions and are therefore not widely applicable in intrinsic fluorescent sensing of small molecules. Herein, we report a lead chloride-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with high porosity and stability and promising photoluminescent characteristics, performing as a sensitive, selective, and long-term stable fluorescence probe for NH3. For the first time, a homemade dynamic real-time photoluminescence monitoring system was developed, which showed that our haloplumbate-based MOF has an immediate response and an extremely low limit of detection (12 ppm) toward NH3. A variety of experimental characterization and theoretical calculations evidenced that the photoluminescence quenching was ascribed to the coordination between NH3 guests and exposed Pb2+ centers in MOFs. Moreover, a portable on-site smart NH3 detector was designed based on this haloplumbate-MOF using a 3D printer, and the quantitative recovery experiment demonstrated the effective detection of NH3 in the range of 15-150 ppm. This study opens a new pathway to design organolead halide-based MOFs to perform on-site chemical sensing of small molecules and shows their high potential to monitor safety concentrations of NH3 in different industrial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Chenxiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xueling Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Honghan Fei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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16
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Chen ZK, Ye W, Lin HZ, Yu C, He JH, Lu JM. Lead-Free Halide Cs 2PtI 6 Perovskite Favoring Pt-N Bonding for Trace NO Detection. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3800-3807. [PMID: 34550676 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the performance research of perovskite materials is not only concentrated in the field of solar cells or optics, but the field of gas sensing has gradually entered the public view. However, the detection of nitric oxide (NO) by lead-free halide perovskites has not yet been reported. Herein, we use Cs2PtI6 to realize the first example of a halide perovskite applied to NO sensing. Due to favoring Pt-N binding, the material has some excellent properties such as a NO detection limit as low as 100 parts-per-billion (ppb), ultrahigh selectivity to NO, and can work at room temperature for more than 2 months. In situ sum frequency generation (SFG) spectra and crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis reveal that the strong bonding interaction between Pt 5s and N 2s ensure the high adsorption energy, and Pt 5d electron back donation to N 2px, N 2pz antibonding causes the conductive change of the sensors. In addition, its flexible wearable technology shows the application potential of the device and promotes the further development of perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Kun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wen Ye
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Zhen Lin
- Department i-LAB, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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17
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Zhang B, Wang X, Yang Y, Hu B, Tong L, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lu Q. Sensing Mechanism of H 2O, NH 3, and O 2 on the Stability-Improved Cs 2Pb(SCN) 2Br 2 Surface: A Quantum Dynamics Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24244-24255. [PMID: 34568702 PMCID: PMC8459405 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the perovskite sensing materials have shown high sensitivity and ideal selectivity toward neutral, oxidative, or reductive gases, their structural instability hampers the practical application. To exploit perovskite-based gas-sensing materials with improved stability and decent sensitivity, three adsorption complexes of H2O, NH3, and O2 on the Cs2Pb(SCN)2Br2 surface are built by doping Br- and Cs+ in the parent (CH3NH3)2Pb(SCN)2I2 structure and submitted to quantum dynamics simulations. Changes in the semiconductor material geometric structures during these dynamic processes are analyzed and adsorption ability and charge transfer between Cs2Pb(SCN)2Br2 and the gas molecules are explored so as to further establish a correlation between the geometrical structure variations and the charge transfer. By comparing with the previous CH3NH3PbI3 and (CH3NH3)2Pb(SCN)2I2 adsorption systems, we propose the key factors that enhance the stability of perovskite structures in different atmospheres. The current work is expected to provide clues for developing innovative perovskite sensing materials or for constructing reasonable sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
- State
Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable
Energy Sources, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Yang Yang
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Bin Hu
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
- State
Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable
Energy Sources, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Lei Tong
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Ying Liu
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Li Zhao
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
| | - Qiang Lu
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
- School
of New Energy, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
- State
Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable
Energy Sources, North China Electric Power
University, 2 Beinong
Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R.
China
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18
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Vijjapu MT, Surya SG, He JH, Salama KN. Highly Selective Self-Powered Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Heterojunction of a Halide Perovskite and InGaZnO NO 2 Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40460-40470. [PMID: 34415137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered sensors can lead to disruptive advances in self-sustainable sensing systems that are imperative for evolving human lifestyles. For the first time, we demonstrate the fabrication of a heterojunction sensor using p-type hybrid-halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbBr3) and an n-type semiconducting metal oxide thin film [InGaZnO (IGZO)] for the detection of NO2 gas and power generation. Combining the excellent photoelectric properties of perovskites and the remarkable gas-sensing properties of IGZO at room temperature, the devised sensors generate open-circuit voltage and modulate according to the ambient NO2 concentration. The major challenge in devising self-powered gas sensors is to attain harvesting capability and selectivity simultaneously, owing to perovskites reactivity in the presence of oxygen and humidity. In this work, we developed a novel approach and fabricated a heterojunction sensor using parylene-c as an additional layer to curb the cross-sensitivity and to enhance the selectivity of the sensor. Even under the low concentrations of NO2, the developed sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability. The devices are sensitive and robust even under extreme humidity conditions (80% RH) and synthetic air. The devised sensor configuration is one way to eliminate the cross-sensitivity issue of the perovskite-based devices and serves as a reference for the development of self-powered sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Teja Vijjapu
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep G Surya
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jr-Hau He
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Khaled N Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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19
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Ye W, He JH, Cao Q, Sun WJ, Wang J, Chen ZK, Cheng XF, Yu C, Lu JM. Surfactant-Free, One-Step Synthesis of Lead-Free Perovskite Hollow Nanospheres for Trace CO Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100674. [PMID: 33960036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their special photoelectric properties, halide perovskites have always attracted research attention. Hollow-structured halide perovskites have many practical applications but are challenging to prepare as most template methods violate their poor chemical and thermal stability. In this study, novel halide perovskite Cs2 PdBr6 hollow nanospheres are prepared using a template-free method; specifically, large quantities of highly pure lead-free halide perovskite Cs2 PdBr6 hollow nanospheres are produced at 30 °C without a surfactant. These ultrapure nanospheres exhibit superiority in chemresistive detection of CO with a detection limit of 50 ppb, which is the lowest among all the reported CO sensing materials. Moreover, in situ sum-frequency-generation spectra and density functional theory calculations reveal that the high sensitivity is attributable to the large specific surface area and surfactant-free surface of rich Br- vacancies that favor CO binding. Overall, this work provides insight on regulation of the halide perovskite structure and the use of hollow spheres in gas-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ye
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Cao
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Ji Sun
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Kun Chen
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Cheng
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Yu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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20
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Lim K, Jo YM, Yoon JW, Kim JS, Lee DJ, Moon YK, Yoon JW, Kim JH, Choi HJ, Lee JH. A Transparent Nanopatterned Chemiresistor: Visible-Light Plasmonic Sensor for Trace-Level NO 2 Detection at Room Temperature. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100438. [PMID: 33817966 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The highly selective detection of trace gases using transparent sensors at room temperature remains challenging. Herein, transparent nanopatterned chemiresistors composed of aligned 1D Au-SnO2 nanofibers, which can detect toxic NO2 gas at room temperature under visible light illumination is reported. Ten straight Au-SnO2 nanofibers are patterned on a glass substrate with transparent electrodes assisted by direct-write, near-field electrospinning, whose extremely low coverage of sensing materials (≈0.3%) lead to the high transparency (≈93%) of the sensor. The sensor exhibits a highly selective, sensitive, and reproducible response to sub-ppm levels of NO2 , and its detection limit is as low as 6 ppb. The unique room-temperature NO2 sensing under visible light emanates from the localized surface plasmonic resonance effect of Au nanoparticles, thereby enabling the design of new transparent oxide-based gas sensors without external heaters or light sources. The patterning of nanofibers with extremely low coverage provides a general strategy to design diverse compositions of gas sensors, which can facilitate the development of a wide range of new applications in transparent electronics and smart windows wirelessly connected to the Internet of Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeorei Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Moo Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Information Materials Engineering, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kook Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Ji Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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21
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Xu C, Song Y, Han M, Zhang H. Portable and wearable self-powered systems based on emerging energy harvesting technology. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:25. [PMID: 34567739 PMCID: PMC8433392 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A self-powered system based on energy harvesting technology can be a potential candidate for solving the problem of supplying power to electronic devices. In this review, we focus on portable and wearable self-powered systems, starting with typical energy harvesting technology, and introduce portable and wearable self-powered systems with sensing functions. In addition, we demonstrate the potential of self-powered systems in actuation functions and the development of self-powered systems toward intelligent functions under the support of information processing and artificial intelligence technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Song
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
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22
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Cho D, Suh JM, Nam S, Park SY, Park M, Lee TH, Choi KS, Lee J, Ahn C, Jang HW, Shim Y, Jeon S. Optically Activated 3D Thin-Shell TiO 2 for Super-Sensitive Chemoresistive Responses: Toward Visible Light Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001883. [PMID: 33552851 PMCID: PMC7856904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the well-known strategies for achieving high-performance light-activated gas sensors is to design a nanostructure for effective surface responses with its geometric advances. However, no study has gone beyond the benefits of the large surface area and provided fundamental strategies to offer a rational structure for increasing their optical and chemical performances. Here, a new class of UV-activated sensing nanoarchitecture made of highly periodic 3D TiO2, which facilitates 55 times enhanced light absorption by confining the incident light in the nanostructure, is prepared as an active gas channel. The key parameters, such as the total 3D TiO2 film and thin-shell thicknesses, are precisely optimized by finite element analysis. Collectively, this fundamental design leads to ultrahigh chemoresistive response to NO2 with a theoretical detection limit of ≈200 ppt. The demonstration of high responses with visible light illumination proposes a future perspective for light-activated gas sensors based on semiconducting oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter for Bio‐Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Jun Min Suh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soon Choi
- National research Facilities and Equipment Center (NFEC)Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)Daejeon34133Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Changui Ahn
- Engineering Ceramic CenterKorea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and TechnologyIcheon17303Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Seok Shim
- Division of Materials Science and EngineeringSilla UniversityBusan46958Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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23
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De Giorgi ML, Milanese S, Klini A, Anni M. Environment-Induced Reversible Modulation of Optical and Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites and Possible Applications to Sensor Development: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:705. [PMID: 33572957 PMCID: PMC7866427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites are currently widely investigated as active materials in photonic and optoelectronic devices. While the lack of long term stability actually limits their application to commercial devices, several experiments demonstrated that beyond the irreversible variation of the material properties due to degradation, several possibilities exist to reversibly modulate the perovskite characteristics by acting on the environmental conditions. These results clear the way to possible applications of lead halide perovskites to resistive and optical sensors. In this review we will describe the current state of the art of the comprehension of the environmental effects on the optical and electronic properties of lead halide perovskites, and of the exploitation of these results for the development of perovskite-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa De Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Stefania Milanese
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Argyro Klini
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, P.O. Box 1385, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece;
| | - Marco Anni
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.)
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Abstract
Recently, perovskite-based nanomaterials are utilized in diverse sustainable applications. Their unique structural characteristics allow researchers to explore functionalities towards diverse directions, such as solar cells, light emitting devices, transistors, sensors, etc. Many perovskite nanomaterial-based devices have been demonstrated with extraordinary sensing performance to various chemical and biological species in both solid and solution states. In particular, perovskite nanomaterials are capable of detecting small molecules such as O2, NO2, CO2, etc. This review elaborates the sensing applications of those perovskite materials with diverse cations, dopants and composites. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms and electron transport properties, which are important for understanding those sensor performances, will be discussed. Their synthetic tactics, structural information, modifications and real time sensing applications are provided to promote such perovskite nanomaterials-based molecular designs. Lastly, we summarize the perspectives and provide feasible guidelines for future developing of novel perovskite nanostructure-based chemo- and biosensors with real time demonstration.
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25
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Ouedraogo S, Meunier-Prest R, Kumar A, Bayo-Bangoura M, Bouvet M. Modulating the Electrical Properties of Organic Heterojunction Devices Based On Phthalocyanines for Ambipolar Sensors. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1849-1857. [PMID: 32476416 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although ambipolar materials are highly studied in organic electronics, they are rarely used in gas sensors. In the present work, we studied ammonia sensing on organic heterojunctions in a bilayer configuration composed of octachlorinated metallophthalocyanines (M(Cl8Pc); M: Co, Cu, and Zn) as a sublayer and lutetium bis-phthalocyanine (LuPc2) as a top layer. Despite the small effect of metal atom in M(Cl8Pc) on the device current and the interfacial energy barrier, a strong effect on the NH3 sensing behavior was found such that Co(Cl8Pc)-, Cu(Cl8Pc)-, and Zn(Cl8Pc)-based devices exhibited n-type, p-type, and ambipolar charge carrier transport, respectively. Variable carrier transport has been explained by charges hopping at the interface and subsequent heterojunction formation. In particular, the ambipolar transport regime in Zn(Cl8Pc)-based devices is triggered by the chemical doping from NH3 and water when the device is exposed longer under NH3 at high humidity turning it n-type. Gas sensing studies performed in a wide concentration range of NH3 at a variable relative humidity (rh) exhibited very high sensitivity of these devices. The best performance is obtained with Co(Cl8Pc)-based devices demonstrated by a very high relative response (13% at 10 ppm NH3) and sensitivity (1.47%.ppm-1), sub-ppm limit of detection (250 ppb), and negligible interference from rh. Such superior sensing characteristics based on a new heterojunction device make it an ideal NH3 sensor for real application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Ouedraogo
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et de Matériaux, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou,
03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rita Meunier-Prest
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Mabinty Bayo-Bangoura
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et de Matériaux, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou,
03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Marcel Bouvet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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26
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Kim H, Kim W, Lee R, Cho S, Park J, Pak Y, Jung GY. High-Performance Photovoltaic Hydrogen Sensing Platform with a Light-Intensity Calibration Module. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1050-1057. [PMID: 32223147 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although battery-free gas sensors (e.g., photovoltaic or triboelectric sensors) have recently appeared to resolve the power consumption issue of conventional chemiresistors, severe technical barriers still remain. Especially, their signals varying under ambient conditions such as light intensity restrict the utilization of these sensors. Insufficient sensing performances (low response and slow sensing rate) of previous battery-free sensors are also an obstacle for practical use. Herein, a photovoltaic hydrogen (H2)-sensing platform having constant sensing responses regardless of light conditions is demonstrated. The platform consists of two photovoltaic units: (1) a palladium (Pd)-decorated n-IGZO/p-Si photodiode covered with a microporous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) film and (2) a device with the same configuration, but without the Pd catalyst as a reference to calibrate the base current of sensor (1). The platform after calibration yields accurate response values in real time regardless of unknown irradiance. Besides, the sensing performances (e.g., sensing response of 1.57 × 104% at 1% H2 with a response time <15 s) of our platform are comparable with those of the conventional resistive H2 sensors, which yield unprecedented results in photovoltaic H2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonghun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeri Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusin Pak
- Sensor System Research Center (SSRC), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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27
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Wang S, Cao H, Liu X, Liu Y, Tao T, Sun J, Zhang M. Strontium Chloride-Passivated Perovskite Thin Films for Efficient Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency over 21% and Superior Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3661-3669. [PMID: 31884784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization of perovskite solar cells is constrained by adverse stability in the air. Herein, we report effective strontium chloride (SrCl2) passivation upon HC(NH2)2-CH3NH3 (FA-MA)-based perovskite thin films for the suppression of nonradiative recombination. Moreover, the recombination dynamics, crystallinity, carrier transport, morphology, and the elemental stoichiometry of this film were systematically studied. By optimizing the concentration of SrCl2, the corresponding devices exhibited an increased open-circuit voltage (1.00 V vs 1.09 V), consistent with the enhanced photoluminescence lifetime. The champion passivated device showed an ascendant power conversion efficiency (PCE) about 21.11%, with over 90% retention of the primal PCE in dry air after 1000 h of aging with 20-30% humidity. A superior stability and an accelerated electron/hole-extraction ability were further observed by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy.
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28
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Nur'aini A, Oh I. Volatile organic compound gas sensors based on methylammonium lead iodide perovskite operating at room temperature. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12982-12987. [PMID: 35492107 PMCID: PMC9051461 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite thin film has been successfully applied to a volatile organic compound (VOC) gas sensor that can operate at room temperature. In this study, ∼100 nm-thick MAPbI3 film shows good reversibility and repeatability as a VOC gas sensor. The resistance of the MAPbI3 film substantially decreases when it is exposed to VOC vapour and recovers back to high resistance when the VOC gas is removed. Adsorption of VOC gas molecules to vacancies in MAPbI3 film might lead to charge trap passivation. The VOC sensor based on perovskite thin film is tested in terms of film thickness, applied bias voltage, and polarity of VOC. We expect that our VOC gas sensor based on solution-processed MAPbI3 operating at room temperature has potential to be developed as a low cost and low power smart gas sensor. At room temperature, conductivity of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite was increased in the presence of volatile organic compound (VOC) gas, which was interpreted in the context of charge trap passivation mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anafi Nur'aini
- Department of IT Convergence Engineering
- Kumoh National Institute of Technology
- Gumi
- South Korea 39177
| | - Ilwhan Oh
- Department of IT Convergence Engineering
- Kumoh National Institute of Technology
- Gumi
- South Korea 39177
- Department of Applied Chemistry
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29
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Chen H, Zhang M, Fu X, Fusco Z, Bo R, Xing B, Nguyen HT, Barugkin C, Zheng J, Lau CFJ, Huang S, Ho-Baillie AWY, Catchpole KR, Tricoli A. Light-activated inorganic CsPbBr 2I perovskite for room-temperature self-powered chemical sensing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24187-24193. [PMID: 31658307 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Halide perovskite materials are excellent light harvesters that have generated enormous interest for photovoltaic technology and an increasing number of other optoelectronic applications. Very recently, their use for miniaturized chemical sensors has shown a promising room-temperature response. Here, we present some insights on the use of CsPbBr2I (CPBI) perovskites for self-powered room-temperature sensing of several environmentally and medically relevant compounds demonstrating rapid detection of down to concentrations of 1 ppm. Notably, the photocurrent of these self-powered CPBI-based devices increases under exposure to both reducing (e.g. acetone, propane) and oxidizing (e.g. NO2, O2) gas molecules and decreases rapidly upon reverting to an inert atmosphere. In situ photoluminescence (PL) analysis of the CPBI during exposure to oxidizing molecules reveals a strongly increased PL intensity and longer lifetime indicating a prevalent role of CPBI trap states in the sensing mechanism. These findings provide new insights for the engineering of perovskite-based materials for their future chemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Chen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
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30
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Casanova-Cháfer J, García-Aboal R, Atienzar P, Llobet E. Gas Sensing Properties of Perovskite Decorated Graphene at Room Temperature. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4563. [PMID: 31635202 PMCID: PMC6832145 DOI: 10.3390/s19204563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the gas sensing properties of graphene nanolayers decorated with lead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr3) nanocrystals to detect toxic gases such as ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A chemical-sensitive semiconductor film based on graphene has been achieved, being decorated with CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite (MAPbBr3) nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized, and characterized by several techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Reversible responses were obtained towards NO2 and NH3 at room temperature, demonstrating an enhanced sensitivity when the graphene is decorated by MAPbBr3 NCs. Furthermore, the effect of ambient moisture was extensively studied, showing that the use of perovskite NCs in gas sensors can become a promising alternative to other gas sensitive materials, due to the protective character of graphene, resulting from its high hydrophobicity. Besides, a gas sensing mechanism is proposed to understand the effects of MAPbBr3 sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío García-Aboal
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Atienzar
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Eduard Llobet
- MINOS-EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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31
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Lee G, Choi M, Chae SS, Jeong DW, Choi WJ, Ji S, Kim YH, Choi JW, Lee TI, Cho I, Park I, Lee SS, Park S, Park N, Chang H, Lee JO. Scratch to sensitize: scratch-induced sensitivity enhancement in semiconductor thin-film sensors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15374-15381. [PMID: 31389946 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor gas sensors are advantageous in miniaturization and can be used in a wide range of applications, yet consume large power due to high operating temperature. Here we demonstrated the ability of nanoscale scratches produced with mechanical abrasion to enhance the chemical sensitivity of thin-film-type semiconductor sensors. Well-aligned arrays of scratches parallel to the electrical current direction between the source and drain electrodes were made, using typical polishing machines with diamond suspensions, on semiconductor thin films produced with various deposition methods such as atomic layer deposition (ALD), sputtering, and the sol-gel technique. Processing with sharp diamond microparticles left nano-grooves on the surface, together with changes in chemical composition. For all of the tested metal oxide thin films, the introduction of scratches yielded increased quantities of oxygen vacancies and metallic components. Scratched ZnO devices exhibited superior performance even at room temperature, as predicted by a computational simulation that showed increased binding energy of gas molecules on defects. The scratch technique shown in the present study may be used to produce dense arrays of nanometer-scale, chemically functionalized line patterns on substrates larger than a few tens of centimeters with minimum cost, which in turn may be used in a variety of applications including massive arrays of sensors displaying high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonhee Lee
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
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Brintakis K, Gagaoudakis E, Kostopoulou A, Faka V, Argyrou A, Binas V, Kiriakidis G, Stratakis E. Ligand-free all-inorganic metal halide nanocubes for fast, ultra-sensitive and self-powered ozone sensors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2699-2706. [PMID: 36132711 PMCID: PMC9419230 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-free all-inorganic lead halide nanocubes have been investigated as ozone sensing materials operating at room temperature. It is found that the nanocubes, crystallined in the orthorhombic CsPbBr3 structure, can operate at room temperature, be self-powered and exhibit high sensitivity and remarkable repeatability. More importantly, they demonstrate higher sensitivity (54% in 187 ppb) and faster response and recovery times compared to hybrid lead mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x ) layers, which is the only lead halide perovskite material tested for ozone sensing, to date. Following the exposure to an ozone environment, the stoichiometry and the morphology of the nanocubes remain unaltered. The facile and easy fabrication process together with the high responsivity and stability to the ozone environment makes the bare CsPbBr3 nanocubes a promising material for sensing applications. The sensing properties of the nanoparticulate metal halides presented here provide new exciting opportunities towards engineering reliable and cheap sensing elements for room-temperature operated and self-powered sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brintakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - E Gagaoudakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Physics 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - A Kostopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
| | - V Faka
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Physics 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Materials Science and Technology 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - A Argyrou
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Materials Science and Technology 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - V Binas
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Physics 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
- Crete Center for Quantum Complexity and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Crete 71003 Heraklion Greece
| | - G Kiriakidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Physics 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - E Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH) Hellas P.O. Box 1385 Heraklion 70013 Crete Greece
- University of Crete, Department of Physics 710 03 Heraklion Crete Greece
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Han W, Cui F, Si Y, Mao X, Ding B, Kim H. Self-Assembly of Perovskite Crystals Anchored Al 2 O 3 -La 2 O 3 Nanofibrous Membranes with Robust Flexibility and Luminescence. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801963. [PMID: 30204281 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic luminescent materials as one of the important high-performance materials are widely used for industry and scientific research, mainly owing to their outstanding luminescence properties. However, inorganic luminescent materials are typically brittle and inelastic, which greatly limit their use in practical applications, particularly in flexible optoelectronic devices. In this work, it is shown that "plum-pudding" like CsPbBr3 /Cs4 PbBr6 perovskite crystals anchor onto Al2 O3 -La2 O3 (CCAL) nanofibrous membranes, which are synthesized via a facile electrospinning and subsequent supersaturated recrystallization process. The as-synthesized CCAL membranes exhibit outstanding mechanical flexibility and luminescence properties. Meanwhile, the crystal structure and luminous performance of the CCAL membranes are regulated by different molar ratios of CsBr/PbBr2 . The photoluminescence reaches a maximum value for the CCAL membranes produced with a CsBr/PbBr2 ratio of 1, and shows a narrow emission line-width of 18 nm. Furthermore, the potential applications of the CCAL nanofibrous membranes in green light devices through a remote nanofibrous membranes packaging approach are demonstrated. A pure green emission is achieved with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.28, 0.65). This facile strategy would open a new avenue to flexible inorganic luminescent materials for the lighting and backlight display industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Han
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fuhai Cui
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Yang Si
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xue Mao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hakyong Kim
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
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Yamada S, Toshiyoshi H. A Water Dissolvable Electrolyte with an Ionic Liquid for Eco-Friendly Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800937. [PMID: 29931732 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A water-dissolvable electrolyte is developed by combining an ionic liquid (IL) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which decays over time by contact with water. An IL generally consists of two species of ions (anion and cation), and forms an electrical double layer (EDL) of a large electrostatic capacitance due to the ions accumulated in the vicinity of a conductive electrode when voltage is applied. In a similar manner, the ionic gel developed in this work forms an EDL due to the ions suspended in the conjugated polymer network while maintaining the gel form. Test measurements show a large capacitance of 13 µF cm-2 within the potential window of the IL. The ionic gel shows an electrical conductance of 20 µS cm-1 due to the ionic conduction, which depends on the weight ratio of the IL with respect to the polymer. The developed ionic gel dissolves into water in 16 h. Potential application includes the electrolyte in disposable electronics such as distributed sensors and energy harvesters that are supposed to be harmless to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Toshiyoshi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
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