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Wan J, Zhang Q, Liang J, Bustillo KC, Al Balushi ZY, Asta M, Zheng H. Visualizing Facets Asymmetry Induced Directional Movement of Cadmium Chloride Nanomotor. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10132-10139. [PMID: 37909501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanomotors in solution have many potential applications. However, it has been a significant challenge to realize the directional motion of nanomotors. Here, we report cadmium chloride tetrahydrate (CdCl2·4H2O) nanomotors with remarkable directional movement under electron beam irradiation. Using in situ liquid phase transmission electron microscopy, we show that the CdCl2·4H2O nanoparticle with asymmetric surface facets moves through the liquid with the flat end in the direction of motion. As the nanomotor morphology changes, the speed of movement also changes. Finite element simulation of the electric field and fluid velocity distribution around the nanomotor assists the understanding of ionic self-diffusiophoresis as a driving force for the nanomotor movement; the nanomotor generates its own local ion concentration gradient due to different chemical reactivities on different facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wan
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiayun Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zakaria Y Al Balushi
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mark Asta
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Li D, Chen Q, Chun J, Fichthorn K, De Yoreo J, Zheng H. Nanoparticle Assembly and Oriented Attachment: Correlating Controlling Factors to the Resulting Structures. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3127-3159. [PMID: 36802554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle assembly and attachment are common pathways of crystal growth by which particles organize into larger scale materials with hierarchical structure and long-range order. In particular, oriented attachment (OA), which is a special type of particle assembly, has attracted great attention in recent years because of the wide range of material structures that result from this process, such as one-dimensional (1D) nanowires, two-dimensional (2D) sheets, three-dimensional (3D) branched structures, twinned crystals, defects, etc. Utilizing in situ transmission electron microscopy techniques, researchers observed orientation-specific forces that act over short distances (∼1 nm) from the particle surfaces and drive the OA process. Integrating recently developed 3D fast force mapping via atomic force microscopy with theories and simulations, researchers have resolved the near-surface solution structure, the molecular details of charge states at particle/fluid interfaces, inhomogeneity of surface charges, and dielectric/magnetic properties of particles that influence short- and long-range forces, such as electrostatic, van der Waals, hydration, and dipole-dipole forces. In this review, we discuss the fundamental principles for understanding particle assembly and attachment processes, and the controlling factors and resulting structures. We review recent progress in the field via examples of both experiments and modeling, and discuss current developments and the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York; New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Kristen Fichthorn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University; University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - James De Yoreo
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2019 Awards of the Materials Research Society. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1769. [PMID: 31886598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pu S, Gong C, Robertson AW. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy and its applications. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191204. [PMID: 32218950 PMCID: PMC7029903 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been an essential tool for understanding the structure of materials. Over the past couple of decades, this venerable technique has undergone a number of revolutions, such as the development of aberration correction for atomic level imaging, the realization of cryogenic TEM for imaging biological specimens, and new instrumentation permitting the observation of dynamic systems in situ. Research in the latter has rapidly accelerated in recent years, based on a silicon-chip architecture that permits a versatile array of experiments to be performed under the high vacuum of the TEM. Of particular interest is using these silicon chips to enclose fluids safely inside the TEM, allowing us to observe liquid dynamics at the nanoscale. In situ imaging of liquid phase reactions under TEM can greatly enhance our understanding of fundamental processes in fields from electrochemistry to cell biology. Here, we review how in situ TEM experiments of liquids can be performed, with a particular focus on microchip-encapsulated liquid cell TEM. We will cover the basics of the technique, and its strengths and weaknesses with respect to related in situ TEM methods for characterizing liquid systems. We will show how this technique has provided unique insights into nanomaterial synthesis and manipulation, battery science and biological cells. A discussion on the main challenges of the technique, and potential means to mitigate and overcome them, will also be presented.
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Preise der Materials Research Society 2019. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fei L, Gan X, Ng SM, Wang H, Xu M, Lu W, Zhou Y, Leung CW, Mak CL, Wang Y. Observable Two-Step Nucleation Mechanism in Solid-State Formation of Tungsten Carbide. ACS NANO 2019; 13:681-688. [PMID: 30475583 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation of crystals from ubiquitous solid-state reactions impacts a wide range of natural and synthetic processes and is fundamental to physical and chemical synthesis. However, the microscopic organization mechanism of amorphous precursors to nanoscale clusters of ordered atoms (nucleus) in an all-solid environment is inaccessible by common experimental probes. Here, by using in situ transmission electron microscopy in combination with theoretical simulations, we show in the reactive formation of a metal carbide that nucleation actually occurs via a two-step mechanism, in which a spinodal-structured amorphous intermediate reorganizes from an amorphous precursor and precedes the emergence of a crystalline nucleus, rather than direct one-step nucleation from classical consideration. We further isolated a series of sophisticated dynamics during formation and development of the nucleus in real-space and interpreted them by thermodynamic favorability. We anticipate that such an indirect organization mechanism which contains a metastable intermedium among the free energy gap between precursors and nanocrystals has its chance in underlying most solid-state crystallizations, whereas the as-established experimental method represents a step forward in exploring fundamentals in chemical reaction, material engineering, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Fei
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianglai Gan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330031 , China
| | - Sheung Mei Ng
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330031 , China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanchun Zhou
- Science and Technology on Advanced Functional Composite Laboratory , Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology , Beijing 100076 , China
| | - Chi Wah Leung
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chee-Leung Mak
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330031 , China
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